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参考文献 前言

1. “Table: Estimated Number of Victims of Japanese Massacre in Nanking,” document no. 1702, Records of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, court exhibits, 1948, World War II War Crimes Records Collection, box 134, entry 14, record group 238, National Archives.

2. 吴志铿(音)的估计,引自San Jose Mercury News, January 3, 1988.

3. Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1990), p. 76.

4. Arnold Toynbee, 1947, p. 347, 转引自Leo Kuper, Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1981), p. 12.

5. 有关欧洲的统计人数,参见R. J. Rummel, China’s Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1991), p. 138.

6. 关于轰炸德累斯顿的资料,来自Louis L. Snyder, Louis Snyder’s Historical Guide to World War II (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982), pp. 198–99.

7. Brigadier Peter Young, ed., The World Almanac Book of World War II (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: World Almanac Publications/Prentice- Hall, 1981), p. 330. 关于广岛和长崎原子弹爆炸的死亡人数,参见 Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), pp. 734, 740. Rhodes称,截至1945年年底,广岛约有14万人,长崎约有7万人死于原子弹爆炸。此后死亡人数继续增加,5年后,广岛与原子弹爆炸相关的死亡人数总共有20万,长崎有14万。值得注意的是,即使是5年后两个城市的死亡人数之和也少于对南京大屠杀死亡人数的最大估计数字。

8. Catherine Rosair, “For One Veteran, Emperor Visit Should Be Atonement,” Reuters, October 15, 1992; George Fitch, “Nanking Outrages,” January 10, 1938, George Fitch Collection, Yale Divinity School Library; 台湾的历史学家李恩涵估计,有8万名妇女遭到强奸或肢解。(“‘The Great Nanking Massacre’ Committed by the Japanese Army as Related to International Law on War Crimes,” Journal of Studies of Japanese Aggression Against China [May 1991]: 74).

9. 作者对幸存者的采访。

10. Christian Kröger, “Days of Fate in Nanking,” unpublished diary in the collection of Peter Kröger; also in the IMTFE judgment, National Archives.

11. Robert Leckie, Delivered from Evil: The Saga of World War II (New York: Harper & Row, 1987), p. 303.

12. R. C. Binstock, Tree of Heaven (New York: Soho Press,1995); Paul West, Tent of Orange Mist (New York: Scribners, 1995); James Yin and Shi Young, The Rape of Nanking: An Undeniable History in Photographs (Chicago: Innovative Publishing Group, 1996).

13. 作者对吉尔伯特·海尔(Gilbert Hair)的电话采访。

第一章 通往南京之路

1. Tanaka Yuki, Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II (Boulder, Co.: Westview, 1996), pp. 206–8. 根据田中的观点,现代日本人出于个人目的而败坏了古代武士道的规范。最初的武士道规范要求武士必须为正义事业而牺牲,且不是死于无意义的琐事。但在“二战”期间,日本军官却因最荒唐的原因而自杀,如在背诵武士准则时出现了结巴。武士道中的忠诚与勇敢被盲从和鲁莽所取代。

2. Meirion Harries and Susie Harries, Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army (New York: Random House, 1991), p. vii.

3. Samuel Eliot Morison, “Old Bruin”: Commodore Matthew C. Perry 1794–1858 (Boston: Atlantic–Little, Brown, 1967), p. 319.

4. Delmer M. Brown, Nationalism in Japan: An Introductory Historical Analysis (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1955), p. 75. (Italics mine.) (Brown’s citation: Satow, trans., Japan 1853–1864 , or Genji Yume Monogatari, p. 4).

5. Taiyo, July 1905, quoted in ibid., p. 144.

6. Ibid., p. 152.

7. The World from the Twenties to the Nineties (New York: Harper- Collins, 1991), p. 189.

8. W. T. deBary, ed., Sources of the Japanese Tradition (New York, 1958), pp. 796–97, quoted in ibid., p. 189.

9. Quoted in ibid., p. 189.

10. Ibid., p. 393. 关于当时许多日本极端主义分子对美国的野心,更多资料参见 Records of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations , 1882–1954, Office of Naval Intelligence, Intelligence Division——Naval Attaché Reports, 1886–1939, box 525, entry 98, record group 38, National Archives. 早在1932年12月,一份美国海军情报官员的报告就注意到,日本最畅销的书籍通常都以战争(尤其是美日战争)为主题。该报告及其他文件分析了以日本侵占美国为主题的日本书籍、文章、手册和演讲的内容。其中许多此类出版物取了诸如《空袭阿拉斯加》、《突袭夏威夷》以及《进攻加利福尼亚》之类的题目。以下是美国海军情报档案中关于20世纪30年代日本的一些宣传案例。(下述人名直接来源于英文报告,可能会有拼写错误):

——水野上尉(K. Midzuno)的演讲,不仅透露日军制定了空袭夏威夷的战略,而且预见了美国空袭东京的可能性。

——中岛健(Nakadzima Takesi)在《危险中的日本:太平洋海军大战》(Japan in Danger: A Great Naval War in the Pacific Ocean)一书中描述了日本通过海战和空袭成功发动对美战争的情景。

——海军中将左胤次(Sesa Tanetsugu)在《不断增长中的日美危险》(Increasing Japanese-American Danger)一书中写道,他相信日美冲突不可避免。

——田中池崎(Ikedzaki Talakta)在《注定的日美战争》(The Predestined Japanese- American War)一书中,汇集了以日美不可避免的战争为主题的文章。一篇发表在报纸上的书评称赞该书“充满了对祖国的热爱”,并让读者相信“如果日本拔剑出鞘,虚伪、傲慢的美国必将无力应对”。(February 3, 1933, report, p. 260)。

11. Delmer Brown, Nationalism in Japan , p. 187; see also Okawa Shumei, “Ajia, Yoroppa, Nihon (Asia, Europe, and Japan),” p. 82, translated in “Analyses,” IPS document no. 64, pp. 3–4 (italics added).

