注释
卷首语
Vladimir Arsenyev, Across the Ussuri Kray (Bloomington: Indiana University Press,2016).
序篇
1 2000年，我和一位同伴在这里的森林中徒步：与我同行的是雅各布·麦卡锡（Jacob McCarthy），也是和平队的志愿者，现在在缅因州当老师。
2 从莫斯科乘机起飞：当时我的父亲戴尔·维农·斯拉特（Dale Vernon Slaght）是美国商务服务局（美国商务部的一个分支）的公使衔参赞。他在1992—1995年期间常驻莫斯科的美国大使馆。
3 原来，近百年来都没有科学家：“Ornithological Collection of the Museum for Study of the Amurskiy Kray in Vladivostok,” Zapisi Ova Izucheniya Amurskogo Kraya 14 (1915): 143–276. In Russian.
引言
5 完成了科学硕士的学业：Jonathan Slaght, “Influence of Selective Logging on Avian Density, Abundance, and Diversity in Korean Pine Forests of the Russian Far East,” M.S. thesis (University of Minnesota, 2005).
6 直到1971年，俄罗斯才发现了渔鸮的巢：是尤里·普金斯基在滨海边疆区的比金河沿岸发现的。
6 全国的渔鸮数量：V. I. Pererva, “Blakiston’s Fish Owl,” in Red Book of the USSR: Rare and Endangered Species of Animals and Plants, eds. A. M. Borodin, A. G. Bannikov, and V. Y. Sokolov (Moscow: Lesnaya Promyshlenost, 1984), 159–60. In Russian.
6 海对岸的日本：Mark Brazil and Sumio Yamamoto, “The Status and Distribution of Owls in Japan,” in Raptors in the Modern World: Proceedings of the III World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, eds. B. Meyburg and R. Chancellor(Berlin: WWGBP, 1989), 389–401.
7 它们和其他濒危物种都受俄罗斯法律的保护：关于东北虎的信息，参见Dale Miquelle, Troy Merrill, Yuri Dunishenko, Evgeniy Smirnov, Howard Quigley, Dmitriy Pikunov, and Maurice Hornocker, “A Habitat Protection Plan for the Amur Tiger: Developing Political and Ecological Criteria for a Viable Land-Use Plan,” in Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human Dominated Landscapes, eds. John Seidensticker, Sarah Christie, and Peter Jackson (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 273–89。
7 这样的保护手段对渔鸮来说尚不存在：Morgan Erickson-Davis, “Timber Company Says It Will Destroy Logging Roads to Protect Tigers,” Mongabay, July 29, 2015, news.mongabay.com/2015/07/mrn-gfrn-morgan-timber-company-says-it-will-destroy-logging-roads-to-protect-tigers.
7 乌德盖人和赫哲人：V. R. Chepelyev, “Traditional Means of Water Transportation Among Aboriginal Peoples of the Lower Amur Region and Sakhalin,” Izucheniye Pamyatnikov Morskoi Arkheologiy 5 (2004): 141–61. In Russian.
8 对此我们已经有了粗略的概念：大部分是基于叶甫盖尼·斯潘根伯格在20世纪40年代的研究和尤里·普金斯基在70年代的研究。
8 我热情高涨：参见Michael Soulé, “Conservation: Tactics for a Constant Crisis,”Science 253 (1991): 744–50。
9 萨马尔加河流域非常独特：关于萨马尔加河流域和当地的伐木业冲突的详细记录，参见Josh Newell, The Russian Far East: A Reference Guide for Conservation and Development (McKinleyville, Calif.: Daniel and Daniel Publishers, 2004)。
9 2000年，阿格祖的原住民乌德盖人组成的委员会：Anatoliy Semenchenko,“Samarga River Watershed Rapid Assessment Report,” Wild Salmon Center(2003). sakhtaimen.ru/userfiles/Library/Reports/semen chenko._2004._samarga_rapid_assessment.compressed.pdf.
一座名为“地狱”的村庄
21 无奈和苦痛：Elena Sushko, “The Village of Agzu in Udege Country,” Slovesnitsa Iskusstv 12 (2003): 74–75. In Russian.
23 他们发现了大约十对有领域的渔鸮：Sergey Surmach, “Short Report on the Research of the Blakiston’s Fish Owl in the Samarga River Valley in 2005,”Peratniye Khishchniki i ikh Okhrana 5 (2006): 66–67. In Russian with English summary.
