参考文献

Abbott, Max. 2006. “Do EGMs and Problem Gambling Go Together like a Horse and Carriage?” Gambling Research 18: 7-38.

Abbott, Max, and D. Clarke. 2007. “Prospective Problem Gambling Research: Contribution and Potential.” International Gambling Studies 7 (1): 123-44.

Abbott, Max, and R. Volberg. 1996. “The New Zealand National Survey of Problem and Pathological Gambling.” Journal of Gambling Studies 12 (1): 43-160.

——. 2000. “Taking the Pulse on Gambling and Problem Gambling in New Zealand: A Report on Phase One of the 1999 National Prevalence Survey.” Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Internal Affairs.

——. 2006. “The Measurement of Adult Problem and Pathological Gambling.” International Gambling Studies 6 (2): 175-200.

Abbott, Max. M., R. Volberg, M. Bellringer, and G. Reith. 2004. “A Review of Research on Aspects of Problem Gambling: Final Report.” Prepared for the Responsibility in Gambling Trust, UK. Auckland, New Zealand: Gambling Research Centre, Auckland University of Technology.

Abt, Vicki, J. F. Smith, and E. M. Christiansen. 1985. The Business of Risk: Commercial Gambling in Mainstream America. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.

Adams, Peter. N.d. “Gambling, Finitude, and Transcendence: Explaining the Psychological ‘Zone’ Generated during Frequent Gambling.” Unpublished article.

AGA (American Gaming Association). 2003. “State of the States: The AGA Survey of Casino Entertainment.” A survey prepared by Luntz Research Co. and Peter D. Hart Associates, Washington, DC.

——. 2006. “NCRG Conference to Focus on Turning Research into Best Practices.” Responsible Gaming Quarterly, Fall, www.americangaming.org/rgq/rgq_detail.cfv?id=411, accessed July 2007.

——. 2007. “State of the States: The AGA Survey of Casino Entertainment.” A survey conducted for the American Gaming Association, Washington, DC.

——. 2008a. “State of the States: The Survey of Casino Entertainment.” A survey conducted for the American Gaming Association, Washington, DC.

——. 2008b. “Comments of the American Gaming Association Poker Machine Harm Minimization Bill.” Community Affairs Committee of the Australian Senate, www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/clac_ctte/poker_machine_harm_minimisation/submissions/sub02.pdf, accessed August 2008.

——. 2009. “State of the States: The AGA Survey of Casino Entertainment.” A survey conducted for the American Gaming Association, Washington, DC.

——. 2010. “Taking the Mystery out of the Machines: A Guide to Understanding Slot Machines.” A brochure produced by the AGA, Washington, DC.

——. 2011. “State of the States: The Survey of Casino Entertainment.” A survey conducted for the American Gaming Association, Washington, DC.

AIGR (Australian Institute for Gambling Research). 2001. Survey of the Nature and Extent of Gambling and Problem Gambling in the ACT. University of Western Sydney, Australia.

Akrich, Madeline. 1992. “The Description of Technical Objects.” In Shaping Technology / Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, edited by W. Bijker and J. Law, 205-24. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Akrich, Madeline, and B. Latour. 1992. “A Summary of a Convenient Vocabulary for the Semiotics of Human and Nonhuman Assemblies.” In Shaping Technology / Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, edited by W. Bijker and J. Law, 259-64. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Allen, Todd D. 1992. “Successful New Gambling Entries: Planning, Execution, and Competitive Response.” In Essays in Business, Economics, Philosophy and Science, edited by W. Eadington and J. Cornelius, 3-12. Reno: University of Nevada Press.

Allen, Tony. 2006. “High Stakes Research.” Innovation (Winter): 20-23.

Anderer, Charles. 2006. “As the World Turns.” International Gaming and Wagering Business 27 (2): 4.

Anderson, Kurt. 1994. “Las Vegas, USA.” Time, January 10.

Andrejevic, Mark. 2007. iSpy: Surveillance and Power in the Interactive Era. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.

——. 2009. “Exploitation in the Digital Enclosure.” Paper presented at The Internet as Playground and Factory, The New School for Social Research. New York City.

APA (American Psychiatric Association). 1980. DSM-III: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

——. 1987. DSM-III-R: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed., rev. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

——. 1994. DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

——. 2000. DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text-revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Arendt, Hannah. 1958. The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

“Aristocrat Technologies to Display 140 Innovative Games and Products at 2003 Global Gaming Expo.” 2003. PRNewswire, August 18, http2.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/http/story/08-18-2003/0002002765&EDATE=, accessed June 2007.

“Aristocrat Technologies, Inc. Receives Key Product Approvals in Nevada, GLI Jurisdictions.” 2005. PRNewswire, April 26, http.prnewswire.com/news-releases/aristocrat-technologies-inc-receives-key-product-approvals-in-nevada-gli-jurisdictions-54413047.html, accessed June 2007.

Austin, Michelle. 2007. “Responsible Gaming: The Proactive Approach / Integrating Responsible Gaming into Casino Environments.” Prepared by iView Systems in Cooperation with the Saskatchewan Gaming Corporation, www.iviewsystems.com/assets/products/iCare_Responsible_GamingWhitepaper_V2.pdf, accessed August 2008.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2008. “Population by Age and Sex Australian States and Territories.” Cat. No. 32010. A report prepared by the Office of Economic and Statistics, Queensland, Australia.

Australian Gambling Council. 2008. Australian Gambling Statistics 1981-82 to 2006-07, 25th edition. Australian Gambling Statistics, Queensland, Australia.

Babor, Thomas. 2003. Alcohol and Public Policy: No Ordinary Commodity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bachelard, Gaston. 1969 [1958]. The Poetics of Space. Boston: Beacon Press.

Bacon, Katie. 1999. “The Net's Next Vice.” The Atlantic Online, www.theatlantic.com/unbound/citation/wc990729.htm, accessed June 2007.

Balsamo, Anne. 1996. Technologies of the Gendered Body: Reading Cyborg Women. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Barash, Meyer. 1979 [1958]. Foreword to Man, Play, and Games. New York: Free Press of Glencoe.

Barrett, Larry, and S. Gallagher. 2004. “What Sin City Can Teach Tom Ridge.” Baseline Magazine, April, http.baselinemag.com/c/a/Past-News/What-Sin-City-Can-Teach-Tom-Ridge/, accessed June 2007.

Barry, Andrew. 2006. “Technological Zones.” European Journal of Social Theory 9 (2): 239-53.

Bataille, Georges. 1991. The Accursed Share. Vol. 1, Consumption. Translated by R. Hurley. New York: Zone Books.

Bateson, Gregory. 1972. Steps to an Ecology of the Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology. New York: Ballantine Books.

Baudrillard, Jean. 1988. “The System of Objects.” Art Monthly 15 (April): 5-8.

Bauman, Zygmunt. 1991. Modernity and Ambivalence. Oxford: Polity.

Baumeister, Roy F. 1991. Escaping the Self: Alcoholism, Spiritualism, Masochism, and Other Flights from the Burden of Selfhood. New York: Basic Books.

Bechara, A. 2003. “Risky Business: Emotion, Decision-Making, and Addiction.” Journal of Gambling Studies 19: 23-52.

Beck, Ulrich. 1992. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage.

——. 1994. “The Reinvention of Politics: Towards a Theory of Reflexive Modernization.” In Reflexive Modernism: Politics, Tradition, and Aesthetics in Modern Social Order, edited by U. Beck, A. Giddens, and S. Lash, 1-55. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

——. 2006. “Risk Society Revisited: Theory, Politics, and Risk Programmes.” In The Sociology of Risk and Gambling Reader, edited by J. F. Cosgrave, 61-84. New York: Routledge.

Beck, Ulrich, W. Bonss, and C. Lau. 2003. “The Theory of Reflexive Modernization: Problematic, Hypotheses, and Research Programme.” Theory, Culture, and Society 20 (2): 1-33.

Beck, Ulrich, A. Giddens, and S. Lash. 1994. Reflexive Modernism: Politics, Tradition, and Aesthetics in Modern Social Order. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Becker, Howard. 1986. “Consciousness, Power, and Drug Effects.” In Doing Things Together: Selected Papers, edited by H. Becker. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.

Bell, Daniel. 1973. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting. New York: Basic Books.

——. 1976. The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. New York: Basic Books.

Benjamin, Walter. 1968 [1939]. “On Some Motifs in Baudelaire.” In Illuminations: Essays and Reflections, edited by H. Arendt, translated by H. Zohn, 155-200. New York: Schocken.

——. 1999. The Arcades Project. Translated by H. Eiland and K. McLaughlin. Prepared on the basis of the German volume edited by R. Tiedemann. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Bennett, William. 1996. The Book of Virtues: A Treasury of Great Moral Stories. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Bennis, William. N.d. “Environmental Design and Rational Choice: The Case of Casino Gambling,” northwestern.academia.edu/WillBennis/Papers/111745/Environmental_Design_and_Rational_Choice_The_Case_of_Casino_Gambling, accessed November 2010.

Bennis, W. M., K. V. Katsikopoulos, D. G. Goldstein, A. Dieckmann, and N. Berg. N.d. “Designed to Fit Minds: Institutions and Ecological Rationality. In Ecological Rationality: Intelligence in the World, edited by P. M. Todd, G. Gigerenzer, and The ABC Research Group. New York: Oxford University Press. Forthcoming.

Benson, April Lane, ed. 2000. I Shop, Therefore I Am: Compulsive Buying and the Search for Self. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.

Benston, Liz. 2004. “Political Donations Flow from Gaming Industry.” Business Las Vegas October 15: 1.

——. 2006. “When Casinos Decide You're Losing Too Much Money.” Las Vegas Sun, August 28, http.casinocitytimes.com/news/article/when-casinos-decide-youre-losing-too-much-money-160709, accessed November 2009.

——. 2009. “Illness Theory Gaining Ground for Gambling Addiction.” Las Vegas Sun, November 23, http.lasvegassun.com/news/2009/nov/23/illness-theory-gaining-ground/, accessed November 2009.

Bergler, Edmund. 1957. Psychology of Gambling. New York: Hill and Wang.

Bernhard, Bo, D. R. Dickens, and P. D. Shapiro. 2007. “Gambling Alone: An Empirical Study of Solitary and Social Gambling in America.” Gaming Research and Review Journal 11 (2), 1–13.

Bernhard, Bo, A. Lucas, and D. Jang. 2006. “Responsible Gaming Device Research.” A report prepared by the Las Vegas International Gaming Institute. Las Vegas: University of Nevada.

Bernhard, Bo, and F. W. Preston. 2003. “On the Shoulders of Merton: Potentially Sobering Consequences of Problem Gambling Policy.” American Behavioral Scientist 47 (11): 1395-405.

Berridge, Virginia, and G. Edwards. 1981. Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth-Century England. London: St. Martin's Press.

Biehl, João. 2005. Vita: Life in a Zone of Social Abandonment. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Biehl, João, D. Coutinho, and A. L. Outeiro. 2004. “Technology and Affect: HIV/AIDS Testing in Brazil.” Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 25: 87-129.

Biehl, João, B. Good, and A. Kleinman, eds. 2007. Subjectivity: Ethnographic Investigations. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Biehl, João, and A. Moran-Thomas. 2009. “Symptom: Subjectivities, Social Ills, Technologies. Annual Review of Anthropology 38: 267-88.

Biggs, Lindy. 1995. “The Engineered Factory.” Technology and Culture 36 (2): S174-S188.

Bijker, Wiebe E., and John Law, eds. 1992. Shaping Technology / Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Binkley, Christina. 2008. Winner Takes All: Steve Wynn, Kirk Kerkorian, Gary Loveman, and the Race to Own Las Vegas. New York: Hyperion Press.

Blaszczynski, Alex. 2005. “Harm Reduction, Secondary Prevention and Approaches, and Trying to Make a Machine a Safer Product.” Journal of Gambling Issues 15, jgi.camh.net/doi/full/10.4309/jgi.2005.15.4, accessed August 2008.

——. 2008. “Expert Report of Professor Alex Blaszczynski: In the Matter of Jean Brochu v. Loto Québec et al.—Class action. Available online at media.cleveland.com/metro/other/Blaszczynski%20expert%20deposition%20on%20slots%20addictiveness.pdf, accessed October 2011.

Blaszczynski, Alex, R. Ladouceur, L. Nower, and H. Shaffer. 2008. “Informed Choice and Gambling: Principles for Consumer Protection.” Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 2 (1): 103-18.

Blaszczynski, Alex, N. McConaghy, and A. Frankova. 1990. “Boredom Proneness in Pathological Gambling.” Psychological Reports 67 (1): 35-42.

Blaszczynski, A. and L. Nower. 2002. “A Pathways Model of Problem and Pathological Gambling.” Addiction 97 (5): 487-99.

Blaszczynski, Alex, L. Sharpe, and M. Walker. 2001. “The Assessment of the Impact of the Configuration on Electronic Gaming Machines as Harm Minimization Strategies for Problem Gambling.” A report prepared for the Gaming Industry Operator's Group. Sydney: University Printing Service.

——. 2003. “Harm Minimization in Relation to Gambling on Electronic Gaming Machines.” Submission to the IPART (Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal) Review. Sydney: University of Sidney Gambling Research Unit.

Boellstorff, Tom. 2008. Coming of Age in Second Life: An Anthropologist Explores the Virtually Human. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Borrell, Jennifer. 2004. “Critical Commentary by an EGM Gambler.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 4 (2): 181-88.