12. Tessa Morris-Suzuki, Showa: An Inside History of Hirohito’s Japan (New York: Schocken, 1985), pp. 21–29.

13. 转引自Ian Buruma, The Wages of Guilt (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1994), pp. 191–92.

14. Ibid., p. 172.

15. Letter from Rana Mitter to author, July 17, 1997.

16. Harries and Harries, Soldiers of the Sun , p. 41.

17. Iritani Toshio, Group Psychology of the Japanese in Wartime (London and New York: Kegan Paul International, 1991), pp. 177, 191.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., p. 189.

20. 106/5485, February 1928 report, p. 136, Papers of the British War Office in the Public Record Office, Kew, London. 美国战略情报局(OSS)的一份关于日军训练的报告总结了军事灌输的过程:“最微不足道的犯规或是出错都会立即遭到最严厉的惩罚。表现强硬——吼叫,不许说话——怒视,不能看起来快乐、顽强、没有欲望、忘掉家人、永远不要流露自己的感情、为每件事而拼搏、不要让自己安于舒适、克制并训练自己对舒适、食物和水的欲望、默默忍受艰难和痛楚——你是天之骄子”;report no. 8974-B, dissemination no. A-17403, distributed December 28, 1943, Research and Analysis Branch Divisions, Intelligence Reports “Regular” Series, 1941–45, box 621, entry 16, record group 226, National Archives.

21. 106/5485, February 1928 report, p. 84, Papers of the British War Office.

22. David Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy (New York: Morrow, 1971), p. 11.

23. John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire (New York: Random House), p. 47. 陆相Sugiyama曾预言:“在三个月内击溃中国人,他们就会求和。”

第二章 六周暴行

1. David Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1971), p. 16.

2. Kimura Kuninori, Koseiha Shogun Nakajima Kesago [Nakajima Kesago, General of the Individualist Faction] . (Tokyo: Kôjinsha, 1987), p. 212.

3. Sugawara Yutaka, Yamatogokoro: Fukumen Shogun Yanagawa Heisuke Seidan [Spirit of Japan: Elevated Conversation from the Masked Shogun Yanagawa Heisuke] . (Tokyo: Keizai Oraisha, 1971), p. 9.

4. 吴天威:《南京大屠杀再研究》,载《抗日战争研究》,1994年第4期,第43页;中央档案馆、中国第二历史档案馆、吉林省社会科学院编:《南京大屠杀图证》(长春:吉林人民出版社1995年版,第31页);Dick Wilson, When Tigers Fight: The Story of the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945 (New York: Viking, 1982), p. 69.

5. China Weekly Review (March 1938).

6. 这段文字是《曼彻斯特卫报》记者田伯烈写的,由另一位记者于1938年1月14日发往伦敦。

7. 有关朝香宫取代松井石根的内容,参见Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy , ch. 1, p. 22.

8. Kido, Nikki, 468, quoted in ibid., p. 23.

9. Nakayama Yasuto, testimony before IMTFE, “Proceedings,” p. 21893 (see also pp. 33081ff., 37238ff., and 32686 [Canberra]), quoted in ibid., p. 23.

10. Quoted in ibid.; see also IMTFE judgment, pp. 47171–73, National Archives.

11、Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy , p. 24; Information on footnote on Tanaka Ryukichi comes from Pictorial Evidence of the Nanjing Masacre , p. 35. (Bergamini’s book is poorly footnoted so it must be used with caution. However, the citation suggests that he interviewed Tanaka.)

12. 转引自中央档案馆、中国第二历史档案馆、吉林省社科院编:《南京大屠杀图证》,第62页。该命令的英文翻译见Yin and Young, The Rape of Nanking , p. 115.

13. Kimura, “The Battle of Nanking: Diary of 16th Division Commander Nakajima,” Chuo Kouron Sha [Tokyo] (November 24, 1984). 中岛的日记刊登在日本期刊《历史人物》1984年12月的增刊上。该日记的部分英文翻译见Yin and Young, The Rape of Nanking , p. 106.

14. Azuma Shiro, Waga Nankin Puratoon [My Nanjing Platoon] (Tokyo: Aoki Haruo, 1987).

15. IMTFE verdict.

16. 转引自Honda Katsuichi, Studies of the Nanking Massacre (Tokyo: Bansei Sha Publishing, 1992), p. 129.