25 叶甫盖尼·斯潘根伯格：例如参见Yevgeniy Spangenberg, “Observations of Distribution and Biology of Birds in the Lower Reaches of the Iman River,”Moscow Zoo 1 (1940): 77–136, in Russian。
25 尤里·普金斯基：例如参见Yuriy Pukinskiy, “Ecology of Blakiston’s Fish Owl in the Bikin River Basin,” Byull Mosk O-va Ispyt Prir Otd Biol 78 (1973):40–47, in Russian with English summary。
25 谢尔盖·苏尔马赫：例如参见Sergey Surmach, “Present Status of Blakiston’s Fish Owl (Ketupa blakistoni Seebohm) in Ussuriland and Some Recommendations for Protection of the Species,” Report Pro Natura Found 7 (1998): 109–23。
首次搜寻
27 大多数猫头鹰物种：Frank Gill, Ornithology (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995), 195.
27 狩猎方法的差异：Jemima Parry-Jones, Understanding Owls: Biology, Management, Breeding, Training (Exeter, U.K.: David and Charles, 2001), 20.
27 乌德盖人曾把渔鸮当成珍贵的食物：Yevgeniy Spangenberg, “Birds of the Iman River,” in Investigations of Avifauna of the Soviet Union (Moscow: Moscow State University, 1965), 98–202. In Russian.
阿格祖的冬季生活
35 一般的猫头鹰几乎是完全无声的：Ennes Sarradj, Christoph Fritzsche, and Thomas Geyer, “Silent Owl Flight: Bird Flyover Noise Measurements,” AIAA Journal 49 (2011): 769–79.
39 我研究过……声波图：例如参见Yuriy Pukinskiy, “Blakiston’s Fish Owl Vocal Reactions,” Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta 3 (1974): 35–39, in Russian with English summary。
40 一对渔鸮会以二重唱齐鸣：Jonathan Slaght, Sergey Surmach, and Aleksandr Kisleiko, “Ecology and Conservation of Blakiston’s Fish Owl in Russia,” in Biodiversity Conservation Using Umbrella Species: Blakiston’ s Fish Owl and the Red-Crowned Crane, ed. F. Nakamura (Singapore: Springer, 2018),47–70.
40 这个特点相当罕见：Lauryn Benedict, “Occurrence and Life History Correlates of Vocal Duetting in North American Passerines,” Journal of Avian Biology 39 (2008): 57–65.
静默的残忍之地
46 这种俄罗斯猎人的滑雪板：在滨海边疆区，打猎用的滑雪板通常是按乌德盖样式手工制作的，板身用橡木或榆木制成。参见V. V. Antropova,“Skis,” in Istoriko-etnograficheskiy atlas Sibirii [Ethno-historical Atlas of Siberia], eds. M. G. Levin and L. P. Potapov (Moscow: Izdalelstvo Akademii Nauk, 1961), in Russian。
48 渔鸮叫声的频率：Karan Odom, Jonathan Slaght, and Ralph Gutiérrez, “Distinctiveness in the Territorial Calls of Great Horned Owls Within and Among Years,”Journal of Raptor Research 47 (2013): 21–30.
48 二重唱的频率有年度的周期：Takeshi Takenaka, “Distribution, Habitat Environments, and Reasons for Reduction of the Endangered Blakiston’s Fish Owl in Hokkaido, Japan,” Ph.D. dissertation (Hokkaido University, 1998).
50 但是雕鸮的叫声比我听到的声音要高：一项研究表明，雕鸮（Bubo bubo）叫声的平均基本频率（最低频）是317.2赫兹，比我们录下的渔鸮叫声高了88赫兹。参见Thierry Lengagne, “Temporal Stability in the Individual Features in the Calls of Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo),” Behaviour 138 (2001): 1407–19。
51 渔鸮是不迁徙的：Jonathan Slaght and Sergey Surmach, “Biology and Conservation of Blakiston’s Fish Owls in Russia: A Review of the Primary Literature and an Assessment of the Secondary Literature,” Journal of Raptor Research 42(2008): 29–37.
51 渔鸮的寿命很长：Takeshi Takenaka, “Ecology and Conservation of Blakiston’s Fish Owl in Japan,” in Biodiversity Conservation Using Umbrella Species: Blakiston’s Fish Owl and the Red-Crowned Crane, ed. F. Nakamura (Singapore: Springer, 2018), 19–48.
顺流而下
53 和大多数鸟类不同：Slaght, Surmach, and Kisleiko, “Ecology and Conservation of Blakiston’s Fish Owl in Russia,” in Biodiversity Conservation Using Umbrella Species, 47–70.
54 在日本……勉强使渔鸮免于灭绝：Takenaka, “Distribution, Habitat Environments, and Reasons for Reduction of the Endangered Blakiston’s Fish Owl in Hokkaido, Japan.”
54 在俄罗斯，一对渔鸮会专注抚养一只幼鸟：Pukinskiy, Byull Mosk O-va Ispyt Prir Otd Biol 78: 40–47; and Yuko Hayashi, “Home Range, Habitat Use, and Natal Dispersal of Blakiston’s Fish Owl,” Journal of Raptor Research 31(1997): 283–85.