Borgmann, Albert. 1984. Technology and the Character of Contemporary Life: A Philosophical Inquiry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Borrell, Jennifer. 2008. “A Thematic Analysis Identifying Concepts of Problem Gambling Agency: With Preliminary Exploration of Discourses in Selected Industry and Research Documents.” Journal of Gambling Studies 22: 195-217.

Boughton, Roberta, and O. Falenchuk. 2007. “Vulnerability and Comorbidity Factors of Female Problem Gambling.” Journal of Gambling Studies 23: 323-34.

Bourgois, Philippe. 2000. “Disciplining Addictions: The Bio-Politics of Methadone and Heroin in the United States.” Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 24: 165-95.

Bourgois, Philippe, and Jeffrey Schonberg. 2009. Righteous Dopefield. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bourie, Steve. 1999. “Are Slot Machines Honest?” American Casino Guide, http.americancasinoguide.com/Tips/Slots-Honest.shtml, accessed December 2006.

Bozarth, Michael. 1990. “Drug Addiction as a Psychobiological Process.” In Addiction Controversies, edited by D. Warburton, 112-34. London: Harwood Academic.

Brandt, Allan M. 2007. The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America. New York: Basic Books.

Breen, Robert B. 2004. “Rapid Onset of Pathological Gambling in Machine Gamblers: A Replication.” eCommunity: The International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2 (1): 44-49.

Breen, Robert B., and M. Zimmerman. 2002. “Rapid Onset of Pathological Gambling in Machine Gamblers.” Journal of Gambling Studies 18 (1): 31-43.

Breiter, H. C., I. Aharon, D. Kahneman, A. Dale, and P. Shizgal. 2001. “Functional Imaging of Neural Responses to Expectancy and Experience of Monetary Gains and Losses.” Neuron 30: 619-39.

Brigham, Jay. 2002. “Lighting Las Vegas: Electricity and the City of Glitz.” In The Grit beneath the Glitter: Tales from the Real Las Vegas, edited by H. Rothman and M. Davis, 99-114. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Brock, Floyd J., G. L. Fussell, and W. J. Corney. 1992. “Predicting Casino Revenue Using Stochastic Migration Simulation.” In Gambling and Commercial Gaming: Essays in Business, Economics, Philosophy, and Science, edited by W. Eadington and J. Cornelius. Reno: University of Nevada Press.

Brodie, Janet F., and M. Redfield, eds. 2002. High Anxieties: Cultural Studies in Addiction. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Brown, Sarah., and L. Coventry. 1997. “Queen of Hearts: The Needs of Women with Gambling Problems.” Melbourne: Financial and Consumer Rights Council.

Bulkeley, William. 1992. “Video Betting, Called Crack of Gambling, Is Spreading.” Wall Street Journal, July 14, B1.

Burbank, Jeff. 2005. License to Steal: Nevada's Gaming Control System in the Megaresort Age. Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press.

Burchell, Graham. 1993. “Liberal Government and the Techniques of the Self.” Economy and Society 22 (3): 266-82.

Burke, Anne. 2005. “Que Pasa en Mexico? Quite a Lot.” International Gaming and Wagering Business (December): 16-19.

Burke, Kenneth. 1969. A Grammar of Motives. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Burroughs, William. 2004 [1959]. Naked Lunch. New York: Grove Press.

Burton, Bill. N.d. “Slot Machine Ergonomics: Preventing Repetitive Stress Injury,” casinogambling.about.com/od/slots/a/Ergonomics.htm, accessed June 2010.

Butterfield, F. 2005. “As Gambling Grows, States Depend on Their Cut.” New York Times, March 31.

Bybee, Shannon. 1988. “Problem Gambling: One View from the Gaming Industry.” Journal of Gambling Studies 4 (4): 301-8.

Caillois, Roger. 1979 [1958]. Man, Play, and Games. Translated by M. Barash. New York: Free Press of Glencoe.

Calabro, L. 2006. “Station Casino's Glenn Christenson,” CFO Magazine, July 1, www.cfo.com/printable/article.cfm/7108950/c_7129649?f=options, accessed June 2007.

Calleja, Gordon. 2007. “Digital Game Involvement: A Conceptual Model.” Games and Culture 2: 236-60.

Callon, Michel, and B. Latour. 1981. “Unscrewing the Big Leviathan: How Actors Macrostructure Reality and How Sociologists Help Them to Do So.” In Advances in Social Theory and Methodology: Toward an Integration of Micro- and Macro-Sociologies, edited by K. Knorr-Cetina and A. V. Cicourel, 277-303. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Callon, Michel, C. Méadl, and V. Rabeharisoa. 2002. “The Economy of Qualities.” Economy and Society 31 (2): 194-217.

Campbell, Colin. 1987. The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Consumerism. New York: Blackwell.

Campbell, C. S., and G. J. Smith. 2003. “Gambling in Canada: From Vice to Disease to Responsibility: A Negotiated History.” Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 20: 121-49.

Cardno, Andrew, A. K. Singh, and R. Thomas. 2010. “Gaming Floors of the Future, Part 1: Downloadable Games.” Casino Enterprise Management, July, http.casinoenterprisemanagement.com/articles/july-2010/gaming-floors-future-part-1-downloadable-games, accessed February 2011.

Carroll, Amy. 1987a. “Casino Construction: The Nuts and Bolts of the Industry.” Casino Gaming Magazine, November: 15-19.

——. 1987b. “Step Inside: A Look at Interior Design in the Casino Industry.” Casino Gaming Magazine, October: 18-22.

Casey, Maura. 2002. “An Equal Opportunity Addiction.” The Day: A Special Report on Problem Gambling. Reprinted from the edition of March 17.

“Cashless Slot Machines: The Industry's View.” 1985. Casino Gaming Magazine, August: 11-16.

Castel, Robert. 1991. “From Dangerousness to Risk.” In The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, edited by G. Burchell, C. Gordon, and P. Miller, 281-98. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Castellani, Brian. 2000. Pathological Gambling: The Making of a Medical Problem. New York: University of New York Press.

Castells, Manuel. 1996. The Rise of the Network Society. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.

Clough, Patricia Ticineto. 2000. Autoaffection: Unconscious Thought in the Age of Teletechnology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

——. 2007. The Affective Turn: Theorizing the Social. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Collier, Roger. 2008. “Doctored Spins,” Ottawa Citizen, July 26, http.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/observer/story.html?id=df9b06d4-005a-4303-b351-794c75171a05, accessed October 2009.

Collier, Stephen, and Andrew Lakoff. 2005. “On Regimes of Living.” In Global Assemblages: Technology, Politics, and Ethics as Anthropological Problems, edited by A. Ong and S. Collier, 22-39. Oxford: Blackwell.

Collins, A. F. 1969. “The Pathological Gambler and the Government of Gambling.” History of the Human Sciences 9: 69-100.

Conrad, Dennis. 2009. “Marketing: Unintended Consequences.” Casino Journal, November: 40.

Coolican, Patrick. 2011. “Severing Lifeline for Gambling Addicts Would Be a Shame.” Las Vegas Sun, February 18, http.lasvegassun.com/news/2011/feb/18/severing-lifeline-gambling-addicts-would-be-shame/, accessed February 2011.

Cooper, Marc. 2004. The Last Honest Place in America: Paradise and Perdition in the New Las Vegas. New York: Nation Books.

——. 2005. “Sit and Spin: How Slot Machines Give Gamblers the Business.” Atlantic Monthly 296: 121-30.

Coser, Lewis. 1977. Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Cosgrave, James F. 2008. “Goffman Revisited: Action and Character in the Era of Legalized Gambling.” International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory 1 (1): 80-96.

——. 2009. “Governing the Gambling Citizen: The State, Consumption, and Risk.” In Casino State: Legalized Gambling in Canada, edited by J. F. Cosgrave and T. Klassen, 46-68. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

——. 2010. “Embedded Addiction: The Social Production of Gambling Knowledge and the Development of Gambling Markets.” Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers Canadiens de Sociologie 35 (1): 113-34.

Cosgrave, James F., ed. 2006. The Sociology of Risk and Gambling Reader. New York: Routledge.

Costa, Nic. 1988. Automatic Pleasures: The History of the Coin Machine. London: Kevin Francis.

Cote, Denis, A. Caron, J. Aubert, V. Desrochers, and R. Ladouceur. 2003. “Near Wins Prolong Gambling on a Video Lottery Terminal.” Journal of Gambling Studies 19: 380-407.

Cotte, June, and K. A. Latour. 2009. “Blackjack in the Kitchen: Understanding Online versus Casino Gambling.” Journal of Consumer Research 35: 742-58.

Courtwright, David T. 2001. Forces of Habit: Drugs and the Making of the Modern World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

——. 2005. “Mr. ATOD's Wild Ride: What Do Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs Have in Common?” Social History of Alcohol and Drugs 20: 105-40.

Coventry, Kenny R., and B. Constable. 1999. “Physiological Arousal and Sensation-Seeking in Female Fruit Machine Gamblers.” Addiction 94 (3): 425-30.

Crary, Jonathan. 1999. Suspensions of Perception: Attention, Spectacle, and Modern Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Crawford, Margaret. 1992. “The World in a Shopping Mall.” In Variations on a Theme Park: The New American City and the End of Public Space, edited by M. Sorkin, 3-30. New York: HarperCollins.

Crevelt, Dwight E., and L. G. Crevelt. 1988. Slot Machine Mania. Grand Rapids, MI: Gollehon.

Cristensen, Jon. 2002. “Build It and the Water Will Come.” In The Grit beneath the Glitter: Tales from the Real Las Vegas, edited by H. Rothman and M. Davis, 115-25. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Croasmun, Jeanne. 2003. “Ergonomics Makes the Slot Player More Productive.” Ergonomics Today, September 26, www.ergoweb.com/news/detail.cfm?id=806, accessed June 2007.

Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. 1975. Beyond Boredom and Anxiety: Experiencing Flow in Work and Play. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

——. 1985. “Reflections on Enjoyment.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 28 (4): 489-97.

——. 1988. “The Flow Experience and its Significance for Human Psychology.” In Optimal Experience: Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness, edited by M. Csikszentmihalyi and I. S. Csikszentmihalyi, 15-35. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

——. 1993. The Evolving Self: A Psychology for the Third Millennium. New York: HarperCollins.

——. 1994. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: HarperCollins.

Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, and S. Bennet. 1971. “An Exploratory Model of Play.” American Anthropologist 73 (1): 45-58.

Cummings, Leslie E. 1997. “A Typology of Technology Applications to Expedite Gaming Productivity.” Gaming Research and Review Journal 4 (1): 63-79.

Cummings, Leslie E., and K. P. Brewer. 1994. “An Evolutionary View of the Critical Functions of Slot Machine Technology.” Gaming Research and Review Journal 1 (2): 67-78.

Custer, R. 1984. “Profile of the Pathological Gamblers.” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 45: 35-38.

“Cyberview Technology Introduces New Gaming Cabinet and Operating Systems at G2E.” 2007. Global Gaming Business, November 9.

Dancer, Bob. 2001. “Beginners Corner: How Do You Know When to Quit?” Strictly Slots, October, 26.

Davis, M. P. 1984. “A ‘Virtual' Success.” Gaming and Wagering Business, October 18.

Davis, Mike. 2002. “Class Struggle in Oz.” In The Grit beneath the Glitter: Tales from the Real Las Vegas, edited by H. Rothman and M. Davis, 176-85. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Deleuze, Gilles. 1990. The Logic of Sense. Translated by M. Lester and C. Stivale. New York: Columbia University Press.

——. 1992. “Postscript on the Society of Control.” October 59: 3-8.

——. 1997. Essays Critical and Clinical. Translated by D. W. Smith and M. A. Greco. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Deleuze, Gilles. 1998. “Having an Idea in Cinema.” In Deleuze and Guattari: New Mappings in Politics, Philosophy, and Culture, edited by E. Kaufman and K. J. Heller, translated by E. Kaufman, 14-22. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

——. 2007. “Two Questions on Drugs.” In Two Regimes of Madness, edited by D. Lapoujade, translated by A. Hodges and M. Taormina, 151-55. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. 1987. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Translated by Brian Massumi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Delfabbro, Paul. 2004. “The Stubborn Logic of Regular Gamblers: Obstacles and Dilemmas in Cognitive Gambling Research.” Journal of Gambling Studies 20 (1): 1-21.

——. 2008. “Australian Gambling Review June 2007.” A report prepared for the Independent Gambling Authority of South Australia.

Delfabbro, P. H., K. Falzon, and T. Ingram. 2005. “The Effects of Parameter Variations in Electronic Gambling Simulations: Results of a Laboratory-Based Pilot Study.” Gambling Research 17: 7-25.

Delfabbro, P. H., and A. H. Winefield. 1999. “Poker-Machine Gambling: An Analysis of Within-Session Characteristics.” British Journal of Psychiatry 90: 425-39.

Derrida, Jacques. 1981. “The Pharmakon.” In Dissemination, by Jacques Derrida, edited by B. Johnson, 95-116. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

“Design/Construction Firms: Providing a Return on Casino Investment.” 1985. Casino Gaming Magazine, November: 24-26, 39-41.

Desjarlais, Robert. 2003. Sensory Biographies: Lives and Deaths among Nepal's Yolmo Buddhists. Berkeley: University of California Press.

——. 2010. Counterplay: An Anthropologist at the Chessboard. California: University of California Press.

Dettre, Stephen. 1994. “Profile: Big Changes at Aristocrat.” Slotworld (3): 3-4.

Devereux, E. C. 1980 [1949]. Gambling and the Social Structure. New York: Arno Press.

Dibbell, Julian. 2006. Play Money; Or, How I Quit My Day Job and Made Millions Trading Virtual Loot. New York: Basic Books.