17. Kurihara Riichi, Mainichi Shimbun , August 7, 1984.

18. Honda Katsuichi, The Road to Nanking (Asahi Shimbun , 1987), quoted in Yin and Young, p. 86.

19. 关于“屠杀平民”这一部分,参见高兴祖、吴世民、胡允恭和查瑞珍(南京大学历史系)著,Robert P. Gray ([email protected])译:《日本帝国主义在南京的大屠杀》。还可参见China News Digest , special issue on the Nanjing massacre, part 1 (March 21, 1996).

20. 高兴祖:《论南京惨案》,载《日本侵华研究》,1990年11月,第70页。

21. 有关日本记者对南京大屠杀的描述的英文翻译,参见Yin and Young, The Rape of Nanking , pp. 52–56.

22. Ibid.

23. 转引自《日本侵略军在中国的暴行》,解放军出版社1986年版,第143–144页。

24. Omata Yukio, Reports and Recollections of Japanese Military Correspondents (Tokyo: Tokuma Shoten, 1985).

25. 转引自森山康平:《南京大屠杀与三光作战:记取历史教训》,四川教育出版社,1984年版,第8页。

26. 转引自杨奇桥:《对田中正明九点质疑的反驳》,载《百姓》(香港)第86期,1985年。

27. 转引自胡华玲:《南京暴行中的中国妇女》,载《日本侵华研究》,1991年11月,第70页。

28. 东史郎1996年给作者的信,日期不明。

29. George Hicks, The Comfort Women: Japan’s Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War (New York: Norton, 1994), p. 32.

30. 纪录片《以天皇的名义》中对东史郎的采访。

31. 转引自胡华玲:《南京暴行中的中国妇女》,第70页。

32. 东史郎1996年给作者的信,日期不明。

33. 《对谷寿夫的公开起诉,一个南京大屠杀的主要参与者》,载《和平日报》,1946年12月31日。

34. Quoted in Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy , p. 45.

35. Quoted in Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy , p. 39.

36. Hallett Abend, “Japanese Curbing Nanking Excesses,” New York Times , December 18, 1937.

37. Okada Takashi, testimony before IMTFE, p. 32738.

38. Ibid., pp. 3510–11.

39. Dick Wilson, When Tigers Fight , p. 83.

40. Ibid., p. 83.

41. Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy , p. 43; IMTFE exhibit no. 2577; “Proceedings” (Canberra), p. 47187.

42. Hidaka Shunrokuro’s testimony, IMTFE, p. 21448.

43. Hanayama, p. 186, quoted in Bergamini, p. 41.

44. Yoshimi Yoshiaki, “Historical Understandings on the ‘Military Comfort Women’ Issue,” in War Victimization and Japan: International Public Hearing Report (Osaka-shi, Japan: Toho Shuppan, 1993), p. 85.

45. 关于吉见义明在防卫厅所发现资料的英文信息,参见Journal of Studies of Japanese Aggression Against China (February 1992): 62. 1992年1月,日本首相宫泽喜一访问韩国首尔时,该发现成为《朝日新闻》的头版新闻。

46. 作者对西奥多·库克的电话采访。

47. “Some Notes, Comparisons, and Observations by Captain E. H. Watson, USN (Ret) (Former Naval Attaché) After an Absence of Fifteen Years from Japan,” Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Division of Naval Intelligence, general correspondence, 1929–42, folder P9–2/EF16#23, box 284, record group 38, National Archives.

48. In her book The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Ruth Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1946).

49. Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy , p. 21. The Osaka newspaper Mainichi Shinbun as well as the Tokyo newspapers Nichi Nichi Shinbun and the Japan Advertiser (English edition) all reported this killing competition.

50. Quoted in Wilson, When Tigers Fight , p. 80.

51. Ibid.

52. 对富永的口述历史采访,参见Haruko Taya Cook and Theodore F. Cook, Japan at War: An Oral History (New York: New Press, 1992), p. 40.

53. 东史郎1996年给作者的信,日期不明。

54. Quoted in Joanna Pitman, “Repentance,” New Republic, February 10, 1992, p. 14.

55. Ibid.

第三章 南京沦陷

1. 有关南京的文学和艺术遗产、古代历史、结束鸦片战争的条约等情况,参见Encyclopedia Britannica , vol. 24 (1993)。

2. Encyclopedia Americana , vol. 29 (1992).

3. 有关鼓楼的历史,参见Julius Eigner, “The Rise and Fall of Nanking,” National Geographic (February 1938)。其文章用彩色照片生动地描述了南京大屠杀不久前南京的生活。

4. Encyclopedia of Asian History , vol. 3 (1988).

5. 有关日军对南京的入侵,参见Julius Eigner, “The Rise and Fall of Nanking,” National Geographic (February 1938): 189; Jonathan Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York: Norton, 1990), pp. 805, 171–74.

6. Julius Eigner, “The Rise and Fall of Nanking”; Anna Moffet Jarvis, “Letters from China, 1920–1949,” box 103, record group 8, Jarvis Collection, Yale Divinity School Library;对曾经的人力车车夫、南京大屠杀幸存者潘开明的采访。

7. Rev. John Gillespie Magee, “Nanking Yesterday and Today,” lecture given over the Nanking Broadcasting Station, May 28, 1937, archives of David Magee.