54 相比之下，一只年轻的美洲雕鸮：Christoph Rohner, “Nonterritorial Floaters in Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus),” in Biology and Conse rvation of Owls of the Northern Hemisphere: 2nd International Symposium, Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190, eds. James Duncan, David Johnson, and Thomas Nicholls (St.Paul: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 1997), 347–62.
57 “冰花”：M. Seelye, “Frazil Ice in Rivers and Oceans,” Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981): 379–97.
切佩列夫
64 金字塔能量是一种在俄罗斯西部颇为流行的伪科学：Colin McMahon,“‘Pyramid Power’ Is Russians’ Hope for Good Fortune,” Chicago Tribune, July 23, 2000, chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2000-07-23-0007230533-story.html.
66 这位香肠大亨还有一架直升机：Ernest Filippovskiy, “Last Flight Without a Black Box,” Kommersant, January 13, 2009, kommersant.ru/doc/1102155. In Russian.
河水来了
70 普遍的看法是……像鹗的脚趾一样：Alan Poole, Ospreys: Their Natural and Unnatural History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
71 我并不害怕老虎：一项最近的研究检阅了1970—2010年四十年间58起老虎袭击人的案例，发现71%的案例都是老虎受了人的挑衅。见Igor Nikolaev, “Tiger Attacks on Humans in Primorsky (Ussuri) Krai in XIX–XXI Centuries,” Vestnik DVO RAN 3 (2014): 39–49, in Russian with English summary。
72 最近的科学数据表明：Clayton Miller, Mark Hebblewhite, Yuri Petrunenko, Ivan Serëdkin, Nicholas DeCesare, John Goodrich, and Dale Miquelle,“Estimating Amur Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) Kill Rates and Potential Consumption Rates Using Global Positioning System Collars,” Journal of Mammalogy 94 (2013): 845–55.
72 占据……巨大家域：John Goodrich, Dale Miquelle, Evgeny Smirnov, Linda Kerley, Howard Quigley, and Maurice Hornocker, “Spatial Structure of Amur (Siberian) Tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) on Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Zapovednik, Russia,” Journal of Mammalogy 91 (2010): 737–48.
72 人类的过度捕猎和对栖息地的破坏：Dmitriy Pikunov, “Population and Habitat of the Amur Tiger in the Russian Far East,” Achievements in the Life Sciences 8 (2014): 145–49.
73 切佩列夫的钢铁大象：V. I. Zhivotchenko, “Role of Protected Areas in the Protection of Rare Mammal Species in Southern Primorye,” 1976 Annual Report (Kievka: Lazovskiy State Reserve, 1977). In Russian.
75 伯吉斯虚构的语言：Robert O. Evans, “Nadsat: The Argot and Its Implications in Anthony Burgess’‘A Clockwork Orange,’” Journal of Modern Literature 1 (1971): 406–10.
75 我感到好笑：Wah-Yun Low and Hui-Meng Tan, “Asian Traditional Medicine for Erectile Dysfunction,” European Urology 4 (2007): 245–50.
76 他知道我们的目标是找渔鸮：例如参见Semenchenko, “Samarga River Watershed Rapid Assessment Report”。
在仅存的河冰上向海岸开进
84 他们的存活率只有66%：Vladimir Arsenyev, In the Sikhote-Alin Mountains(Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 1937). In Russian.
85 1909年，他记载了：Vladimir Arsenyev, A Brief Military Geographical and Statistical Description of the Ussuri Kray (Khabarovsk, Russia: Izd. Shtaba Priamurskogo Voyennogo, 1911). In Russian.
87 我对村里的水井心存疑虑：查德·马什英（Chad Masching）是1999—2000年在捷尔涅伊的和平队志愿者，现在是住在科罗拉多州的环境工程师。
萨马尔加村
91 只有少数已知的记录：Sergey Yelsukov, Birds of Northeastern Primorye: Non-Passerines (Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2016). In Russian.
91 乌林鸮……在这么靠南的地区是非常罕有的：偶尔，在称为“爆发年”的年份，田鼠数量的匮乏会迫使乌林鸮来到惯常的栖息地以南，在类似明尼苏达的北部的地方就能见到很多。比如2005年的爆发年，一个明尼苏达大学的研究生同学［安德鲁·W.琼斯（Andrew W. Jones），现在是克利夫兰自然历史博物馆的鸟类学家］一天就见到了226只乌林鸮个体。
93 一艘叫作“弗拉基米尔·格鲁申科号”的船：格鲁申科号的照片和位置，参见https://ship-photo-roster.com/ship/vladimir-goluzenko。
94 我要用标准化方法：参见Jonathan Slaght, “Management and Conservation Implications of Blakiston’s Fish Owl (Ketupa blakistoni) Resource Selection in Primorye, Russia,” Ph.D. dissertation (University of Minnesota, 2011)。
95 渔鸮似乎更喜欢“侧洞”巢：Jeremy Rockweit, Alan Franklin, George Bakken, and Ralph Gutiérrez, “Potential Influences of Climate and Nest Structure on Spotted Owl Reproductive Success: A Biophysical Approach,” PLoS One 7(2012): e41498.