——. 2007. “The Life of the Chinese Gold Farmer.” New York Times Magazine, June 17: 36-40.

——. 2008. “The Chinese Game Room: Play, Productivity, and Computing at Their Limits.” Artifact 2 (3): 1-6.

Dichter, Ernest. 1960. The Strategy of Desire. New York: Doubleday Press.

Dickerson, Mark. 1993. “Internal and External Determinants of Persistent Gambling: Problems in Generalizing from One Form to Another.” In Gambling Behavior and Problem Gambling, edited by W. R. Eadington and J. Cornelius. Reno, NV: Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming.

——. 1996. “Why ‘Slots’ Equals ‘Grind’ in Any Language: The Cross-Cultural Popularity of the Slot Machine.” In Gambling Cultures: Studies in History and Interpretation, edited by J. McMillen, 140-52. London: Routledge.

——. 2003. “Exploring the Limits of Responsible Gambling: Harm Minimization or Consumer Protection?” Gambling Research: Journal of the National Association for Gambling Studies (Australia) 15: 29-44.

Dickerson, M., J. Haw, and L. Shepherd. 2003. The Psychological Causes of Problem Gambling: A Longitudinal Study of At Risk Recreational EGM Players. Sydney: University of Western Sydney, School of Psychology, Bankstown Campus, www.austgamingcouncil.org.au/images/pdf/eLibrary/1575.pdf, accessed June 2007.

Dickerson, M., J. Hinchy, S. L. England, J. Fabre, and R. Cunningham. 1992. “On the Determinants of Persistent Gambling Behaviour. I. High-Frequency Poker Machine Players.” British Journal of Psychology 83: 237-48.

Diskin, Katherine M., and D. C. Hodgins. 1999. “Narrowing of Attention and Dissociation in Pathological Video Lottery Gamblers.” Journal of Gambling Studies 15: 17-28.

Dixey, Rachael. 1987. It's a Great Feeling When You Win: Women and Bingo. Leisure Studies 6 (2): 199-214.

Dixon, M. J., K. A. Harrigan, R. Sandhu, K. Collins, and J. A. Fugelsang. 2010. “Losses Disguised as Wins in Modern Multi-Line Video Slot Machines.” Addiction 105 (10): 1819-24.

Dixon, M. R., and J. E. Schreiber. 2004. “Near-Miss Effects on Response Latencies and Win Estimations of Slot Machine Players.” Psychological Record 54 (3): 335-48.

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. 1972 [1867]. The Gambler. Translated by H. Alpin. London: Hesperus Press.

Doughney, James R. 2002. The Poker Machine State: Dilemmas in Ethics, Economics, and Governance. Melbourne: Common Ground.

——. 2007. “Ethical Blindness, EGMs, and Public Policy: A Tentative Essay Comparing the EGM and Tobacco Industries.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 5 (4): 311-19.

Dowling, N., D. Smith, and T. Thomas. 2005. “Electronic Gaming Machines: Are They the ‘Crack-Cocaine’ of Gambling?” Addiction 100: 33-45.

Downey, G. L., and J. Dumit, eds. 1997. Cyborgs and Citadels: Anthropological Interventions in Emerging Sciences and Technologies. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.

Downey, John. 2007. “PokerTek Betting on Expansion.” Charlotte Business Journal, October 19, bizjournals.com/charlotte/stories/2007/10/22/story1.html?page=2, accessed July 2009.

Dumit, Joseph. 2002. “Drugs for Life.” Molecular Interventions 2: 124-27.

Dyer, Scott. 2001. “Professor Says Video Poker ‘Crack Cocaine’ of Gambling.” Capital City Press, The Advocate, February 16.

Eadington, William R. 2004. “Gaming Devices, Electronic Money, and the Risks Involved.” GamCare News 19 (Winter): 10-12.

Eadington, William R., and J. Cornelius, eds. 1992. Gambling Commercial Gaming: Essays in Business, Economics, Philosophy, and Science. Reno: University of Nevada Press.

Eggert, K. 2004. “Truth in Gaming: Toward Consumer Protection in the Gambling Industry.” Maryland Law Review 63: 217-86.

Eisenberg, Bart. 2004. “The New ‘One-Arm Bandits’: Today's Slot Machines Are Built like PCs, Programmed like Video Hames.” Software Design, January, gihyo.jp/admin/serial/01/pacific/200402, accessed March 2006.

Ellul, Jacques. 1964. The Technological Society. Translated by J. Wilkinson. New York: Knopf.

Elster, Jon. 1999. “Gambling and Addiction.” In Getting Hooked: Rationality and Addiction, edited by J. Elster and O. J. Skog, 208-34. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Emerson, Dan. 1998a. “Virtual Money.” Casino Executive Magazine, January 31.

——. 1999b. “Will Cashless Be King?: Casino Gambling Debates a Future without Bills and Coins.” Casino Executive Magazine, October 3.

Ernkvist, Mirko. 2009. “Creating Player Appeal: Management of Technological Innovation and Changing Pattern of Industrial Leadership in the U.S. Gaming Machine Manufacturing Industry, 1965-2005.” PhD diss., Department of Economic History, School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg.

Epstein, William M., and W. N. Thompson. 2010. “The Reluctance to Tax Ourselves: Nevada's Depravity.” Las Vegas Review, May 2, http.lvrj.com/opinion/nevada-s-depravity-92614189.html, accessed January 2011.

Ewald, Francois. 1991. “Insurance and Risk.” In The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, edited by G. Burchell, C. Gordon, and P. Miller, 197-210. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Fabian, Ann. 1999. Card Sharps and Bucket Shops: Gambling in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Routledge.

Fahrenkopf, Frank J. 2003. “State of the Industry Keynote Panel.” Global Gaming Expo (G2E), Las Vegas, Nevada.

——. 2010. “The Changing Game in D.C.” Global Gaming Business, March: 18.

Falkiner, Tim, and Roger Horbay. 2006. “Unbalanced Reel Gaming Machines,” www.gameplanit.com/UnbalancedReels.pdf, accessed June 2007.

Fasman, Jon. 2010. “Shuffle Up and Deal: A Special Report on Gambling.” The Economist, July 8, www.economist.com/node/16507670, accessed July 2010.

Ferguson, Adele. 2008. “Screw Problem Gamblers: Tatts.” The Australian, February 13, http.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23205436-2702,00.html, accessed April 2008.

Ferland, F., R. Ladouceur, and F. Vitaro. 2002. “Prevention of Problem Gambling: Modifying Misconceptions and Increasing Knowledge.” Journal of Gambling Studies 18: 19-29.

Ferrar, Ross. 2004. “Challenging Times Ahead for Australia: Jobs and Tax Revenues on the Line as Governments in Oz Crackdown.” Global Gaming Business, August: 28-29.

Ferster, C. B., and B. F. Skinner. 1957. Schedules of Reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Fey, Marshall. 1983. Slot Machines: An Illustrated History of America's Most Popular Coin-Operated Gaming Device. Reno: Nevada Publications.

——. 2006. Slot Machines: America's Favorite Gaming Device. Reno, NV: Liberty Belle Books.

Findlay, J. M. 1986. People of Chance: Gambling in American Society from Jamestown to Las Vegas. New York: Oxford University Press.

Finlay, Karen, V. Kanetkar, J. Londerville, and H. Marmurek. 2006. “The Physical and Psychological Measurement of Gambling Environments.” Environment and Behavior 38: 570-81.

Fischer, Michael. 1999. “Wording Cyberspace: Toward a Critical Ethnography in Time, Space, and Theory.” In Critical Anthropology Now: Unexpected Contexts, Shifting Constituencies, Changing Agendas, edited by G. E. Marcus, 245-304. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.

——. 2003. Emergent Forms of Life and the Anthropological Voice. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Forrest, David V. 2012. Slots: Praying to the Gods of Chance. Harrison, NY: Delphinium Books.

Foucault, Michel. 1979. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by. A. Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books.

——. 1988. “Technologies of the Self.” In Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault, edited by L. H. Martin, H. Gutman, and P. H. Hutton, 16-49. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.

——. 1990. The History of Sexuality. Vol. 3, The Care of the Self. New York: Vintage Books.

France, Clemens, J. 1902. “The Gambling Impulse.” American Journal of Psychology 13: 364-407.

Franklin, Joanna. N.d. Press release, www.responsiblegambling.org/articles/Problem_and_Pathological_Gambling_A_view_from_the_States.pdf, accessed October 2011.

Freeman, Mike. 2006. “Data Company Helps Wal-Mart, Casinos, Airlines Analyze Customers.” Consumer Reports / San Diego Union-Tribune, February 4, www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060224/news_1b24teradata.html, accessed June 2007.

Freud, Sigmund. 1961 [1920]. Beyond the Pleasure Principle. New York: W. W. Norton.

——. 1966 [1928]. “Dostoevsky and Parricide.” In Standard Editions of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Vol. 11. Edited by J. Strachey. London: Hogarth.

——. 1989. Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. Translated by J. Strachey. New York: W. W. Norton.

Friedman, Bill. 1982 [1974]. Casino Management. New York: Lyle Stuart Publishers.

——. 2000. Designing Casinos to Dominate the Competition. Reno, NV: Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming.

——. 2003. “Casino Design and Its Impact on Player Behavior.” In Stripping Las Vegas: A Contextual View of Casino Resort Architecture, edited by K. Jaschke and S. Otsch. Weimar: Bauhaus Weimar University Press.

Fullweily, Duana. 2008. “The Biologistical Construction of Race: ‘Admixture’ Technology and the New Genetic Medicine.” Social Studies of Science 38 (5): 695-735.

Gaboury, A., and R. Ladouceur. 1989. “Erroneous Perceptions and Gambling.” Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 4: 411-20.

Gambling Review Body. 2001. “Gambling Review Report.” A report prepared for the UK government. Norwich: The Stationary Office.

“Gaming Laboratory International: The Testing Standard.” 2007. Company Profile: G2E Overview, 72.

Garcia, Angela. 2010. The Pastoral Clinic: Addiction and Dispossession along the Rio Grande. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Garland, D. 2003. “The Rise of Risk.” In Risk and Morality, edited by R. V. Ericson and A. Doyle, 48-86. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Garrett, T. A. 2003. “Casino Gambling in America and Its Economic Impacts.” August, www.stls.frb.org/community/assets/pdf/CasinoGambling.pdf, accessed January 2004.

Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books.

Gerstein, D., et al. 1999. “Gambling Impact and Behavior Study.” A report to the US Congress National Gambling Impact Study Commission. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center.

Giddens, Anthony. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity.

——. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity. Cambridge: Polity.

——. 1994. “Living in a Post-Traditional Society.” In Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition, and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order, edited by U. Beck, A. Giddens, and S. Lash, 56-109. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

“Global Cash Access to Discontinue Arriva Credit Card.” 2008. Business Wire, February 28, findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2008_Feb_28/ai_n24354292, accessed October 2009.

“Global Games 2005.” 2005. Global Gaming Business, September: 58-76.

GLS Research. 1993. “1992 Clark County Resident's Study: Survey of Leisure Activities and Gaming Behavior.” A report prepared for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.

——. 1995. “1994 Clark County Resident's Study: Survey of Leisure Activities and Gaming Behavior.” A report prepared for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.

——. 1997. “1996 Clark County Resident's Study: Survey of Leisure Activities and Gaming Behavior.” A report prepared for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.

——. 1999. “1998 Clark County Resident's Study: Survey of Leisure Activities and Gaming Behavior.” A report prepared for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.

——. 2001. “2000 Clark County Resident's Study: Survey of Leisure Activities and Gaming Behavior.” A report prepared for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.

——. 2003. “2002 Clark County Resident's Study: Survey of Leisure Activities and Gaming Behavior.” A report prepared for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.

——. 2005. “2004 Clark County Resident's Study: Survey of Leisure Activities and Gaming Behavior.” A report prepared for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.

——. 2007. “2006 Clark County Resident's Study: Survey of Leisure Activities and Gaming Behavior.” A report prepared for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.

——. 2009. “2008 Clark County Resident's Study: Survey of Leisure Activities and Gaming Behavior.” A report prepared for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.

——. 2011. “2010 Clark County Resident's Study: Survey of Leisure Activities and Gaming Behavior.” A report prepared for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.

Goddard, L. 2000. “S. C. Video Poker Ban Energizes Gaming Friends, Foes,” September 7, www.stateline.org/live/printable/story?contentId=14114, accessed June 2007.

Goffman, Erving. 1961. “Fun in Games.” In Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction, edited by E. Goffman. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Educational Publishing.

——. 1967. Where the Action Is: Three Essays. London: Allen Lane.

Gold, Matea, and D. Ferrell. 1998. “Casino Industry Fights an Emerging Backlash.” Los Angeles Times, December 14, articles.latimes.com/1998/dec/14/news/mn-54012, accessed June 2007.

Goldberg, David. 2006. Stupidity and Slot Machine Players in Las Vegas. Maryland: Publish America.

Golub, Alex, and K. Lingley. 2008. “Just Like the Qing Empire.” Games and Culture 3: 59-75.

Gomart, E. 1999. “Surprised by Methadone: Experiments in Substitution.” PhD thesis, Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation, École des Mines, Paris.

Gomart, Emilie, and A. Hennion. 1999. “A Sociology of Attachment: Music Amateurs, Drug Users.” In Actor Network Theory and After, edited by J. Law and J. Hassard, 220-47. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.

Goodman, Robert. 1995a. “Gamble Babble.” Washington Post, November 12.

——. 1995b. The Luck Business: The Devastating Consequences and Broken Promises of America's Gambling Explosion. New York: Free Press.