8. 作者对幸存者的采访。

9. Chang Siao-sung, letter to friends, October 25, 1937, Ginling correspondence, folder 2738, box 136, series IV, record group 11, UBCHEA, Yale Divinity School Library。信中的内容在1997年作者电话采访张小松时得到证实,她目前居住在马萨诸塞州沃尔萨姆。

10. 1997年1月28日,作者在旧金山对刑峰鑫的采访。

11. 1996年5月25日,作者在纽约对外祖母张以白、母亲张盈盈、姨妈张菱的采访。

12. 关于11月上海战事仍在继续时南京的情况,参见Commanding Officer J. J. Hughes to Commander in Chief, U.S. Asiatic Fleet (letterhead marked “Yangtze Patrol, U.S.S.Panay”), November 8, 1937, intelligence summary for week ending November 7, 1937, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Division of Naval Intelligence, general correspondence, 1929–42, folder A8–2/FS#2, box 194, entry 81, record group 38, National Archives.

13. 793.94/11378A, general records of the Department of State, record group 59, National Archives; Yin and Young, The Rape of Nanking , p. 9.

14. 孙宅巍:《1937:南京悲歌》,台湾先智出版社1995年版,第31–32页。

15. Ibid.p.27-31.

16. 106/5353, January 2, 1938, Papers of the British War Office in the Public Record Office, Kew, London;孙宅巍:《1937:南京悲歌》,第33页。

17. Harries and Harries, Soldiers of the Sun , p. 219.

18. 孙宅巍:《1937:南京悲歌》,第33页。

19. Commander E. J. Marquart to Commander in Chief, U.S. Asiatic Fleet (letterhead marked “Yangtze Patrol, U.S.S. Luzon [Flagship]”), November 22, 1937, intelligence summary for week ending November 21, 1937, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Division of Naval Intelligence, general correspondence, 1929–42, folder A8–2/FS#2, box 194, entry 81, record group 38, National Archives.

20. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, November 16 and 19, December 4, 1937, pp. 71–72, 94–95, Yale Divinity School Library.

21. Ibid., November 17, 1937, p. 72.

22. Commanding Officer J. J. Hughes to Commander in Chief, U.S. Asiatic Fleet (letterhead marked “Yangtze Patrol, U.S.S. Panay ”), November 29, 1937, intelligence summary for week ending November 28, 1937, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Division of Naval Intelligence, general correspondence, 1929–42, folder A8–2/FS, box 194, entry 81, record group 38, National Archives.

23. 孙宅巍:《南京大屠杀与南京人口》,载《南京社会科学》,1990年第3期,第79页。

24. F. Tillman Durdin, “Japanese Atrocities Marked Fall of Nanking After Chinese Command Fled,” New York Times , December 22, 1937; “21 U.S. Citizens Now in Nanking: Only Eight Heed Warning to Evacuate Besieged City,” Chicago Daily News , December 7, 1937; 793.94/11466, General Records of the Department of State, microfilm, record group 59, National Archives; Harries and Harries, Soldiers of the Sun , p. 219.

25. A. T. Steele, “Nanking Ready for Last Stand; Defenders Fight Only for Honor: Suburban Areas Aflame; Chinese May Destroy City in Defeat,” Chicago Daily News , December 9, 1937, p. 2; Durdin, “Japanese Atrocities Marked Fall of Nanking,” p. 38; Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, December 7, 1937, p. 99, Yale Divinity School Library.

26. Durdin, “Japanese Atrocities Marked Fall of Nanking,” New York Times , p. 38.

27. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, December 2, 1937, p. 93, Yale Divinity School Library.

28. 关于蒋介石撤离的相关情况,参见Reginald Sweetland, “Chiang Flees to Escape Pressure of ‘Red’ Aides,” Chicago Daily News , December 8, 1937; Frank Tillman Durdin, “Japanese Atrocities Marked Fall of City after Chinese Command Fled,” New York Times , December 22, 1937, p. 38; 793.94/12060, report no. 9114, December 11, 1937 (day-by-day description of Japanese military maneuvers), restricted report, General Records of the Department of State, record group 59, National Archives.

29. 有关中国和日本空军的统计数据,参见孙宅巍:《1937:南京悲歌》,第18页。还可参见Julian Bloom, “Weapons of War, Catalyst for Change: The Development of Military Aviation in China, 1908–1941” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Maryland, n.d.), San Diego Aerospace Museum, document no. 28–246; Rene Francillon, Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War (London: Putnam, 1970); Eiichiro Sekigawa, Pictorial History of Japanese Military Aviation , ed. David Mondey (London: Ian Allan, 1974); Robert Mikesh and Shorzoe Abe, Japanese Aircraft, 1910–1941 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990).

30. Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy , p. 11.

31. A. T. Steele, “China’s Air Force, Disrupted by Superior Planes of Foes, Leaves Nanking to Its Fate,” Chicago Daily News , December 8, 1937.