95 在……马加丹：Irina Utekhina, Eugene Potapov, and Michael McGrady, “Nesting of the Blakiston’s Fish-Owl in the Nest of the Steller’s Sea Eagle, Magadan Region, Russia,” Peratniye Khishchniki i ikh Okhrana 32 (2016): 126–29.
95 而在日本：Takenaka, “Ecology and Conservation of Blakiston’s Fish Owl in Japan,” 19–48.
弗拉基米尔·格鲁申科号
102 现代公司还曾盯上过比金河流域：Newell, The Russian Far East.
102 他谈到曾经散布海岸的渔村：Shou Morita, “History of the Herring Fishery and Review of Artificial Propagation Techniques for Herring in Japan,”Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42 (1985): s222–29.
古老之物的声音
108 我曾在这里观了好几年的鸟：都是和谢尔盖·耶尔苏科夫（Sergey Yelsukov）一起徒步观鸟，他曾经在锡霍特生物保护区工作（大部分年头都是担任常驻鸟类学家）。
108 约翰·古德瑞奇……野外协调员：直到2019年，约翰都是潘瑟拉（Panthera）的首席科学家，这是一个科学性的国际非政府组织，致力于保护野外猫科动物。
111 要确定……三角测量是一种可靠的方法：见Gary White and Robert Garrott, Analysis of Wildlife Radio-Tracking Data (Cambridge, Mass.: Academic Press, 1990)。
渔鸮的巢
119 达利涅戈尔斯克是一座有四万居民的城市：Rock Brynner, Empire and Odyssey: The Brynners in Far East Russia and Beyond (Westminster, Md.: Steerforth Press Publishing, 2006).
119 这座城市、河流和山谷都叫“野猪河”：参见John Stephan, The Russian Far East: A History (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994)。
119 探险家弗拉基米尔·阿尔谢尼耶夫：Arsenyev, Across the Ussuri Kray.
119 无形之处也是创伤累累：worstpolluted.org/projects_reports/display/74.又见Margrit von Braun, Ian von Lindern, Nadezhda Khristoforova, Anatoli Kachur, Pavel Yelpatyevsky, Vera Elpatyevskaya, and Susan M. Spalingera, “Environmental Lead Contamination in the Rudnaya Pristan—Dalnegorsk Mining and Smelter District, Russian Far East,” Environmental Research 88(2002): 164–73.
120 接着又开往离得不远的维特卡：Arsenyev, Across the Ussuri Kray.
126 托利亚也没在意：Stefania Korontzi, Jessica McCarty, Tatiana Loboda, Suresh Kumar, and Chris Justice, “Global Distribution of Agricultural Fires in Croplands from 3 Years of Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)Data,” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 1029 (2006): 1–15.
126 这种火灾在滨海边疆区西南部破坏力极强：Conor Phelan, “Predictive Spatial Modeling of Wildfire Occurrence and Poaching Events Related to Siberian Tiger Conservation in Southwest Primorye, Russian Far East,” M.S. thesis(University of Montana, 2018), scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/11172.
没有里程标的地方
131 翻过了伯利尤兹维山口：Anatoliy Astafiev, Yelena Pimenova, and Mikhail Gromyko, “Changes in Natural and Anthropogenic Causes of Forest Fires in Relation to the History of Colonizat ion, Development, and Economic Activity in the Region,” in Fires and Their Influence on the Natural Ecosystems of the Central Sikhote-Alin (Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2010), 31–50. In Russian.
132 我们再没看到任何路牌或里程标：Erickson-Davis, “Timber Company Says It Will Destroy Logging Roads to Protect Tigers,” news.mongabay.com/2015/07/mrn-gfrn-morgan-timber-company-says-it-will-destroy-logging-roads-to-protect-tigers.
135 我们把渔鸮从藏身处引了出来：更多关于鸟类围攻的信息，参见Tex Sordahl, “The Risks of Avian Mobbing and Distraction Behavior: An Anecdotal Review,” Wilson Bulletin 102 (1990): 349–52。
137 猎人大多在小屋里养猫：Hiroaki Kariwa, K. Lokugamage, N. Lokugamage, H. Miyamoto, K. Yoshii, M. Nakauchi, K. Yoshimatsu, J. Arikawa, L. Ivanov, T. Iwasaki, and I. Takashima, “A Comparative Epidemiological Study of Hantavirus Infection in Japan and Far East Russia,” Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research 54 (2007): 145–61.
无聊的路途
144 有这么一种说法：K. Becker, “One Century of Radon Therapy” International Journal of Low Radiation 1 (2004): 333–57.