Gordon, Colin. 1991. “Governmental Rationality: An Introduction.” In The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, edited by C. Gordon, G. Burchell, and P. Miller, 1-52. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Gorman, Tom. 2003. “Casinos Bet on High-Tech Slots to Improve Returns.” Los Angeles Times, February 16, articles.latimes.com/2003/feb/16/nation/na-slots16, accessed June 2007.

Gottdiener, Mark, C. C. Collins, and D. R. Dickens. 1999. Las Vegas: The Social Production of an All-American City. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.

Grant, J. E., S. W. Kim, and M. N. Potenza. 2003. “Advances in the Pharmacological Treatment of Pathological Gambling.” Journal of Gambling Studies 19 (1): 85-109.

Grant, J. E., M. N. Potenza, E. Hollander, R. Cunningham-Williams, T. Nurminen, G. Smits, and A. Kallio. 2006. “Multicenter Investigation of the Opioid Antagonist Nalmefene in the Treatment of Pathological Gambling.” American Journal of Psychiatry 163 (2): 303-12.

Grau, Oliver. 2003. Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Gray, C. H. 1995. The Cyborg Handbook. New York and London: Routledge.

Green, Joshua. 2003. “The Bookie of Virtue: William J. Bennett Has Made Millions Lecturing People on Morality and Blown It on Gambling.” Washington Monthly, June, www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2003/0306.green.html, accessed July 2007.

Green, Marian. 2006. “Player's Choice.” Slot Manager (Winter): 8-13.

——. 2007. “Station Casinos Carefully Rolls Out Guaranteed Play Option to Video Poker Crowd.” Slot Manager, November/December.

——. 2009. “Top 20 Most Innovative Gaming Technology Products of 2009.” Casino Journal, May, www.casinojournal.com, accessed July 2010.

——. 2010. Casino Journal (May): 24-30.

Green, Rick. 2004. “Long-Shot Slots, Part I.” Hartford Courant, May 9, articles.courant.com/2004-05-09/news/0405090003_1_gambling-machines-long-shot-slots-problem-gambling/2, accessed July 2007.

Greeno, James. 1994. “Gibson's Affordances.” Psychology Review 101 (2): 336-42.

Gremillion, Helen. 2001. “In Fitness and in Health: Crafting Bodies in the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 27 (2): 381-414.

Griffiths, Mark. 1993. “Fruit Machine Gambling: The Importance of Structural Characteristics.” Journal of Gambling Studies 9 (2): 101-20.

——. 1996. “Gambling on the Internet: A Brief Note.” Journal of Gambling Studies 12: 471-73.

——. 1999. “Gambling Technologies: Prospects for Problem Gambling.” Journal of Gambling Studies 15 (3): 265-83.

——. 2003. “The Environmental Psychology of Gambling.” In Gambling: Who Wins? Who Loses?, edited by G. Reith, 277-92. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.

Griffiths, Mark, and A. Barnes. 2008. “Internet Gambling: An Online Empirical Study among Student Gamblers.” International Mental Health Addiction 6: 194–204.

Grint, Keith, and S. Woolgar. 1997. The Machine at Work: Technology, Work, and Organization. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Grochowski, John. 2000. “Video Poker Drawn Into a Multihand Revolution.” Casino City Times, January 12, grochowski.casinocitytimes.com/articles/791.html, accessed October 2006.

——. 2003. “The Faster the Game, the Faster You Stand to Lose Your Bankroll.” Detroit News, January 23.

——. 2006. “Technology Spurs Improved Functionality in Next Generation ATMs.” International Gaming and Wagering Business 27 (5): 28, 32.

——. 2007. “Beyond the Green Felt Jungle: Electronic Multiplayer Games Broaden the Appeal of Traditional Table Products, Finding a Home on the Slot Floor as well as the Pit.” Slot Manager, November 1.

——. 2010. “Slots Let You Choose Volatility.” Casino City Times, February 16, grochowski.casinocitytimes.com/article/slots-let-you-choose-volatility-57751, accessed May 2010.

Grun, L., and P. McKeigue. 2000. “Prevalence of Excessive Gambling before and after Introduction of a National Lottery in the United Kingdom: Another Example of the Single Distribution Theory.” Addiction 95: 959-66.

Gusterson, Hugh. 1996. Nuclear Rites: A Weapons Laboratory at the End of the Cold War. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Hacking, Ian. 1990. The Taming of Chance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

——. 1998. Mad Travelers Reflections on the Reality of Transient Mental Illnesses. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.

Hancock, Linda, T. Schellinck, and T. Schrans. 2008. “Gambling and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Re-Defining Industry and State Roles on Duty of Care and Risk Management.” Policy and Society 27: 55-68.

Hannigan, John. 1998. Fantasy City: Pleasure and Profit in the Postmodern Metropolis. New York: Routledge.

Hanson, Zia, and M. Hong. 2003. “Interview with Ötsch.” In Stripping Las Vegas: A Contextual Review of Casino Resort Architecture, edited by K. Jaschke and S. Ötsch. Weimar: Bauhaus Weimar University Press.

Haraway, Donna. 1991. “A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century.” In Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, edited by D. Haraway, 149-81. New York: Routledge.

Hardt, Michael. 1999. “Affective Labor.” Boundary 2 (26): 89-100.

Hardt, Michael, and A. Negri. 2001. Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

“Harrah's Sees Success with Compudigm's Advanced Retail Visualization Solution Running on Teradata.” 2003. Business Wire, June 10, http.businesswire.com/news/home/20030610005463/en/Harrahs-Sees-Success-Compudigms-Advanced-Retail-Visualization, accessed June 2007.

Harrigan, K. A. 2007. “Slot Machine Structural Characteristics: Distorted Player Views of Payback Percentages.” Journal of Gambling Issues (June): 215-34.

——. 2008. “Slot Machine Structural Characteristics: Creating Near Misses Using High Symbol Award Ratios.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 6: 353-68.

——. 2009a. “Comments and Suggestions Regarding $120 Hourly Losses.” A report to Australian Government, Productivity Commission.

——. 2009b. “Slot Machines: Pursuing Responsible Gaming Practices for Virtual Reels and Near Misses.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 7: 68-83.

Harrigan, Kevin A., and M. Dixon. 2009. “PAR Sheets, Probabilities, and Slot Machine Play: Implications for Problem and Non-Problem Gambling.” Journal of Gambling Issues 23: 81-110.

Harvey, David. 1989. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford: Blackwell.

Haw, John. 2008a. “Random-Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement: The Role of Early Wins and Unreinforced Trials.” Journal of Gambling Issues 21: 56-67.

——. 2008b. “The Relationship between Reinforcement and Gaming Machine Choice.” Journal of Gambling Studies 24: 55-61.

Heidegger, Martin. 1977 [1954]. The Question concerning Technology and Other Essays. New York: Harper.

Hellicker, Kevin. 2006. “How a Gamble on Defibrillators Turned Las Vegas into the Safest Place to Have Your Heart Give Out.” Wall Street Journal, January 28, A1.

Hess, Alan. 1993. Viva Las Vegas: After Hours Architecture. San Francisco: Chronicle Books.

Hevener, Phil. 1988. “Video Poker.” International Gaming and Wagering Business, October 10.

Hildebrand, James. 2006. “Knowledge Is Power: The More You Know, the Better Off You Are.” Strictly Slots, January: 38-39.

Hing, Nerilee, and H. Breen. 2001. “Profiling Lady Luck: An Empirical Study of Gambling and Problem Gambling amongst Female Club Members.” Journal of Gambling Studies 17 (1): 47-69.

Hirsch, Alan R. 1995. “Effects of Ambient Odors on Slot-Machine Usage in a Las Vegas Casino.” Psychology and Marketing 12: 585-94.

Ho, Karen. 2009. Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Hochschild, Arlie. 1983. The Managed Heart. Berkeley: University of California.

Hodl, James. 2008. “Cashing Out.” Casino Journal, November 1, http.casinojournal.com/Articles/Products/2008/11/01/Cashing-Out.

——. 2009. “World of Slots 2009: The Great Game Search Is On.” Slot Manager, November/December.

Holtmann, Andy. 2004. “The Sound of Music: Hi-Tech Audio Systems Are Giving Casinos a Wider Variety of Musical Offerings to Choose From; and More Control over Them.” Casino Journal, July: 3-49.

Huhtamo, Erkki. 2005. “Slots of Fun, Slots of Trouble: An Archaeology of Arcade Gaming.” In Handbook of Computer Game Studies, edited by J. Raessens and J. Goldstein, 3-23. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Huizinga, Johan. 1950 [1938]. Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture. Boston: Beacon Press.

Hunt, Alan. 2003. “Risk and Moralization in Everyday Life.” In Risk and Morality, edited by R. V. Ericson and A. Doyle, 165-92. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

IGT (International Gaming Technology). 2005. “Introduction to Slots and Video Gaming,” media.igt.com/Marketing/PromotionalLiterature/IntroductionToGaming.pdf, accessed July 2007.

——. 2007. “SlotLine: Special Show Edition.” Company promotional material G2E 2007, 47.

——. 2008. “The Right Choice.” Company Annual Report, homson.mobular.net/thomson/7/2831/3632/, accessed August 2009.

“IGT Product Profile.” 2000. Casino Journal (February): 39.

“IGT Unveils New Line of Video Gaming Equipment.” 1983. Public Gaming Magazine (November): 31.

Ihde, Don. 1990. Technology and the Lifeworld. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

——. 2002. Bodies in Technology. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.

IPART (Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal). 2003. “Review into Gambling Harm Minimization Measures Issues Paper.” New South Wales, Australia, www.ipart.nsw.gov.au/welcome.asp, accessed July 2007.

Isin, Engin F. 2004. “The Neurotic Citizen.” Citizenship Studies 8 (3): 217-35.

Ito, Mitzuko. 2005. “Mobilizing Fun in the Production and Consumption of Children's Software.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 597 (1): 82-102.

Izenour, Steven, and D. A. Dashiell III. 1990. “Relearning from Las Vegas.” Architecture 10: 46-51.

Jacobs, D. F. 1988. “Evidence for a Common Dissociative-Like Reaction among Addicts.” Journal of Gambling Behavior 4: 27-37.

——. 2000. “Response to Panel: Jacob's General Theory of Addiction.” The 11th International Conference on Gambling and Risk-Taking. Las Vegas, Nevada.

Jain, Sarah S. Lochlann. 1999. “The Prosthetic Imagination: Enabling and Disabling the Prosthesis Trope.” Science, Technology, and Human Values 24: 31-54.

——. 2006. Injury: The Politics of Product Design and Safety Law in the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Jalal, Kareen. 2008. “A New Slot.” International Gaming and Wagering Business, February, http.igwb.com/Articles/Games_And_Technology/BNP_GUID_9-5-2006_A_10000000000000261686, accessed July 2011.

Jameson, Frederic. 1991. Postmodernism; Or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

——. 2004. “The Politics of Utopia.” New Left Review 25: 35-54.

Jaschke, Karin. 2003. “Casinos Inside Out.” In Stripping Las Vegas: A Contextual Review of Casino Resort Architecture, edited by K. Jaschke and S. Ötsch. Weimar: Bauhaus Weimar University Press.

Jaschke, Karin, and S. Ötsch, eds. 2003. Stripping Las Vegas: A Contextual Review of Casino Resort Architecture. Weimar: Bauhaus Weimar University Press.

Jenkins, Richard. 2000. “Disenchantment, Enchantment, and Re-Enchantment: Max Weber at the Millennium.” Max Weber Studies 1 (1): 11-32.

Jonas, Hans. 2010 [1979]. “Toward a Philosophy of Technology.” In Technology and Values: Essential Readings, edited by C. Hanks, 11-25. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.

Kaplan, Michael. 2010. “How Vegas Security Drives Surveillance Tech Everywhere.” Popular Mechanics, January 1, http.popularmechanics.com/technology/how-to/computer-security/4341499, accessed August 2009.

Kassinove, J., and M. Schare. 2001. “Effects of the ‘Near Miss’ and the ‘Big Win’ at Persistence in Slot Machine Gambling.” Psychology of Addictive Behavior 15: 155-58.

Kaufman, Sharon R. 2005. And a Time to Die: How American Hospitals Shape the End of Life. New York: Scribner.

Keane, Helen. 2002. What's Wrong with Addiction? New York: New York University Press.

Keane, H., and K. Hamill. 2010. “Variations in Addiction: The Molecular and the Molar in Neuroscience and Pain Medicine.” Biosocieties 5 (1): 52-69.

King, Rufus. 1964. “The Rise and Decline of Coin-Machine Gambling.” Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science 55 (2): 99-207.

Klein, N. K. 2002. “Scripting Las Vegas: Noir Naïfs, Junking Up, and the New Strip.” In The Grit beneath the Glitter: Tales from the Real Las Vegas, edited by H. Rothman and M. Davis, 17-29. Berkeley: University of California.

Kleinman, Arthur, and E. Fitz-Henry. 2007. “The Experimental Basis for Subjectivity: How Individuals Change in the Context of Societal Transformation.” In Subjectivity: Ethnographic Investigations, edited by J. Biehl, B. Good, and A. Kleinman, 52-65. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Knorr Cetina, Karin, and U. Bruegger. 2000. “The Market as an Object of Attachment: Exploring Post-Social Relations in Financial Markets.” Canadian Journal of Sociology 25 (2): 141-68.

——. 2002. “Traders' Engagement with Markets: A Postsocial Relationship.” Theory, Culture and Society 19 (5-6): 161-85.