32. 中国第二历史档案馆、南京市档案馆、南京大屠杀史料编辑委员会编:《侵华日军南京大屠杀档案》,江苏古籍出版社1987年版,第46页。

33. 1997年1月17日,作者在加利福尼亚州森尼维尔对当年在南京的中国军队医护人员魏虎(音)的采访。

34. Ibid.

35. 中国第二历史档案馆、南京市档案馆、南京大屠杀史料编辑委员会编:《侵华日军南京大屠杀档案》,江苏古籍出版社1987年版,第46页。

36. Ibid.

37. 转引自尹集钧和史咏编《南京大屠杀:历史照片中的见证》,第32页;徐志耕:《我们不要忘记:南京大屠杀,1937年》,中国文学出版社1995年版,第43页。

38. 孙宅巍:《1937:南京悲歌》,第98-99页;徐志耕:《我们不要忘记:南京大屠杀,1937年》,第43页。

39. General Records of the Department of State, 793.94/11549, record group 59, National Archives; “Deutsche Botschaft China,” document no. 203 in the German diplomatic reports, National History Archives, Xingdian, Taipei County, Republic of China. 蒋介石拒绝该提议对唐生智和南京安全区国际委员会是一个打击。W·普卢默·米尔斯在1938年1月24日的一封信中写道:“唐将军向我们保证蒋委员长会接受该停火协议。因此,当第二天收到来自汉口的电报称蒋委员长不同意这个提议时,我们都感到吃惊。”参见the family archives of W. Plumer Mills’s daughter, Angie Mills.

40. 徐志耕:《我们不要忘记》,第44页;Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy , p. 29.

41. 唐生智致蒋介石的电报,中国第二历史档案馆、南京市档案馆、南京大屠杀史料编辑委员会编:《侵华日军南京大屠杀档案》,江苏古籍出版社1987年版,第45页。

42. 孙宅巍:《1937:南京悲歌》,第122–123页。

43. Ibid, p. 123.

44. Ibid., p. 124.

45. Yin and Young, The Rape of Nanking , p. 38.

46. Commanding Officer C. F. Jeffs to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Asiatic Fleet (letterhead marked the U.S.S. Oahu ), February 14, 1938, intelligence summary for the week ending February 13, 1938.该报告包括一个传教士书信的节录(引自乔治·菲奇的日记,未透露姓名),由于害怕日本人的报复,该书信没有交新闻界发表;Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Division of Naval Intelligence, General Correspondence, 1929–42, folder A8–21/FS#3, box 195, entry 81, record group 38, National Archives; 也参见George Fitch, My Eighty Years in China (Taipei: Mei Ya Publications, 1974), p. 102.

47. 孙宅巍:《1937:南京悲歌》,第124–126页。

48. Ibid.

49. Wilson, When Tigers Fight , p. 70.

50. Durdin, “Japanese Atrocities Marked Fall of Nanking”; A. T. Steele, “Reporters Liken Slaughter of Panicky Nanking Chinese to Jackrabbit Drive in US,” Chicago Daily News , February 4, 1938; F. Tillman Durdin, “U.S. Naval Display Reported Likely Unless Japan Guarantees Our Rights; Butchery Marked Capture of Nanking,” New York Times , December 18, 1937; author’s interviews with survivors.

51. 有关挹江门之前的混乱、大火、死亡以及人们在绝望中试图渡江的细节,参见A. T. Steele, “Panic of Chinese in Capture of Nanking, Scenes of Horror and Brutality Are Revealed,” Chicago Daily News , February, 3, 1938, p. 2; Arthur Menken, “Witness Tells Nanking Horror as Chinese Flee,” Chicago Tribune, December 17, 1937, p. 4; Durdin, “Japanese Atrocities Marked Fall of Nanking,” p. 38; Fitch, My Eighty Years in China , p. 102; Wilson, When Tigers Fight ; Gao Xingzu, Wu Shimin, Hu Yungong, and Zha Ruizhen, “Japanese Imperialism and the Massacre in Nanjing”;作者对幸存者的电话采访。

52. 有关唐生智前往下关码头的情况,参见孙宅巍:《1937:南京悲歌》,第133–135页。

53. 作者在加利福尼亚蒙特利公园对幸存者钮先铭的采访,以及在南京对其他幸存者的采访。

54. 挹江门附近的大火是怎么燃起来的是一个有争议的问题。A·T·司迪尔写道,中国士兵点燃了交通部——价值100万美元的漂亮办公楼和礼堂,为的是销毁存放在里面的弹药,参见“Power of Chinese in Capture of Nanking, Scenes of Horror and Brutality Are Revealed,” Chicago Daily News, February 3, 1938;另一种推测是,日本打偏的炮弹在附近爆炸引燃了弹药;还有另一种说法认为,两辆军车在挹江门下面的门洞里相撞,引发了大火,参见Dick Wilson, When Tigers Fight, pp. 66–85。

55. 孙宅巍:《1937:南京悲歌》,第133–135页。

第四章 恐怖的六星期

1. 孙宅巍:《南京大屠杀和南京人口》,载《南京社会科学》,1990年第3期,第75–80页。

2. Frank Tillman Durdin, “Japanese Atrocities Marked Fall of Nanking after Chinese Command Fled,” New York Times , December 22, 1937, p. 38; Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, December 14, 1937, p. 110.