150 最后的遗迹：Aleksandr Panichev, Bikin: The Forest and the People (Vladivostok: DVGTU Publishers, 2005). In Russian.
159 我……发现了一根雕毛：I. V. Karyakin, “New Record of the Mountain Hawk Eagle Nesting in Primorye, Russia,” Raptors Conservation 9 (2007): 63–64.
159 野猪一般不具有攻击性：John Mayer, “Wild Pig Attacks on Humans,” Wildlife Damage Management Conferences—Proceedings 151 (2013): 17–35.
洪水
164 远东哲罗鱼：关于物种分布和局部灭绝的原因，见Michio Fukushima, Hiroto Shimazaki, Peter S. Rand, and Masahide Kaeriyama, “Reconstructing Sakhalin Taimen Parahucho perryi Historical Distribution and Identifying Causes for Local Extinctions,” Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 140 (2011): 1–13。
164 寇匹河上建了一个保护区：见wildsalmoncenter.org/2010/10/20/koppiriver-preserve。
167 有时谢尔盖会穿攀爬钉鞋：参见David Anderson, Will Koomjian, Brian French, Scott Altenhoff, and James Luce, “Review of Rope-Based Access Methods for the Forest Canopy: Safe and Unsafe Practices in Published Information Sources and a Summary of Current Methods,” Methods in Ecology and Evolution 6 (2015): 865–72。
169 我没去幻想：其他一些猛禽能够猎鹿是为人所知的，例如参见Linda Kerley and Jonathan Slaght, “First Documented Predation of Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) by Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in Russian Far East,” Journal of Raptor Research 47 (2013): 328–30。
171 拉佩鲁斯海峡：日本北海道岛和俄罗斯萨哈林岛之间一道四十公里宽的海峡。
准备捕捉
181 捕鸟的方法有数十种之多：例如参见H. Bub, Bird Trapping and Bird Banding(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991)。
181 这时人从黑暗中伸出手：Peter Bloom, William Clark, and Jeff Kidd, “Capture Techniques,” in Raptor Research and Management Techniques, eds. David Bird and Keith Bildstein (Blaine, Wash.: Hancock House, 2007), 193–219.
181 有些物种比较容易诱捕：出处同上。
182 乌德盖人猎食渔鸮：Spangenberg, in Investigations of Avifauna of the Soviet Union, 98–202.
182 被科学家射杀的个体：V. A. Nechaev, Birds of the Southern Kuril Islands(Leningrad: Nauka, 1969). In Russian.
182 谢尔盖抓到了一只：Jonathan Slaght, Sergey Avdeyuk, and Sergey Surmach,“Using Prey Enclosures to Lure Fish-Eating Raptors to Traps,” Journal of Raptor Research 43 (2009): 237–40.
182 那边用网抓到过未成年的渔鸮：Takenaka, “Ecology and Conservation of Blakiston’s Fish Owl in Japan,” 19–48.
182 这可能是因为日本曾有：出处同上。
183 发射器会像背包一样固定在渔鸮身上：Robert Kenward, A Manual for Wildlife Radio Tagging (Cambridge, Mass.: Academic Press, 2000).
183 然后我们会用三角测量法来估计渔鸮的位置：Josh Millspaugh and John Marzluff, Radio Tracking and Animal Populations (New York: Academic Press, 2001).
183 这个过程叫“资源选择”：Bryan Manly, Lyman McDonald, Dana Thomas, Trent McDonald, and Wallace Erickson, Resource Selection by Animals: Statistical Design and Analysis for Field Studies (New York: Springer, 2002).
186 第一种方法：Bub, Bird Trapping and Bird Banding.
187 我知道日本有一对渔鸮：Takenaka, “Distribution, Habitat Environments, and Reasons for Reduction of the Endangered Blakiston’s Fish Owl in Hokkaido, Japan.”
失之交臂
189 每个套索毯都经过改装：例如参见telonics.com/products/trapsite。
189 以郊狼或狐狸来说：Anonymous, California Department of Fish & Wildlife Trapping License Examination Reference Guide (2015), nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=84665&inline.
192 遇到人类……才是最危险的：Arsenyev, Across the Ussuri Kray.
隐士
197 8世纪渤海国时代的寺庙：Balhae也可以拼写为“Boha”；参见Stephan,The Russian Far East。
201 不过，除了套索毯：Bub, Bird Trapping and Bird Banding.
被困通沙河
206 这个方法还挺新颖：Slaght, Avdeyuk, and Surmach, Journal of Raptor Research 43: 237–40.
207 马苏大麻哈鱼是……分布范围最窄的：Xan Augerot, Atlas of Pacific Salmon: The First Map-Based Status Assessment of Salmon in the North Pacific(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).
渔鸮在手
211 而隼之类……会一直弹腾、反抗：Lori Arent, personal communication, June 24, 2019.