Knutson, Chad. 2006. “Please Remain Seated.” Casino Enterprise Management (March): 32.

Kocurek, Carly. 2012. “Coin-Drop Capitalism: Economic Lessons from the Video Game Arcade.” In Before the Crash: An Anthology of Early Video Game History, edited by Mark J. P. Wolf. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.

Kontzer, Tony. 2004. “Caesars and Harrah's Have Big Plans—If Their Merger Gets Approved.” Information Week, August 23, http.informationweek.com/news/global-cio/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=29112699, accessed August 2008.

Korn, David A., and H. J. Shaffer. 1999. “Gambling and the Health of the Public: Adopting a Public Health Perspective.” Journal of Gambling Studies 15 (4): 289-365.

Koza, J. 1984. “Who Is Playing What: A Demographic Study (part 1).” Public Gaming Magazine.

Kranes, David. 1995. “Playgrounds.” Journal of Gambling Studies 11: 91-102.

——. 2000. “The Sound of Music: Is Your Slot Floor a Deafening Experience?” Casino Executive Magazine 6 (5): 32-33.

Kubey, Robert, and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. 1990. Television and the Quality of Life: How Viewing Shapes Everyday Experience. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

——. 2002. “Television Addiction Is No Mere Metaphor.” Scientific American: 48-55.

Kuley, Nadia B., and Durand F. Jacobs. 1988. “The Relationship between Dissociative-Like Experiences and Sensation Seeking among Social and Problem Gamblers.” Journal of Gambling Behavior 4 (3): 197-207.

Kushner, H. I. 2010. “Toward a Cultural Biology of Addiction.” Biosocieties 5 (1): 8-24.

Kusyszyn, Igor. 1990. “Existence, Effectance, Esteem: From Gambling to a New Theory of Human Motivation.” Substance Use and Misuse 25 (2): 159-77.

Lacan, Jacques. 1977. “The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I.” In Écrits: A Selection, translated by A. Sheridan, 3-9. New York: W. W. Norton.

Ladouceur, R. 2004. “Perceptions among Pathological and Nonpathological Gamblers, Addictive Behavors.” Addictive Behaviors 29, 555-65.

Ladouceur, R., and S. Sévigny. 2005. “Structural Characteristics of Video Lotteries: Effects of a Stopping Device on Illusion of Control and Gambling Persistence.” Journal of Gambling Studies 21 (2): 117-31.

Ladouceur, R., C. Sylvain, C. Boutin, S. Lachance, C. Doucet, J. Leblond, and C. Jacques. 2001. “Cognitive Treatment of Pathological Gambling.” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 189 (11): 774-80.

Ladouceur, R., and M. Walker. 1996. “A Cognitive Perspective on Gambling.” In Trends in Cognitive and Behavioural Therapies, edited by P. M. Salkovskis. London: John Wiley and Sons.

Lakoff, Andrew. 2007. “Preparing for the Next Emergency.” Public Culture 19 (2): 247-71.

Lane, Terry. 2006. “Canadian Pokie Lessons.” Radio interview with Tracy Schrans on ABC National Radio, Australia, January 8.

LaPlante, D. A., and H. J. Shaffer. 2007. “Understanding the Influence of Gambling Opportunities: Expanding Exposure Models to Include Adaptation.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 77 (4): 616-23.

Lash, Scott. 1994. “Reflexivity and Its Doubles: Structure, Aesthetics, Community.” In Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition, and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order, edited by Ulrich Beck, A. Giddens, and S. Lash. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Latour, Bruno. 1988. “The Prince for Machines as Well as Machinations.” In Technology and Social Process, edited by B. Elliott, 20-43. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

——. 1992. “Where Are the Missing Masses? The Sociology of a Few Mundane Artifacts.” In Shaping Technology / Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, edited by W. E. Bijker and J. Law, 225-58. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

——. 1994. “On Technical Mediation.” Common Knowledge 3 (2): 29-64.

——. 1997. “The Trouble with Actor-Network Theory.” Philsophia 25: 47-64.

——. 1999. “A Collective of Humans and Non-Humans.” In Pandora's Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies, edited by B. Latour, 174-215. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

——. 1999. Pandora's Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Law, John. 1987. “Technology, Closure, and Heterogeneous Engineering: The Case of the Portuguese Expansion.” In The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, edited by W. E. Bijker, T. P. Hughes, and T. J. Pinch, 111-34. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Lears, J. 2003. Something for Nothing: Luck in America. New York: Viking Press.

——. 2008. “Fortune's Wheel.” Lapham's Quarterly, About Money 1 (2): 192-99.

Lefebvre, Henri. 1991 [1974]. The Production of Space. Edited by R. Tiedeman. Translated by H. Eiland and K. McLaughlin. Oxford: Blackwell.

Legato, Frank. 1987. “Right Down to the Finest Detail.” Casino Gaming Magazine (October): 14-16.

——. 1998a. “Future Shock.” Strictly Slots (December): 98.

——. 1998b. “Weighing Anchor.” Strictly Slots (December): 74.

——. 2004. “The 20 Greatest Slot Innovations.” Strictly Slots (March), www.strictlyslots.com/archive/0403ss/SS0304_Innovative.pdf, accessed June 2007.

——. 2005a. “Penny Arcade.” Strictly Slots (June): 68-76.

——. 2005b. “Super Slots.” Global Gaming Business (September): 30-76.

——. 2006. “Newfangled Gadgetry: The Brave New World of Techno-Slots Is Here.” Strictly Slots (May): 114.

——. 2007a. “Paying to Play: ‘Guaranteed Play’ Gives Video Poker Fans Their Money's Worth, Win or Lose.” Casino Player Reprint, November.

——. 2007b. “Triple Play Poker: The First Real Change to Video Poker Revolutionized the Game.” Strictly Slots, www.strictlyslots.com/archive/0707ss/hall.htm, accessed August 2009.

——. 2008. “Tough Crowd: Operating and Selling Slots in Table-Heavy Macau Is a Tall Order—but Things Are Improving.” Global Gaming Business, August, ggbmagazine.com/issue/vol__7_no__8__august_2008/article/tough_crowd, accessed August 2009.

Legato, Frank, and Roger Gros. 2010. “Ten Years of Innovation: Marketing and Game Technology during the First Decade of G2E.” An IGT White Paper.

Lehman, Rich. 2007a. “Game Selection Criteria, Part IV: Payout Frequency.” Casino Enterprise Management, December, http.casinoenterprisemanagement.com/articles/december-2007/game-selection-criteria-part-iv-payout-frequency, accessed May 2010.

——. 2007b. “Time, TITO, and Bonus Games: Where Do We Go from Here?” Casino Enterprise Management, June, http.casinoenterprisemanagement.com/articles/july-2007/time-tito-and-bonus-games-where-do-we-go-here, accessed May 2010.

——. 2009. “How Can Free Play Be So Misunderstood?” Casino Enterprise Management, November, http.aceme.org/articles/november-2009/how-can-free-play-be-so-misunderstood, accessed May 2010.

Lehrer, Jonah. 2007. “Your Brain on Gambling: Science Shows How Slot Machines Take Over Your Mind,” Boston Globe, August 19, www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/08/19/your_brain_on_gambling/, accessed May 2010.

Leibman, Bennet. 2005. “Not All That It's Cracked Up to Be.” Gaming Law Review 9 (5): 446-48.

Lepinay, Vincent. 2011. Codes of Finance: Engineering Derivatives in a Global Bank. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Lesieur, H. R. 1977. The Chase: Career of the Compulsive Gambler. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press.

——. 1988. “The Female Pathological Gambler.” In Gambling Research: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Gambling and Risk-Taking, vol. 5, edited by W. R. Eadington. Reno: Bureau of Business and Economic Research, University of Nevada.

——. 1998. “Costs and Treatment of Pathological Gambling.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences (March): 153-71.

Lesieur, H. R., and S. B. Blume. 1991. “When Lady Luck Loses: Women and Compulsive Gambling.” In Feminist Perspectives on Addictions, edited by N. Van Den Bergh, 181-97. New York: Springer.

Lesieur, Henry R., and R. Rosenthal. 1991. “Pathological Gambling: A Review of the Literature.” Journal of Gambling Studies 7 (1): 5-39.

Lipton, Michael, and Kevin Weber. 2010. “Ontario Court Rejects Certification of Class Action.” Gaming Legal News 3 (11), law-articles.vlex.com/vid/gaming-legal-news-volume-number-199183983, accessed January 2011.

LiPuma, E. and B. Lee. 2004. Financial Derivatives and the Globalization of Risk. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Littlejohn, David. 1999. “Epilogue: Learning More from Las Vegas.” In The Real Las Vegas: Life beyond the Strip, edited by D. Littlejohn, 281-90. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Livingstone, Charles. 2005. “Desire and the Consumption of Danger: Electronic Gaming Machines and the Commodification of Interiority.” Addiction Research and Theory 13 (6): 523-34.

Livingstone, Charles, and R. Woolley. 2007. “Risky Business: A Few Provocations on the Regulation of Electronic Gaming Machines.” International Gambling Studies 7 (3): 361-76.

——. 2008. “The Relevance and Role of Gaming Machine Games and Game Features on the Play of Problem Gamblers.” A report to Independent Gambling Authority of South Australia.

Logan, Frank A., and A. R. Wagner. 1965. Reward and Punishment. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Lorenz, Valerie C. 1987. “Family Dynamics of Pathological Gamblers.” In The Handbook of Pathological Gambling, edited by T. Galski, 71-88. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Loose, Rik. 2002. The Subject of Addiction: Psychoanalysis and the Administration of Enjoyment. London: Karnac Press.

Lovell, Anne M. 2006. “Addiction Markets: The Case of High-Dose Buprenorphine in France.” In Global Pharmaceuticals: Ethics, Markets, Practices, edited by A. Petryna, A. Lakoff, and A. Kleinman, 136-70. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

——. 2007. “Hoarders and Scrappers: Madness and the Social Person in the Interstices of the City.” In Subjectivity: Ethnographic Investigations, edited by J. Biehl, B. Good, and A. Kleinman, 215-39. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Luhmann, Niklas. 1993. Risk: A Sociological Theory. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.

Luhrmann, Tanya. M. 2000. Of Two Minds: The Growing Disorder in American Psychiatry. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

——. 2004. “Metakinesis: How God Becomes Intimate in Contemporary US Christianity.” American Anthropologist 106 (3): 518-28.

——. 2005. “The Art of Hearing God: Absorption, Dissociation, and Contemporary American Spirituality.” Spiritus: A Journal of Christian Spirituality 5 (2): 133-57.

——. 2006. “Subjectivity.” Anthropological Theory 6 (3): 345-61.

Lupton, Deborah. 1999. Risk. New York: Routledge.

Lyng, S. G. 1990. “Edgework: A Social Psychological Analysis of Voluntary Risk Taking.” American Journal of Sociology 95: 851-86.

Lyotard, Jean François. 1993. Libidinal Economy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1984. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

Mackenzie, Donald. 2006. An Engine, Not a Camera: How Financial Models Shape Markets. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

MacNeil, Ray. 2009. “Government as Gambling Regulator and Operator: The Case of Electronic Gambling Machines.” In Casino State: Legalized Gambling in Canada, edited by J. F. Cosgrave and T. Klassen, 140-60. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Macomber, Dean, and R. Student. 2007a. “Floor of the Future I.” Global Gaming Business 6 (11).

——. 2007b. “Floor of the Future II.” Global Gaming Business 6 (12), www.ggbmagazine.com/articles/Floor_of_the_Future_part_II, accessed August 2009.

Maida, J. R. 1997. “From the Laboratory: No More Near Misses.” International Gaming and Wagering Business (July): 45.

Malaby, Thomas M. 2003. Gambling Life: Dealing in Contingency in a Greek City. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

——. 2006. “Parlaying Value: Capital in and Beyond Virtual Worlds.” Games and Culture 1 (2): 141-62.

——. 2007. “Beyond Play: A New Approach to Games.” Games and Culture 2 (2): 95-113.

——. 2009. “Anthropology and Play: The Contours of Playful Experience.” New Literary History 40: 205-18.

Mangels, John. 2011. “Pennsylvania's Gaming Lab Improves Accountability of Slot Machines.” The Plain Dealer, May 15, blog.cleveland.com/metro/2011/05/pennsylvanias_gaming_lab_impro.html, accessed May 2011.

Marcus, George E. 1998. Ethnography through Thick and Thin. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Marcus, George E., and M. Fischer. 1986. Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Marcuse, Herbert. 1982 [1941]. “Some Social Implications of Modern Technology.” In The Essential Frankfurt School Reader, edited by A. Arato and E. Gebhardt, 138-62. New York: Continuum.

Mark, Marie E., and H. R. Lesieur. 1992. “A Feminist Critique of Problem Gambling Research.” British Journal of Addiction 87: 549-65.

Marriott, Michel. 1998. “Luck Be a Microchip Tonight: Gambling Goes Digital,” New York Times Magazine, December 17.

Martin, Emily. 1994. Flexible Bodies. Boston: Beacon Press.

——. 2004. “Taking the Measure of Moods.” Paper presented at the Society for Social Studies of Science annual meeting. Paris, France.

——. 2007. Bipolar Expeditions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Martin, Randy. 2002. Financialization of Daily Life. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

Marx, Karl. 1992 [1867]. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, vol. 1. Edited by B. Fowkes. Translated by E. Mandel. New York: Penguin Classics.

Masco, Joseph. 2008. “Survival Is Your Business: Engineering Ruin and Affect in Nuclear America.” Cultural Anthropology 23 (2): 361-98.