3. 许传音在远东国际军事法庭上的证词,参见the Allied Operational/Occupation Headquarters, IMTFE transcript, entry 319, record group 331, p. 2562, National Archives。许传音作证说:“当日本士兵进入南京城时,他们非常非常粗暴,极其野蛮;他们见人就开枪射击。无论是谁,只要逃跑,站在街上,在某处逗留,或从门缝中窥探,都将会遭到枪击——瞬间毙命。”有些报纸文章、日记和信件也印证了许传音的话。德丁在1937年12月22日发表在《纽约时报》上的文章中写道:“由于紧张或恐惧,任何见到日本士兵后逃跑的人都有被枪击的危险。经常看到脸朝下倒在人行道上的老年人,显然是被日本士兵随意从背后开枪射杀所致。”也可参见乔治·菲奇发表在1938年2月《读者文摘》上的日记,他在日记中写道:“逃跑会被立刻射杀。许多人被射杀似乎是由于日本人产生了打猎的兴趣。看到那些苦力、商人、学生等脸上现出恐慌神情时,他们就放声大笑。这令我联想到魔鬼的野餐。”

4. 作者于1995年7月25日对唐顺山的采访。

5. 南京大屠杀史料编辑委员会、南京图书馆编:《侵华日军南京大屠杀史料》,江苏古籍出版社1985年版,第142页。

6. 关于将俘虏钉在木板上,参见林娜:《血泪话南京》,载《宇宙风》,1938年7月,第71期,收录于《南京大屠杀侵华史料》,第142–143页。林娜不是见证者,而是采访了一位姓唐的幸存者。关于将俘虏钉在树上进行电击或在其身上进行刺刀训练的信息,参见朱成山编:《侵华日军南京大屠杀幸存者证言集》,南京大学出版社1994年版,第53页;南京大屠杀史料编辑委员会、南京图书馆编:《侵华日军南京大屠杀史料》,第142–143页。关于日本人从受害者身上割下一条条的肉,参见《侵华日军南京大屠杀史料》,第68–77页。有关挖眼的信息,参见高兴祖、吴世民、胡允恭、查瑞珍编:《日军帝国主义在南京的大屠杀》,第19页。有关用锥子进行扎刺的暴行,参见一名从南京逃出来的士兵(身份不明)所写的《京地兽行目击记》,发表于1938年2月7日汉口的《大公报》,收录于《侵华日军南京大屠杀史料》,第129页。

7. 徐志耕:《南京大屠杀》,江苏文艺出版社,1994年版,第74页;高兴祖、吴世民、胡允恭、查瑞珍编:《日本帝国主义在南京的大屠杀》,1987年版,第68–77页。

8. 高兴祖、吴世民、胡允恭、查瑞珍编:《日本帝国主义在南京的大屠杀》,1987年版,第19页。

9. 南京大屠杀史料编辑委员会、南京图书馆编:《侵华日军南京大屠杀史料》,第68–77页。

10. 高兴祖、吴世民、胡允恭、查瑞珍编:《日本帝国主义在南京的大屠杀》,1987年版,第19页。

11. 徐志耕:《南京大屠杀》,第138页。

12. Chia Ting Chen, “Hell on Earth: The Japanese Army in Nanking During 1937–1938: A Barbaric Crime Against Humanity,” Chinese American Forum 1, no. 1 (May 1984).

13. Wilson, When Tigers Fight , p. 82.

14. 《京地兽行目击记》,载于汉口《大公报》,1938年2月7日,收录于《侵华日军南京大屠杀史料》,第128页。(关于阉割、刺穿阴道和肛门的事件,也在该书第68页被提及。)

15. 作者对Susan Brownmiller的电话采访。

16. Rosair, “For One Veteran, Emperor Visit Should Be Atonement”; Fitch, “Nanking Outrages,” January 10, 1938, Fitch Collection; Li En-han, “Questions of How Many Chinese Were Killed by the Japanese Army in the Great Nanking Massacre,” Journal of Studies of Japanese Aggression Against China (August 1990): 74.

17. Oral history interview with Lewis Smythe by Cyrus Peake and Arthur Rosenbaum, Claremont Graduate School, December 11, 1970, February 26 and March 16, 1971, box 228, record group 8, Yale Divinity School Library.

18. “Deutsche Botschaft China,” report no. 21, starting on page 114, in the German diplomatic reports, National History Archives, Republic of China, submitted by the farmers Wang Yao-shan, 75, Mei Yo-san, 70, Wang Yun-kui, 63, and Hsia Ming-feng, 54, “to the German and Danish gentlemen who were staying in the cement factory near Nanking on 26 January 1938.”

19. 胡华玲:《南京暴行中的中国妇女》。

20. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, March 8, 1938, p. 212.

21. Ibid., December 24, 1937, p. 127.

22. Hsu Shuhsi, ed., Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone , no. 266 (Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore: Kelly & Walsh, 1939), p. 128.

23. 高兴祖、吴世民、胡允恭、查瑞珍:《日本帝国主义在南京的大屠杀》。

24. Fitch, “Nanking Outrages,” January 10, 1938, Fitch Collection.

25. 作者1995年7月29日在南京对幸存者侯占清的采访。

26. Fitch, “Nanking Outrages,” January 10, 1938, Fitch Collection.

27. 引自《大公报》,转引自高兴祖、吴世民、胡允恭、查瑞珍:《日本帝国主义在南京的大屠杀》。

28. Hsu Shuhsi, Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone , no. 436, p. 154.

29. Dick Wilson, p. 76; Hsu, p. 123.

30. 胡华玲:《南京大屠杀中的中国妇女》;“All Military Aggression in China Including Atrocities Against Civilians and Others: Summary of Evidence and Note of Argument,” submitted to IMTFE by David Nelson Sutton, November 4, 1946, p. 41, National Archives.