212 安全起见：这件马甲是玛西亚·沃克斯托尔弗（Marcia Wolkerstorfer）制做的，她在猛禽中心当了三十多年志愿者。
212 渔鸮雌性比雄性大：Malte Andersson and R. Åke Norberg, “Evolution of Reversed Sexual Size Dimorphism and Role Partitioning Among Predatory Birds, with a Size Scaling of Flight Performance,” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 15 (1981): 105–30.
212 首次有渔鸮体重的记录：参见Sumio Yamamoto, The Blakiston’s Fish Owl(Sapporo, Japan: Hokkaido Shinbun Press, 1999); and Nechaev, Birds of the Southern Kuril Islands。
212 遵循现有的……标记流程：Kenward, A Manual for Wildlife Radio Tagging.
213 不过在这一地区，起名也是有先例的：例如参见Linda Kerley, John Goodrich, Igor Nikolaev, Dale Miquelle, Bart Schleyer, Evgeniy Smirnov, Howard Quigley, and Maurice Hornocker, “Reproductive Parameters of Wild Female Amur Tigers,” in Tigers in Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik: Ecology and Conservation, eds. Dale Miquelle, Evgeniy Smirnov, and John Goodrich (Vladivostok: PSP, 2010): 61–69, in Russian。
218 渔鸮似乎只在春天捕食青蛙：Slaght, Surmach, and Kisleiko, “Ecology and Conservation of Blakiston’s Fish Owl in Russia,” 47–70.
沉默的无线电
224 在那儿发现了一枚白色的卵：谢尔盖·苏尔马赫测量的渔鸮卵的平均大小是6.3×5.2厘米（长×宽）。
225 熊胆，价格实惠：Jenny Isaacs, “Asian Bear Farming: Breaking the Cycle of Exploitation,” Mongabay, January 31, 2013, news.mongabay.com/2013/01/asian-bear-farming-breaking-the-cycle-of-exploitation-warning-graphicimages/#QvvvZWi4ro C1RUhw.99.
226 楚科奇：俄罗斯北极东部的一个自治区。
229 一只幼年渔鸮需要三年才能达到性成熟：Pukinskiy, Byull Mosk O-va Ispyt Prir Otd Biol 78: 40–47.
229 在日本北海道的部分地区，这是有可能的：Takenaka, “Ecology and Conservation of Blakiston’s Fish Owl in Japan,” 19–48.
229 比如东北虎：Dale Miquelle, personal communication, June 26, 2019.
渔鸮和原鸽
231 这种捕捉猛禽的装置非常实用：Bub, Bird Trapping and Bird Banding.
231 有时诱饵会是大型捕食性鸟类：Peter Bloom, Judith Henckel, Edmund Henckel, Josef Schmutz, Brian Woodbridge, James Bryan, Richard Anderson, Phillip Detrich, Thomas Maechtle, James Mckinley, Michael Mccrary, Kimberly Titus, and Philip Schempf, “The Dho-Gaza with Great Horned Owl Lure: An analysis of Its Effectiveness in Capturing Raptors,” Journal of Raptor Research 26(1992): 167–78.
231 还有些情况下诱饵是猎物：Bloom, Clark, and Kidd, in Raptor Research and Management Techniques, 193–219.
234 2015年的一个研究项目：Fabrizio Sergio, Giacomo Tavecchia, Alessandro Tanferna, Lidia López Jiménez, Julio Blas, Renaud De Stephanis, Tracy Marchant, Nishant Kumar, and Fernando Hiraldo, “No Effect of Satellite Tagging on Survival, Recruitment, Longevity, Productivity and Social Dominance of a Raptor, and the Provisioning and Condition of Its Offspring,” Journal of Applied Ecology 52 (2015): 1665–75.
235 GPS数据记录器：参见Stanley M. Tomkiewicz, Mark R. Fuller, John G. Kie, and Kirk K. Bates, “Global Positioning System and Associated Technologies in Animal Behaviour and Ecological Research,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 365 (2010), 2163–76。
236 米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫的禁酒运动：参见Jay Bhattacharya, Christina Gathmann, and Grant Miller, “The Gorbachev AntiAlcohol Campaign and Russia’s Mortality Crisis,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5 (2013),232–60。
242 居住在这里的中国人的拜神之地：Arsenyev, Across the Ussuri Kray.
放手一搏
252 雾网是一种标准的捕鸟工具：Bub, Bird Trapping and Bird Banding.
254 如果鸟射精了就是雄性：F. Hamerstrom and J. L. Skinner, “Cloacal Sexing of Raptors,” Auk 88 (1971): 173–74.