Massumi, Brian. 1995. “The Autonomy of Affect.” Cultural Critique, no. 31, The Politics of Systems and Environments, Part II (Autumn): 83-109.

——. 2002. Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Mayer, K. J., and L. Johnson. 2003. “Casino Atmospherics.” UNLV Gaming and Review Journal 7: 21-32.

Mazarella, William. 2008. “Affect: What Is It Good For?” In Enchantments of Modernity: Empire, Nation, Globalization, edited by S. Dube, 291-309. New Delhi and New York: Routledge.

McGarry, Caitlin. 2010. “Casinos & Cash.” Global Gaming Business 9 (5), ggbmagazine.com/issue/vol-9-no-5-may-2010, accessed June 2010.

McGregor, Douglas. 1960. The Human Side of Enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill.

McLaughlin, S. D. 2000. “Gender Differences in Disordered Gambling.” Paper presented at the National Council on Problem Gambling, Philadelphia.

McMillen, Jan. 1996. “From Glamour to Grind: The Globalisation of Casinos.” In Gambling Cultures: Studies in History and Interpretation, edited by J. McMillen, 240-62. London: Routledge.

McMillen, Jan. 2009. “Gambling Policy and Regulation in Australia.” In Casino State: Legalized Gambling in Canada, edited by J. F. Cosgrave and T. Klassen, 91-118.

Meister, David. 1999. The History of Human Factors and Ergonomics. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Melucci, Alberto. 1996. The Playing Self: Person and Meaning in the Planetary Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Miers, David. 2003. “A Fair Deal for the Player? Regulation and Compensation as Guarantors of Consumer Protection in Commercial Gambling.” In Gambling: Who Wins? Who Loses?, edited by G. Reith, 155-74. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.

Miller, Peter. 2001. “Governing by Numbers: Why Calculative Practices Matter.” Social Research 68 (2): 379-96.

Mishra, Raja. 2004. “Gambling Industry Link to Harvard Draws Questions.” Boston Globe, November 6, www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/11/06/gambling_industry_link_to_harvard_draws_questions/, accessed August 2008.

Mitchell, Richard. 1988. “Sociological Implications of the Flow Experience.” In Optimal Experience: Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness, edited by M. Csikszentmihalyi and I. S. Csikszentmihalyi, 36-59. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Moehring, Eugene. 2002. “Growth, Services, and the Political Economy of Gambling in Las Vegas, 1970-2000.” In The Grit beneath the Glitter: Tales from the Real Las Vegas, edited by H. Rothman and M. Davis, 73-98. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Monaghan, Sally, and A. Blaszczynski. 2009. “Impact of Responsible Gambling Signs for Electronic Gaming Machines on Regular Gamblers: Mode of Presentation and Message Content.” Paper presented at the 14th International Conference on Gambling and Risk Taking. Lake Tahoe.

Morgan, Timothy, L. Kofoed, J. Buchkoski, and R. D. Carr. 1996. “Video Lottery Gambling: Effects on Pathological Gamblers Seeking Treatment in South Dakota.” Journal of Gambling Studies 12 (4): 451-60.

Nadarajan, Gunalan. 2007. “Islamic Automation: A Reading of al-Jazari's The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (1206),” MediaArt HistoriesArchive, hdl.handle.net/10002/469, accessed September 2009.

Nassau, David. 1993. Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements. New York: Basic Books.

National Research Council. 1999. “Pathological Gambling: A Critical Review.” A report prepared by the Committee on the Social and Economic Impact of Pathological Gambling. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Negri, Antonio. 1999. “Value and Affect.” Boundary 2 (26): 2.

Nelson, S. E., L. Gebauer, R. A. Labrie, and H. J. Shaffer. 2009. “Gambling Problem Symptom Patterns and Stability across Individual and Timeframe.” Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 23 (3): 523-33.

Nevada Gaming Commission. 1989. Hearing to Consider: Universal's Motion for Reconsideration/Rehearing of the Decision of Nevada Gaming Commission Made on December 1, 1988 in the Matter of Universal Company, Ltd. and Universal Distributing of Nevada, Inc., Case No. 88-4, pp. 256-300. February 23. Sierra Nevada Reporters. Las Vegas.

——. 2010a. “Manufacturers, Distributors, Operators, of Intercasino Linked Systems, Gaming Devices, New Games Inter-Casino Linked Systems and Associated Equipment.” Regulations of the Nevada Gaming Commission and State Gaming Control Board. Regulation 14.040, gaming.nv.gov/stats_regs.htm#regs, accessed July 2008.

——. 2010b. “Provision on Unlawful Acts and Equipment within Chapter on Crimes and Liabilities concerning Gaming.” Regulations of the Nevada Gaming Commission and State Gaming Control Board. Regulation 465.015, gaming.nv.gov/stats_regs.htm#regs, accessed July 2008.

——. 2010b. “Provision on Unlawful Acts and Equipment within Chapter on Crimes and Liabilities concerning Gaming.” Regulations of the Nevada Gaming Commission and State Gaming Control Board. Regulation 465.015, gaming.nv.gov/stats_regs.htm#regs, accessed July 2008.

Nevada State Gaming Control Board. 1983. Agenda Item 6, “New Games/Devices (Request for Approval) Device: Virtual Reel Slot Machine.” Transcript of discussions, i, ii, iii, 2-97, August 10. Sierra Nevada Reporters. Carson City, Nevada.

“The New Generation of Slots.” 1981. Public Gaming Magazine, March: 26-38.

Nickell, Joe A. 2002. “Welcome to Harrah's: You Give Us Your Money. We Learn Everything about You. And Then You Thank Us and Beg for More. How's That for a Business Model?” Business 2.0, April, faculty.msb.edu/homak/homahelpsite/webhelp/Harrahs_-__Welcome_to_Harrah_s_Biz_2.0_April_2003.htm, accessed August 2008.

North American Gaming Almanac. 2010. Casino City Press.

O'Malley, Pat. 1996. “Risk and Responsibility.” In Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neo-Liberalism, and Rationalities of Government, edited by A. Barry, T. Osborne, and N. Rose, 189-208. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

——. 2003. “Moral Uncertainties: Contract Law and Distinctions between Speculation, Gambling, and Insurance.” In Risk and Morality, edited by R. V. Ericson and A. Doyle, 231-57. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Omnifacts Bristol Research. 2007. “Nova Scotia Player Card Research Project: Stage III Research Report.” A report prepared for the Nova Scotia Gaming Commission.

Ong, Aihwa, and S. Collier. 2005. Introduction to Global Assemblages: Technology, Politics, and Ethics as Anthropological Problems, edited by A. Ong and S. Collier, 1-2, 8. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Orford, Jim. 2005. “Complicity on the River Bank: The Search for the Truth about Problem Gambling: Reply to the Commentaries.” Addiction 100: 1226-39.

Osborne, Thomas, and N. Rose. 2004. “Spatial Phenomenotechnics: Making Space with Charles Booth and Patrick Geddes.” Environmental and Planning D: Society and Space 22: 209-28.

Ötsch, Silke. 2003. “Earning from Las Vegas.” In Stripping Las Vegas: A Contextual Review of Casino Resort Architecture, edited by K. Jaschke and S. Ötsch. Weimar: Bauhaus Weimar University Press.

Palmeri, Christopher. 2003. “Hit a Jackpot? You Won't Need a Bucket.” Business Week Online, www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_13/b3826076.htm, accessed August 2006.

Panasitti, Mike, and N. Schüll. 1993. “A Discipline of Leisure: Engineering the Las Vegas Casino.” Honors thesis, Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley.

Pandolfo, Stefania. 1997. Impasses of the Angels: Scenes from a Moroccan Space of Memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

——. 2006. “Nibtidi mnin il-hikaya [Where Are We to Start the Tale?]”: Violence, Intimacy, and Recollection.” Social Science Information 45 (3): 349-71.

Parets, Robyn Taylor. 1996. “Cash Is No Longer King.” International Gaming and Wagering Business 17 (12): 64-65.

——. 1999. “Advances in Linked Gaming Technology.” International Gaming and Wagering Business (Special Issue for World Gaming Congress and Expo) (September): 19-20.

Parke, J., and M. Griffiths. 2004. “Gambling Addiction and the Evolution of the ‘Near Miss.’” Addiction Research and Theory 12 (5): 407-11.

——. 2006. “The Psychology of the Fruit Machine: The Role of Structural Characteristics (Revisited).” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 4: 151-79.

Parke, Jonathan, J. Rigbye, and A. Parke. 2008. “Cashless and Card-Based Technologies in Gambling: A Review of the Literature.” A report prepared for the Gambling Commission, Great Britain.

Patterson, Judy. 2002. “Harm Minimization: A Call to Action for the International Gaming Community,” June 28, www.americangaming.org/Press/speeches/speeches_detail.cfv?id=111, accessed October 2006.

PC (Productivity Commission). 1999. “Australia's Gambling Industries.” A report prepared for the Australian Government.

——. 2009. “Australia's Gambling Industries: Draft Report.” A report prepared for the Australian Government.

——. 2010. “Australia's Gambling Industries.” A report prepared for the Australian Government.

Petryna, Adriana. 2002. Life Exposed: Biological Citizens after Chernobyl. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

——. 2009. When Experiments Travel: Clinical Trials and the Global Search for Human Subjects. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Picard, Rosalind. 1997. Affective Computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Pickering, Andrew. 1993. “The Mangle of Practice: Agency and Emergence in the Sociology of Science.” American Journal of Sociology 99: 559-89.

Pine, J., and J. Gilmore. 1999. The Experience Economy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Piore, Michael J., and C. F. Sabel. 1984. The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity. New York: Basic Books.

“Player Tracking ... It's a Service Business.” 1990. Casino Gaming Magazine (April): 6-7.

Plotz, David. 1999. “Busted Flush: South Carolina's Video-Poker Operators Run a Political Machine.” Harpers (August): 63-72.

Poel, Ibo van de, and Peter-Paul Verbeek. 2006. “Editorial: Ethics and Engineering Design.” Science, Technology, and Human Values 31: 223-36.

Polzin, P. E., J. Baldridge, D. Doyle, J. T. Sylvester, R. A. Volberg, and W. L. Moore. 1998. The 1998 Montana Gambling Study: Final Report to the Montana Gambling Study Commission. Helena: Montana Legislative Services Division.

Potenza, M. N. 2001. “The Neurobiology of Pathological Gambling.” Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry 6: 217-26.

Preda, Alex. 2006. “Socio-Technical Agency in Financial Markets: The Case of the Stick Ticker.” Social Studies of Science 36: 753-82.

Putnam, Robert. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

Rabinbach, Anson. 1992. The Human Motor: Energy Fatigue, and the Origins of Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Rabinow, Paul. 1996. Essays on the Anthropology of Reason. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

——. 1999. French DNA: Trouble in Purgatory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

——. 2003. Anthropos Today: Reflections on Modern Equipment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Press.

Raikhel, Eugene, and W. Garriott. 2013. “Addiction Trajectories: Tracing New Paths in the Anthropology of Addiction.” In Addiction Trajectories, edited by E. Raikhel and W. Garriott. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Rapp, Rayna. 2000. Testing Women, Testing the Fetus: The Social Impact of Amniocentesis in America. New York: Routledge.

Reich, Kenneth. 1989. “Misleading Slot Machines Retrofitted, Nevada Says.” Los Angeles Times, June 4, articles.latimes.com/1989-06-04/news/mn-2501_1_slot-machines-international-game-technology-near-miss, accessed June 2007.

Reid, R. L. 1986. “The Psychology of the Near Miss.” Journal of Gambling Behavior 2: 32-39.

Reik, Theodor. 1951. Dogma and Compulsion: Psychoanalytic Studies of Religion and Myths. Translated by B. Miall. New York: International Universities Press.

Reiner, Krista. 2007. “Jay Walker: A Step Ahead.” Casino Enterprise Management, October 31, http.casinoenterprisemanagement.com/articles/november-2007/jay-walker-step-ahead, accessed August 2008.

——. 2009. “The 2009 Casino Enterprise Management Slot Floor Technology Awards.” Casino Enterprise Management, April 30, http.casinoenterprisemanagement.com/articles/may-2009/2009-cem-slot-floor-technology-awards, accessed May 2010.

Reisman, David. 1950. The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character. In collaboration with N. Glazer and R. Denney. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Reith, Gerda. 1999. The Age of Chance: Gambling in Western Culture. New York: Routledge.

——. 2003. “Pathology and Profit: Controversies in the Expansion of Legalized Gambling.” In Gambling: Who Wins? Who Loses?, edited by G. Reith, 9-29. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.

——. 2006. “The Pursuit of Chance.” In The Sociology of Risk and Gambling Reader, edited by J. F. Cosgrave, 125-43. New York: Routledge.

——. 2007. “Gambling and the Contradictions of Consumption: A Genealogy of the ‘Pathological’ Subject.” American Behavioral Scientist 51 (1): 33–55.

——. 2008. “Reflections on Responsibility.” Journal of Gambling Issues 22: 149-55.

Richtel, Matt. 2006. “From the Back Office, a Casino Can Change the Slot Machine in Seconds.” New York Times, April 12, www.nytimes.com/2006/04/12/technology/12casino.html.

Ritzer, George. 2001. Explorations in the Sociology of Consumption: Fast Food, Credit Cards, and Casinos. London: Sage.

——. 2005. Enchanting a Disenchanted World: Revolutionizing the Means of Consumption. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

——. 2007. Culture and Enchantment, and Enchanting a Disenchanted World. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

Rivera, Geraldo. 2000. “Geraldo Rivera Reports: Las Vegas, the American Fantasy.” National Broadcast Company.