31. Shuhsi Hsu, Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone , no. 428, p. 152.

32. 作者对侯占清的采访。

33. “Deutsche Botschaft China,” report no. 21, starting on page 114, in the German diplomatic reports, National History Archives, Republic of China.另一篇报告写道:“由于这些小女孩的身体大多都没有发育成熟,不足以满足日本士兵的兽欲。但是,他们仍然对她们施加暴行,撕裂她们的生殖器,并轮奸了她们。”杜呈祥:《日寇暴行论》,时代出版社1939年版,第55页,转引自高兴祖、吴世民、胡允恭、查瑞珍编:《日本帝国主义在南京的大屠杀》。

34. 胡华玲:《南京大屠杀中的中国妇女》;Robert Wilson, letter to family, December 30, 1937, folder 3875, box 229, record group 11, Yale Divinity School Library.

35. IMTFE judgment, p.451, National Archives.

36. Chu Yong Ung and Chang Chi Hsiang, in “All Military Aggression in China Including Atrocities Against Civilians and Others,” p. 37.

37. 《血债:南京日军兽行目击记》,《大公报》1937年2月7日;《新华日报》,1951年2月24日;胡华玲:《南京暴行中的中国妇女》;1995年7月26日,作者对唐顺山的采访;高兴祖、吴世民、胡允恭、查瑞珍:《日本帝国主义在南京的大屠杀》,第35页。

38. 文献中1937年12月13日所拍摄的照片,讲述了夏家的故事。Ernest and Clarissa Forster Collection, box 263, record group 8, Miscellaneous Personal Papers, Yale Divinity School Library.

39. 作者1995年7月27日在南京对幸存者夏淑琴(大屠杀发生时她只有8岁)的采访。

40. Hsu Chuang-ying (witness), testimony before the IMTFE, Records from the Allied Operational/Occupation Headquarters, entry 319, record group 331, p. 2572, National Archives.

41. Document about John Magee film no. 7 describing the pictures taken at Nanking after December 13, 1937, Ernest and Clarissa Forster Collection.

42. Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy , p. 27.参见该书图片说明中一位受害者的照片。不清楚图中的女孩是死是活。

43. 高兴祖、吴世民、胡允恭、查瑞珍编:《日本帝国主义在南京的大屠杀》。

44. 有关将婴儿闷死的内容,参见George Fitch diary, entry dated December 17, 1937, quoted in Commanding Officer C. F. Jeffs to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Asiatic Fleet (letterhead marked the U.S.S. Oahu), intelligence summary filed for the week ending February 13, 1938, folder A8–21/FS#3, box 195, entry 81, record group 38, National Archives; and James McCallum diary, January 7, 1938, Yale Divinity School Library.关于一个妇女被强奸时,她的孩子被用衣服塞住嘴窒息死亡的例子,参见Chang Kia Sze, testimony of April 6, 1946, Records from the Allied Operational/Occupation Headquarters, IMTFE transcript, entry 319, record group 331, pp. 4506–7, National Archives.

45. Hsu Shuhsi, editor, Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone . Prepared under the Auspices of the Council of International Affairs, Chung King (Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore: Kelly & Walsh, Ltd., 1939), p. 159.

46. 王潘氏(东京审判时24岁,南京大屠杀时15岁)在远东国际军事法庭上的证词,Records of the IMTFE, court exhibits, 1948, World War II War Crimes Records Collection, box 134, entry 14, record group 238, National Archives.

47. “日本士兵有时会用刺刀割掉妇女的乳房,露出胸部的白色肋骨;有时会用刺刀刺入妇女的生殖器,使她们在路边痛苦地哭喊;有时将木棍、坚硬的芦苇甚至萝卜,塞进她们的阴道,并将她们暴打至死。其他士兵在站在一旁鼓掌喝彩,放声大笑。”引自国民党军事委员会政治部:《日本侵略军所犯暴行的真实记录》,1938年7月,转引自高兴祖、吴世民、胡允恭、查瑞珍编:《日本帝国主义在南京的大屠杀》;王潘氏,在远东国际军事法庭上的证词;胡华玲:《南京暴行中的中国妇女》,载《日本侵华研究》,1991年11月。

48. Forster to his wife, January 24, 1938, Ernest and Clarissa Forster Collection.

49. 朱成山编:《南京大屠杀幸存者证言》,第50页。

50. 参见Shuhsi Hsu, Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone , no. 430, p. 153. Also Dick Wilson, p. 76.

51. 《失守后的南京》,载《闽政与公舆》,1938年1月。这篇文章是1938年1月28日,对从南京逃到武汉的人进行采访的基础上写出的。转引《侵华日军南京大屠杀史料》,第150页。

52. 徐志耕:《南京大屠杀》,第115页;孙宅巍:《1937:南京悲歌》,第353。

53. 郭岐:《陷都血泪录》,写于1938年上半年,1938年由西安的一家报纸《西京平报》刊出。转引自《侵华日军南京大屠杀史料》,第13页。

54. “Deutsche Botschaft China,” report no. 21, starting on page 114, in the German diplomatic reports, National History Archives, Republic of China.