256 需要几百年：斯拉特（笔者）、苏尔马赫和基斯列科（Kisleiko）（Biodiversity Conservation Using Umbrella Species, 47–70）发现，渔鸮使用一棵巢树的时长是3.5±1.4年（平均值正负标准差）。
261 中华秋沙鸭是很有意思的鸟：Diana Solovyeva, Peiqi Liu, Alexey Antonov, Andrey Averin, Vladimir Pronkevich, Valery Shokhrin, Sergey Vartanyan, and Peter Cranswick, “The Population Size and Breeding Range of the Scaly-Sided Merganser Mergus squamatus,” Bird Conservation International 24 (2014):393–405.
261 苏尔马赫甚至有一次发现了一棵树：Sergey Surmach, personal communication, June 10, 2008.
263 博物学家鲍里斯·希布涅夫：希布涅夫（1918—2007）是比金河沿岸一个小村庄的学校老师，也是一名业余博物学家，沿河做了很多重要的鸟类学观测，还在当地建了一座自然历史博物馆。他也是尤里·普金斯基这类来访研究人员的向导。鲍里斯的儿子尤里·希布涅夫（1951—2017）后来成为俄罗斯著名的鸟类学家和野生动物摄影师。
263 在比金河沿岸的地点记录过两三只幼鸟：Boris Shibnev, “Observations of Blakiston’s Fish Owls in Ussuriysky Region,” Ornitologiya 6 (1963): 468. In Russian.
以鱼易物
267 捷尔涅伊的本地报纸上刊登了一篇关于这个项目的文章：Nadezhda Labetskaya, “Who Are You, Fish Owl?,” Vestnik Terneya, May 1, 2008, 54–55. In Russian.
267 接受了《纽约时报》记者关于渔鸮的采访：Felicity Barringer, “When the Call of the Wild Is Nothing but the Phone in Your Pocket,” The New York Times, January 1, 2009, A11.
卡特科夫登场
277 实际上有研究估算：见globalsecurity.org/intell/world/russia/kgb-su0515.htm。
谢列布良卡河上的抓捕
281 山坡上追踪过熊和老虎：例如参见blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/east-of-siberia-heeding-the-sign。
281 我开始在捷尔涅伊到处打听：一些河流鱼类有季节性的短途迁徙现象，见Brett Nagle, personal communication, July 3, 2019。
288 国际妇女节：Temma Kaplan, “On the Socialist Origins of International Women’s Day,” Feminist Studies 11 (1985): 163–71.
像我们这样可怕的恶魔
294 虽然没有濒临灭绝：Judy Mills and Christopher Servheen, Bears: Their Biology and Management, vol. 9 (1994), part 1: A Selection of Papers from the Ninth International Conference on Bear Research and Management (Missoula, Mont.: International Association for Bear Research and Management, February 23–28, 1992), 161–67.
流放卡特科夫
300 赛永河的水：在阿姆古以南的温泉疗养院，水温要高得多，基本稳定在36—37摄氏度上下。参见ws-amgu.ru。
屡战屡败
309 探险家阿尔谢尼耶夫曾写道：Arsenyev, Across the Ussuri Kray.
314 鹿类都有“捕获性肌病”：Jeff Beringer, Lonnie Hansen, William Wilding, John Fischer, and Steven Sheriff, “Factors Affecting Capture Myopathy in White-Tailed Deer,” Journal of Wildlife Management 60 (1996): 373–80.
跟着鱼走
317 秋季的活动是最出乎人意料的：Slaght, “Management and Conservation Implications of Blakiston’s Fish Owl (Ketupa blakistoni) Resource Selection in Primorye, Russia.”
318 大麻哈鱼在大河的侧道和支流里产卵：Anatoliy Semenchenko, “Fish of the Samarga River (Primorye),” in V. Y. Levanidov’s Biennial Memorial Readings, vol. 2, ed. V. V. Bogatov (Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2003), 337–54. In Russian. See also Augerot, Atlas of Pacific Salmon.
318 对韩国飞机发出威胁：参见“N. Korea Threats Force Change in Flight Paths,”NBC News, March 6, 2009, nbcnews.com/id/29544823/ns/travel-news/t/n-korea-threats-force-change-flight-paths/#.XaJ_VUZKg2w。
318 大韩航空曾被外国军队击落过一次：Alexander Dallin, Black Box: KAL 007 and the Superpowers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).
319 苏尔马赫半路绕道：Tatiana Gamova, Sergey Surmach, and Oleg Burkovskiy,“The First Evidence of Breeding of the Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis in Russian Far East,” Russkiy Ornitologicheskiy Zhurnal 20 (2011): 1487–96. In Russian.
东方的加利福尼亚
329 东方的旧金山：Courtney Weaver, “Vladivostok: San Francisco (but Better),”Financial Times, July 2, 2012.
330 沙皇遗绪也同样被打压：B. I. Rivkin, Old Vladivostok (Vladivostok: Utro Rossiy, 1992).