Rivlin, Gary. 2004. “The Tug of the Newfangled Slot Machines.” New York Times Magazine, May 9: 42-81.

——. 2007. “Slot Machines for the Young and Active.” New York Times, December 10, www.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/business/10slots.html, accessed December 2007.

Roberts, Elizabeth. 2006. “God's Laboratory: Religious Rationalities and Modernity in Ecuadorian In-Vitro Fertilization.” Culture Medicine and Psychiatry 30 (4): 507-36.

——. 2007. “Extra Embryos: The Ethics of Cryopreservation in Ecuador and Elsewhere.” American Ethnologist 34 (1): 188-99.

Roberts, Patrick. 2010. “Slot Sense.” Global Gaming Business 9 (8), August 2, ggbmagazine.com/issue/vol-9-no-8-august-2010/article/slot-sense, accessed September 2010.

Robertson, Campbell. 2009. “Video Bingo Has Alabamians Yelling Everything But.” New York Times, November 12, www.nytimes.com/2009/11/12/us/12bingo.html, accessed November 2009.

Robison, John. 2000. “Ask the Slot Expert: Casino Random Number Generators.” Casino City Times, robison.casinocitytimes.com/articles/349.html, accessed March 2005.

Roemer, Mick. 2007. “Guest Column: Skill-Based Gaming—the New Frontier.” Slot Manager, November, www.roemergaming.com/articles.html, accessed December 2007.

Rogers, Michael. 1980. “The Electronic Gambler.” Rocky Mountain Magazine, 19-30.

Room, Robin. 2005. “The Wheel of Fortune: Cycles and Reactions in Gambling Policies.” Addiction 100: 1226-39.

Room, Robin, N. E. Turner, and A. Ialomiteanu. 1999. “Community Effects of the Opening of the Niagara Casino.” Addiction 94: 1449-66.

Rose, I. Nelson. 1989. “Nevada Draws the Line at Near-Miss Slots.” Casino Journal (July): 51. Also available at Gambling and the Law Columns, www.gamblingandthelaw.com/columns/13.htm.

Rose, Nikolas. 1996. Inventing Our Selves: Psychology, Power, and Personhood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

——. 1999. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

——. 2003. “The Neurochemical Self and Its Anomalies.” In Risk and Morality, edited by R. V. Ericson and A. Doyle, 407-37. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Rosenthal, Edward C. 2005. The Era of Choice: The Ability to Choose and Its Transformation of Contemporary Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Rosenthal, Richard J. 1992. “Pathological Gambling.” Psychiatric Annals 22 (2): 72-78.

Rothman, Hal. 2003. Neon Metropolis: How Las Vegas Started the Twenty-First Century. New York: Routledge.

Rothman, Hal, and M. Davis, eds. 2002. The Grit beneath the Glitter: Tales from the Real Las Vegas. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Rotstein, Gary. 2009. “Some Say Slots Gambling Most Addictive.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 6, http.post-gazette.com/pg/09249/995723-455.stm.

Royer, Victor. 2010. “Manufacturer Maladies.” Casino Enterprise Management, March, http.casinoenterprisemanagement.com/articles/march-2010/manufacturer-maladies.

Russell, Rob. 2007. “Fun and Games: Convergence of the Slot Machine with the Arcade Experience.” Global Gaming Business, November/December.

Rutherford, James. 1996. “Creative Alliance.” Casino Journal 9 (3): 80-85.

——. 2005a. “Games of Choice.” International Gaming and Wagering Business, January.

——. 2005b. “Russia Grows Up: Political Uncertainty Clouds the Future, but It Hasn't Dimmed the Possibilities.” International Gaming and Wagering Business (December): 16-22.

Ryan, T. P., and J. F. Speyrer. 1999. “Gambling in Louisiana: A Benefit/Cost Analysis 99.” A report prepared for the Louisiana Gambling Control Board.

SACES (South Australian Centre for Economic Studies). 2003. “Community Impact of Electronic Gaming Machine Gambling.” Discussion Paper 1: Review of Literature and Potential Indicators. Victoria: Gambling Research Panel.

Sanders, Barbara. 1973. “A History of Advertising and Promotion in the Reno Gaming Industry.” Master's thesis, Journalism, University of Nevada, Reno.

Sasso, W. and J. Kalajdzic. 2007. “Do Ontario and Its Gaming Venues Owe a Duty of Care to Problem Gamblers?” Gaming Law Review 10 (6): 552-70.

Schellinck, Tony, and T. Schrans. 1998. “The 1997/98 Nova Scotia Regular VL Players Study Highlight Report.” A report prepared by Focal Research Consultants, Ltd., Nova Scotia.

——. 2002. “The Nova Scotia Video Lottery Responsible Gaming Features Study.” A final report prepared by Focal Research Consultants, Ltd., for the Atlantic Lottery Corporation, Nova Scotia.

——. 2003. “Nova Scotia Prevalence Study: Measurement of Gambling and Problem Gambling in Nova Scotia.” A final report prepared by Focal Research Consultants, Ltd., Nova Scotia, for the Atlantic Lottery Corporation, Nova Scotia.

——. 2004. “The Nova Scotia Video Lottery Self-Exclusion Process Test, NS VLSE Responsible Gaming Features Enhancements.” A report prepared for the Nova Scotia government.

——. 2007. “VLT Player Tracking System: Nova Scotia Gaming Corporation Responsible Gaming Research Device Project.” A final report prepared by Focal Research Consultants, Ltd., Nova Scotia, for the Atlantic Lottery Corporation, Nova Scotia.

Scheri, Saverio. 2005. The Casino's Most Valuable Chip: How Technology Changed the Gaming Industry. Institute for the History of Technology.

Schneider, Mark A. 1993. Culture and Enchantment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Schrans, Tracy. 2006. Interview with Terry Lane. ABC Radio National, January 8, www.abc.net.au/rn/nationalinterest/stories/2006/1533815.htm, accessed July 2006.

Schuetz, Richard. 2000. “In Search of the Holy Grail (in Las Vegas): Love and Addiction from Both Sides of the Table.” Keynote speech delivered at the 11th International Conference on Gambling and Risk-Taking, Las Vegas.

Schüll, Natasha. 2006. “Machines, Medication, Modulation: Circuits of Dependency and Self-Care in Las Vegas. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 30: 1-25.

Schwartz, Barry. 2005. The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less. New York: ECCO.

Schwartz, Barry, H. R. Markus, and A. C. Snibbe. 2006. “Is Freedom Just Another Word for Many Things to Buy? That Depends on Your Class Status.” New York Times Magazine, February 26: 14-15.

Schwartz, David G. 2003. Suburban Xanadu: The Casino Resort on the Las Vegas Strip and Beyond. New York: Routledge.

Schwartz, Mattathias. 2006. “The Hold-'Em Holdup.” New York Times, June 11: 55-58.

Scoblete, Frank. 1995. “The God in the Machine.” Casino Player (March): 5.

Sedgwick, Eve. 1992. “Epidemics of the Will.” In Incorporations, edited by J. Crary and S. Kwinter, 582-95. New York: Zone Books.

Shaffer, Howard. 1996. “Understanding the Means and Objects of Addiction, the Internet, and Gambling.” Journal of Gambling Studies 12 (4): 461-69.

——. 2003. “Shifting Perceptions on Gambling and Addiction.” Journal of Gambling Studies 19: 1-6 (editor's introduction).

——. 2004. “Internet Gambling and Addiction.” A report prepared for Mark Mendel and Robert Blumenfeld, of Mendel Blumenfeld, LLP, www.division onaddictions.org/html/publications/shafferinternetgambling.pdf.

——. 2005. “From Disabling to Enabling the Public Interest: Natural Transitions from Gambling Exposure to Adaptation and Self-Regulation.” Addiction 100: 1227-30.

——. N.d. “What Is Addiction? A Perspective,” www.divisiononaddictions.org/html/whatisaddiction.htm, accessed November 2009.

Shaffer, Howard, M. N. Hall, and J. Vander Bilt. 1999. “Estimating the Prevalence of Disordered Gambling Behavior in the United States and Canada: A Research Synthesis.” American Journal of Public Health 89: 1369-76.

Shaffer, Howard, and D. A. Korn. 2002. “Gambling and Related Mental Disorders: A Public Health Analysis.” Annual Review of Public Health 23: 171-212.

Shaffer, Howard, R. A. LaBrie, and D. LaPlante. 2004a. “Laying the Foundation for Quantifying Regional Exposure to Social Phenomena: Considering the Case of Legalized Gambling as a Public Health Toxin.” Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 18 (1): 40-48.

——. 2004b. “Toward a Syndrome Model of Addiction: Multiple Expressions, Common Etiology.” Harvard Review of Psychiatry 12: 367-74.

Sharpe, Louise, M. Walker, M. Coughlan, K. Emerson, and A. Blaszcynski. 2005. “Structural Changes to Electronic Gaming Machines as Effective Harm Minimization Strategies for Non-Problem and Problem Gamblers.” Journal of Gambling Studies 21: 503-20.

Shoemaker, S. and D.M.V. Zemke. 2005. “The ‘Local Market’: An Emerging Gaming Segment.” Journal of Gambling Studies 21: 379-410.

Simpson, Jeff. 2000. “Evening the Odds: Station Casinos Helps Fund Clinic for Problem Gamblers.” Las Vegas Review Journal, February 7.

Simurda, Stephen J. 1994. “When Gambling Comes to Town: How to Cover a High-Stakes Story.” Journalism Review (January/February): 36-38.

Singh, A. K., A. Cardno, and A. Gewali. 2010. “The Long and Short of It: Slot Games from a Player's Perspective.” Casino Enterprise Management, April, www.bis2.net/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=2PieHrl5%2FAU%3D&tabid=1974.

Singh, A. K., and A. F. Lucas. 2011. “Estimating the Ability of Gamblers to Detect Differences in the Payback Percentages of Reel Slot Machines: A Closer Look at the Slot Player Experience.” UNLV Gaming Research and Review Journal 15 (1): 17-36.

Skinner, B. F. 1953. Science and Human Behavior. New York: Free Press.

——. 2002 [1971]. Beyond Freedom and Dignity. New York: Knopf.

Skolnik, Sam. 2011. High Stakes: The Rising Costs of America's Gambling Addiction. Boston: Beacon Press.

“Slot Machines and Pinball Games.” 1950. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 269: 62-70.

“A Slot Maker for All Seasons.” 1996. International Gaming and Wagering Business, September 18.

Slutske, W. S. 2007. “Longitudinal Studies of Gambling Behavior.” In Research and Measurement Issues in Gambling Studies, edited by G. Smith, D. C. Hodgins, and R. J. Williams, 127-54. London: Elsevier.

Smith, Garry. 2008. “Accountability and Social Responsibility in the Regulation of Gambling in Ontario.” Paper presented at the Alberta Gaming Research Institute Annual Conference. Banff.

Smith, Garry, and C. S. Campbell. 2007. “Tensions and Contentions: An Examination of Electronic Gaming Issues in Canada.” American Behavioral Scientist 51: 86-101.

Smith, Garry, D. Hodgins, and R. Williams, eds. 2007. Research and Measurement Issues in Gambling Studies. Boston: Elsevier/Academic Press.

Smith, Garry, and H. J. Wynne. 2004. “VLT Gambling in Alberta: A Preliminary Analysis,” hdl.handle.net/1880/1632, accessed August 2008.

Smith, Rod. 2003. “Seeking Power and Influence, Gaming Interests Contribute Increasingly to Election Campaigns.” Las Vegas Review Journal, February 9, http.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2003/Feb-09-Sun-2003/news/20655447.html, accessed May 2010.

Sojourner, Mary. 2010. She Bets Her Life: A Story of Gambling Addiction. Berkeley: Seal Press.

Specker, S. M., G. A. Carlson, K. M. Edmonson, P. E. Johnson, and M. Marcotte. 1996. “Psychology in Pathological Gamblers Seeking Treatment.” Journal of Gambling Studies 12: 67-81.

Stewart, David. 2010. “Demystifying Slot Machines and Their Impact in the United States.” American Gaming Association White Paper, http.americangaming.org/industry-resources/research/white-papers, accessed May 2011.

Stewart, Kathleen. 2007. Ordinary Affects. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Storer, John, M. W. Abbott, and J. Stubbs. 2009. “Access or Adaptation? A Meta-Analysis of Surveys of Problem Gambling Prevalence in Australia and New Zealand with Respect to Concentration of Electronic Gaming Machines.” International Gambling Studies 9 (3): 225-44.

Strickland, Eliza. 2008. “Gambling with Science: Determined to Defeat Lawsuits over Addiction, the Casino Industry Is Funding Research at a Harvard-Affiliated Lab.” June 16, www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/06/16/gambling_science/.

Strow, David. 2000. “Station Casinos Grant Aids in Opening Problem Gambling Clinic.” Las Vegas Sun, February 3, http.lasvegassun.com/news/2000/feb/03/station-casinos-grant-aids-in-opening-problem-gamb/, accessed October 2006.

Stutz, Howard. 2007a. “Debit-Slot Plan Gets No Votes: Bank Plastic Won't Be Connected with Slips for Ticket In-Ticket Out.” Las Vegas Review-Journal, September 21, www.lvrj.com/business/9914897.html, accessed July 2007.

——. 2007b. “A Step Closer to Going Mobile.” Las Vegas Review Journal, October 30, www.lvrj.com/business/10884801.html, accessed July 2007.

Suchman, Lucy. 2007a. “Feminist STS and the Sciences of the Artificial.” In The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, 3rd. ed., edited by E. Hacket, O. Amsterdamska, M. Lynch, and J. Wajcman, 139-64. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

——. 2007b. Human-Machine Reconfigurations: Plans and Situated Actions, 2nd exp. ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.

“Suicide Rates by State.” 1997. Associated Press, August 28.

Taber, Julian I. 2001. In the Shadow of Chance: The Pathological Gambler. Reno: University of Nevada Press.

Taylor, Frederick W. 1967 [1911]. The Principles of Scientific Management. New York: W. W. Norton.

Taylor, T. L. 2006. Play Between Worlds: Exploring Online Game Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Terranova, Tiziana. 2000. “Free Labor: Producing Culture for the Digital Economy.” Social Text 18 (8): 33-58.

Thomas, Anna C., G. B. Sullivan, and F.C.L. Allen. 2009. “A Theoretical Model of EGM Problem Gambling: More Than a Cognitive Escape.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 7 (8): 97-107.

Thomas, Anna C., S. Moore, M. Kyrios, G. Bates, and D. Meredyth. 2011. “Gambling Accessibility: A Scale to Measure Gambler Preferences.” Journal of Gambling Studies 27 (1): 129-43.

Thompson, E. P. 1967. “Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism.” Past & Present 38 (1): 56-97.

Thompson, Gary. 1999. “Video Slots Taking Over Casino Floors.” Las Vegas Sun, September 14.

Thompson, Isaiah. 2009. “Meet Your New Neighbor: How Slot Machines Are Secretly Designed to Seduce and Destroy You, and How the Government Is in on It.” Philadelphia City Paper, January 7, citypaper.net/articles/2009/01/08/foxwoods-sugarhouse-pennsylvania-gaming-control-board, accessed February 2009.

Thrift, Nigel. 2006. “Re-Inventing Invention: New Tendencies in Capitalist Commodification.” Economy and Society 35: 279-306.

Tilley, Alvin R. 2002. The Measure of Man and Woman: Human Factors in Design. New York: Wiley.

Tita, Bob. 2008. “Casino fined $800K for Marketing to Banned Gamblers.” Chicago Business, May 19, http.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=29493&seenIt=1, accessed July 2009.

TNS Consultants. 2011. “World Count of Gaming Machines 2008: A Marketing Research Report.” A report prepared for the Gaming Technologies Association in Australia.

Trevorrow, K., and S. Moore. 1998. “The Association between Loneliness, Social Isolation, and Women's Electronic Gaming Machine Gambling.” Journal of Gambling Studies 14: 263-84.

Turdean, Cristina. 2012. “Betting on Computers: Digital Technologies and the Rise of the Casino (1950-2000).” PhD diss., Hagley Program, Department of History, University of Delaware.

Turkle, Sherry. 1984. The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit. New York: Simon and Schuster.

——. 1997. Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. New York: Touchstone.

——. 2011. Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. New York: Basic Books.

Turner, Nigel. 1999. “Chequered Expectations: Predictors of Approval of Opening a Casino in the Niagara Community.” Journal of Gambling Studies 15: 45-70.

——. 2011. “Volatility, House Edge and Prize Structure of Gambling Games.” Journal of Gambling Studies 27: 607–23.

Turner, Nigel, and R. Horbay. 2004. “How Do Slot Machines and Other Electronic Gambling Machines Actually Work?” Journal of Gambling Issues 11, http.ghsouthern.org.au/infobase/JGI-Issue11-turner-horbay.pdf, accessed April 2007.

United Way of Southern Nevada and Nevada Community Foundation. 2003. Southern Nevada Community Assessment. September 2003. Las Vegas.

Valenzuela, Terence D., D. J. Roe, G. Nichol, L. L. Clark, D. W. Spaite, and R. G. Hardman. 2000. “Outcomes of Rapid Defibrillation by Security Officers after Cardiac Arrest in Casinos.” New England Journal of Medicine 343: 1206-9.

Valverde, Mariana. 1998. Diseases of the Will: Alcohol and the Dilemmas of Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Vander Bilt, J., H. H. Dodge, R. Pandav, H. J. Shaffer, and M. Ganguli. 2004. “Gambling Participation and Social Support among Older Adults: A Longitudinal Community Study.” Journal of Gambling Studies 20 (4): 373-89.

Velotta, Richard N. 2009. “Manufacturer of Slot That Can Match Gambler's Desired Pace Is Licensed.” Las Vegas Sun, September 25, http.lasvegassun.com/staff/richard-n-velotta/, accessed May 2010.

Venturi, Robert, S. Izenour, and D. S. Brown. 1972. Learning from Las Vegas. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Verbeek, Peter-Paul. 2005a. “Artifacts and Attachment: A Post-Script Philosophy of Mediation.” In Inside the Politics of Technology: Agency and Normativity in the Co-Production of Technology and Society, edited by H. Harbers, 125-46. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

——. 2005b. What Things Do: Philosophical Reflections on Technology, Agency, and Design. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Villano, Matt. 2009. “Daniel Lee: A Music Man of Slot Machines.” SFGate, San Francisco Chronicle, December 3, articles.sfgate.com/2009-12-03/entertainment/17183069_1_slot-machines-igt-music, accessed May 2010.

Vinegar, Aron, and M. J. Golec, eds. 2008. Relearning from Las Vegas. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Virillio, Paul. 1995. The Art of the Motor. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Volberg, Rachel. 1996. “Gambling and Problem Gambling in New York: A Ten-Year Replication Survey, 1986-1996.” Report to the New York Council on Problem Gambling.

——. 2001. When the Chips Are Down: Problem Gambling in America. New York: The Century Foundation.

——. 2002. “Gambling and Problem Gambling in Nevada.” Report to the Nevada Department of Human Resources. Gemini Research, Ltd.

——. 2004. “Fifteen Years of Problem Gambling Prevalence Research: What Do We Know? Where Do We Go?” Journal of Gambling Issues 10: 1-19.

Volberg, Rachel, and M. Wray. 2007. “Legal Gambling and Problem Gambling as Mechanisms of Social Domination? Some Considerations for Future Research.” American Behavioral Scientist 51: 56-85.

Vrecko, Scott. 2007. “Capital Ventures into Biology: Biosocial Dynamics in the Industry and Science of Gambling.” Economy and Society 37 (1): 50-67.

——. 2010. “Civilizing Technologies and the Control of Deviance.” Biosocieties 5 (1): 36-51.

Wajcman, Judy. 2008. “Life in the Fast Lane? Towards a Sociology of Technology and Time.” The British Journal of Sociology 59 (1): 59–77.

Wakefield, J. K. 1997. “Diagnosing DSM-IV—Part I: DSM-IV and the Concept of Disorder.” Behaviour Research and Therapy 35: 633-49.

Walker, Michael. B. 1992. “Irrational Thinking among Slot Machine Players.” Journal of Gambling Studies 8 (3): 245-61.

Wanner, Brigitte, R. Ladouceur, A. V. Auclair, and F. Vitaro. 2006. “Flow and Dissociation: Examination of Mean Levels, Cross-Links, and Links to Emotional Well-Being across Sports and Recreational and Pathological Gambling.” Journal of Gambling Studies 22 (3): 289-304.

Ward, Matt. 2005. “The Gaming Crystal Ball.” Global Gaming Business (September): 25-28.

Weatherly, J. N., and A. Brandt. 2004. “Participants' Sensitivity to Percentage Payback and Credit Value When Playing a Slot-Machine Simulation.” Behavior and Social Issues 13: 33–50.

Weber, Max. 1946 [1922]. “Science as a Vocation.” In From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, edited and translated by H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, 129-56. New York: Oxford University Press.

——. 1978 [1956]. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Weinert, Joe. 1999. “High Profits for Low Denominations.” International Gaming and Wagering Business, G2E Edition.

Weingarten, Marc. 2006. “In Las Vegas, the Wagering is Going Mobile.” New York Times, May 3: 4.

Welte, J. W., W. F. Wieczorek, G. M. Barnes, M. C. Tidwell, and J. H. Hoffman. 2004. “The Relationship of Ecological and Geographic Factors to Gambling Behavior and Pathology.” Journal of Gambling Studies 20: 405-23.

Williams, Rosalind H. 1982. Dream Worlds: Mass Consumption in Late Nineteenth-Century France. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Williams, R. J., and R. T. Wood. 2004. “Final Report: The Demographic Sources of Ontario Gaming Revenue.” Report prepared for the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre.

Wilson, John. 2003. “Slot Machine Volatility Index.” Slot Tech Magazine, December: 10-17.

——. 2004a. “Virtual Reels? Physical Reels? Just the Real Truth.” Slot Tech Magazine (January): 18-22.

——. 2004b. “PAR Excellence: Improve Your Edge.” Slot Tech Magazine (February): 16-23.

——. 2004c. “PAR Excellence: Part 2.” Slot Tech Magazine (March): 16-21.

——. 2004d. “PAR Excellence: Part 3.” Slot Tech Magazine (April): 20-26.

——. 2004e. “PAR Excellence—Improving your Game, Part IV.” Slot Tech Magazine (May): 21-24.

——. 2004f. “PAR Excellence—Part V: The End Is Here!” Slot Tech Magazine (June): 24-29.

——. 2007. “Visual Analytics Part 3: The Power of Mariposa.” Casino Enterprise Management, May, http.casinoenterprisemanagement.com/articles/june-2007/visual-analytics-part-3-power-mariposa.

——. 2008. “The Slot Mathemagician Presents: Tapping the True Potential of Predictive Analytics.” Casino Enterprise Management, http.casinoenterprisesmanagement.com/articles/july-2007/slot-mathemagician-presents-mathematical-magic-behind-producing-progressive-payou.

——. 2009a. “The Vicious Cycle, Part II: Volatility.” Casino Enterprise Management, April, http.casinoenterprisemanagement.com/articles/may-2009/vicious-cycle-part-ii-volatility.

——. 2009b. “The Vicious Cycle, Part IV: The Balancing Act.” Casino Enterprise Management, July, http.casinoenterprisemanagement.com/articles/july-2009/vicious-cycle-part-iv-balancing-act.

——. 2010a. “Meaningful Hit Frequency, Pt. I: An Operator's Guide to Player Satisfaction.” Casino Enterprise Management, January, http.casinoenterprisemanagement.com/articles/january-2010/meaningful-hit-frequency-pt-i-operator%E2%80%99s-guide-player-satisfaction.

——. 2010b. “Meaningful Hit Frequency, Pt. II: Significant and Insignificant Wins.” Casino Enterprise Management, February, http.casinoenterprisemanagement.com/articles/february-2010/meaningful-hit-frequency-part-ii-significant-and-insignificant-wins.

Winner, Langdon. 1977. Autonomous Technology: Technics Out-of-Control as a Theme in Political Thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

——. 1986. “Do Artifacts Have Politics?” In The Whale and the Reactor: A Search for Limits in an Age of High Technology, edited by L. Winner, 19-39. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Winnicott, D. W. 1971. Playing and Reality. London: Tavistock Publications.

Wiser, Rob. 2006. “Running the Floor: Red Rock Casino Offers Cutting Edge Product.” Strictly Slots (May): 36.

Witcher, Butch. 2000. “Top 10 To-Do List for Slot Operations.” Casino Journal (July): 24-25.

“WMS Showcases Casino Evolved at 2007 Global Gaming Expo with Innovation, Technology, and Networked Capabilities.” 2007. Business Wire, November 8, findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2007_Nov_8, accessed December 2007.

Woo, G. 1998. “UNLV Las Vegas Metropolitan Poll.” Cannon Center for Survey Research. Las Vegas: University of Las Vegas.

Wood, R.T.A., and M. D. Griffiths. 2007. “A Quantitative Investigation of Problem Gambling as an Escape-Based Coping Strategy.” Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice 80: 107-25.

Woolgar, Stephen. 1991. “Configuring the User: The Case of Usability Trials.” In A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology, and Domination, edited by J. Law, 58-99. London: Routledge.

Woolley, Richard. 2008. “Economic Technologies: The Liberalizing and Governing of Poker Machine Gambling Consumption.” New Zealand Sociology 23: 135-53.

——. 2009. “Commercialization and Culture in Australian Gambling.” Continuum 23 (2): 183-96.

Woolley, Richard, and C. Livingstone. 2009. “Into the Zone: Innovation in the Australian Poker Machine Industry.” In Global Gambling: Cultural Perspectives on Gambling Organizations, edited by S. Kingma, 38-63. New York: Routledge.

Wray, Matt, M. Miller, J. Gurvey, J. Carroll, and I. Kawachi. 2008. “Leaving Las Vegas: Does Exposure to Las Vegas Increase Risk for Suicide?” Social Science and Medicine 67: 1882-88.

Young, Martin, M. Stevens, and W. Tyler. 2006. Northern Territory Gambling Prevalence Survey 2005. School for Social and Policy Research, Charles Darwin University.

Zaloom, Caitlin. 2006. Out of the Pits: Traders and Technology from Chicago to London. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

——. 2009. “How to Read the Future: The Yield Curve, Affect, and Financial Prediction.” Public Culture 21: 2.

——. 2010. “The Derivative World.” The Hedgehog Review (Summer).

Zangeneh, Masood, and T. Hason. 2006. “Suicide and Gambling.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 4 (3): 191-93.

Zangeneh, Masood, and E. Haydon. 2004. “Psycho-Structural Cybernetic Model, Feedback and Problem Gambling: A New Theoretical Approach.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 1 (2): 25-31.

Zelizer, Viviana. 1979. Markets and Morals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Žižek, Slavoj. 1998. “Risk Society and Its Discontents.” Historical Materialism 2 (1): 143-64.