332 鹿角兔：野兔（jackrabbit）和鹿角（antelope）两个词的拼接，是美洲西部可怕的神话动物，长着兔子的身体和鹿的角。科学性的解释参见Micaela Jemison, “The World’s Scariest Rabbit Lurks Within the Smithsonian’s Collection,” Smithsonian Insider, October 31, 2014, insider.si.edu/2014/10/worlds-scariest-rabb it-lurks-within-smithsonians-collection。
333 我们从筑巢和捕猎地点收集到的信息：参见Jonathan Slaght, Sergey Surmach, and Ralph Gutiérrez, “Riparian Old-Growth Forests Provide Critical Nesting and Foraging Habitat for Blakiston’s Fish Owl Bubo blakistoni in Russia,” Oryx 47 (2013): 553–60。
回望捷尔涅伊
339 在我到俄罗斯……之前大概一周：Nikolaev, Vestnik DVO RAN 3: 39–49.
340 这只老虎仅是众多被感染中的一只：Martin Gilbert, Dale Miquelle, John Goodrich, Richard Reeve, Sarah Cleaveland, Louise Matthews, and Damien Joly, “Estimating the Potential Impact of Canine Distemper Virus on the Amur Tiger Population (Panthera tigris altaica) in Russia,” PLoS ONE 9 (2014): e110811.
340 由于在俄罗斯老虎袭击人是非常罕见的：对滨海边疆区老虎伤人致命案例的可信分析，参见John Vaillant, The Tiger (New York: Knopf, 2010)。
340 我们的捕捉方法……还有了别的价值：参见Slaght, Avdeyuk, and Surmach,Journal of Raptor Research 43: 237–40。
保护毛腿渔鸮
345 就能马上发现：参见Jonathan Slaght, Jon Horne, Sergey Surmach, and Ralph Gutiérrez, “Home Range and Resource Selection by Animals Constrained by Linear Habitat Features: An Example of Blakiston’s Fish Owl,” Journal of Applied Ecology 50 (2013): 1350–57。
346 家域的平均面积约为十五平方公里：Slaght, “Management and Conservation Implications of Blakiston’s Fish Owl (Ketupa blakistoni) Resource Selection in Primorye, Russia.”
346 我用标记过的所有渔鸮的数据集合制作了……预测地图：Jonathan Slaght and Sergey Surmach, “Blakiston’s Fish Owls and Logging: Applying Resource Selection Information to Endangered Species Conservation in Russia,” Bird Conservation International 26 (2016): 214–24.
347 我为很多物种的研究撰写经费提案和报告，协助数据分析：例如参见Michiel Hötte, Igor Kolodin, Sergey Bereznuk, Jonathan Slaght, Linda Kerley, Svetlana Soutyrina, Galina Salkina, Olga Zaumyslova, Emma Stokes, and Dale Miquelle, “Indicators of Success for Smart Law Enforcement in Protected Areas: A Case Study for Russian Amur Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica)Reserves,” Integrative Zoology 11 (2016): 2–15。
348 因为许多……物种：例如参见Mike Bamford, Doug Watkins, Wes Bancroft, Genevieve Tischler, and Johannes Wahl, Migratory Shorebirds of the East Asian–Australasian Flyway: Population Estimates and Internationally Important Sites (Canberra: Wetlands International—Oceania, 2008)。
350 相比之下，加利福尼亚州的一棵红杉：Howard Hobbs, “Economic Standing of Sequoia Trees,” Daily Republican, November 1, 1995, dailyrepublican.com/ecosequoia.html.
352 2015年……谢尔盖和我找不到：Takenaka, “Ecology and Conservation of Blakiston’s Fish Owl in Japan,” 19–48.
352 如果计入日本的渔鸮：Jonathan Slaght, Takeshi Takenaka, Sergey Surmach, Yuzo Fujimaki, Irina Utekhina, and Eugene Potapov, “Global Distribution and Population Estimates of Blakiston’s Fish Owl,” in Biodiversity Conservation Using Umbrella Species: Blakiston’s Fish Owl and the Red-Crowned Crane, ed. F. Nakamura (Singapore: Springer, 2018), 9–18.
353 俄罗斯政府高层：Anna Malpas, “In the Spotlight: Leonardo DiCaprio,” Moscow Times, November 25, 2010, themoscowtimes.com/2010/11/25/in-the-spotlight-leonardo-dicaprio-a3275.
353 日本的科学家：Slaght et al., “Global Distribution and Population Estimates of Blakiston’s Fish Owl,” 9–18.
353 基于我们的成功经验：同上，第19—48页。
354 最后，中国台湾的黄腿渔鸮研究人员：Yuan-Hsun Sun, Tawny Fish Owl: A Mysterious Bird in the Dark (Taipei: Shei-Pa National Park, 2014).
尾声
355 2016年夏末，一场名为“狮岩”的台风：Aon Benfield, “Global Catastrophe Recap” (2016), thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com/Documents/20161006-ab-analytics-if-september-global-recap.pdf.