55. 许传音(目击者)在远东国际军事法庭上的证言,见the Allied Operational/ Occupation Headquarters, entry 319, record group 331, p. 2573, National Archives. 一个名为李克的幸存者亲眼看到4个日本兵强奸了一位40岁的妇女后,又强迫她的公公和儿子与她发生性关系;参见胡华玲:《南京暴行中的中国妇女》,第68页。远东国际军事法庭的记录也提到日本人强迫父亲与自己的女儿、兄弟与自己的姐妹、公公与儿媳妇发生性关系,并记载了“乳房被割掉,胸膛被刺伤,下巴被打碎,牙齿被打落。种种情形惨不忍睹”。参见court exhibits, 1948, box 134, entry 14, record group 238, p. 1706, World War II War Crimes Records Collection, National Archives.

56. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, January 23 and February 24, 1938, pp. 167, 201.

57. Ibid., February 23, 1938, p. 200.

58. John Magee to “Billy” (signed “John”), January 11, 1938, Ernest and Clarissa Forster Collection.

59. Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy, p. 37; Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, December 17, 1937, p. 115.

60. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, January 23, 1938, p. 168.

61. Hsu Shuhsi, Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone , no. 408, p. 158.

62. Forster’s undated letter to his wife, Ernest and Clarissa Forster Collection.

63. John Magee, letter to his wife, January 1, 1938, archives of David Magee.

64. 高兴祖、吴世民、胡允恭、查瑞珍编:《日本帝国主义在南京的大屠杀》,第62页。

65. 胡华玲:《南京大屠杀中的中国妇女》,第68页。

66. 作者于1995年7月27日对李秀英的采访。

67. Miner Searle Bates testimony before the IMTFE, pp. 2629–30.

68. 李恩涵:《关于有多少中国人在南京大屠杀中被日军杀害的问题》,《日本侵华研究》,1990年8月。

69. 作者对南京大屠杀纪念馆馆员的采访。30万的死亡数字被永久地刻在纪念馆的入口处。一位日本作家本多胜一,在几十年后来到南京,亲自核对这些说法。他认为南京被占领的第二天就有20万中国人被杀害,截至1938年2月,死亡人数已达30万,参见Wilson, When Tigers Fight , pp. 81–82.;台湾历史学家李恩涵说:“估计死亡人数……30万是绝对可靠的。”(胡华玲:《纪念南京大屠杀53周年:驳石原慎太郎的谬论和谎言》,《日本侵华研究》,1990年11月,第27页。)

70. “Table: Estimated Number of Victims of Japanese Massacre in Nanking,” document no. 1702, box 134, IMTFE records, court exhibits, 1948, World War II War Crimes Records Collection, entry 14, record group 238, National Archives.

71. 胡华玲:《纪念南京大屠杀53周年:驳石原慎太郎的谬论和谎言》,《日本侵华研究》,1990年11月,第72页。

72. John Rabe, “Enemy Planes over Nanking,” report to Adolf Hitler, in the Yale Divinity School Library.拉贝写道:“根据中国人的报告,总共有10万中国平民被杀害,但这一数字似乎被夸大了——我们欧洲人估计的数字是五六万。”

73. Cook and Cook, Japan at War , p. 39.

74. Ibid.

75. United Press International, May 10, 1994.

76. 孙宅巍:《南京大屠杀与南京人口》,载《南京社会科学》1990年第3期,第75–80页;《关于南京大屠杀尸体处理的研究》,载《南京社会科学》1990年第3期,第72–78页。

77. 建立类似的傀儡政府是日本人在中国占领区长期一贯的做法。日本人由此保存了当地的权力结构,并获得了地方名流的支持。

78. 中国第二历史档案馆、南京市档案馆、南京大屠杀史料编辑委员会编:《侵华日军南京大屠杀档案》,江苏古籍出版社1987年版,第101–103页;“150,000 Bodies Dumped in River in Nanking Massacre Affidavit,” Reuters, December 14, 1990.

79. 吴天威:《让全世界了解南京大屠杀:近来有关南京大屠杀及其研究的三本画册评述》,1997年由日本侵华研究会分发的报告。

80. 作者对史咏的电话采访。

81. 很难说有多少被江水冲上岸的尸体最终埋在了江边。1938年4月11日,魏特琳在其日记中记录,有人曾对她说:“据报道,长江两岸仍有很多尸体,而且很多肿胀的尸体沿江漂去,包括士兵和平民。我问他是否有成百上千的尸体,他说看起来有成千上万具尸体。”;diary 1937–40, p. 247.

82. “Red Machine” Japanese diplomatic messages, no. 1263, translated February 1, 1938, record group 457, National Archives.该电报的内容最初是由《曼彻斯特卫报》记者田伯烈所写,但被上海的日本新闻审查官员扣留。(参见“Red Machine” Japanese diplomatic messages, no. 1257.)后来,他所估计的30万死亡人数由日本的外务大臣发送给了华盛顿。这一信息意义在于,当时日本政府不仅知道田伯烈提出的30万死亡数字,而且试图隐瞒这一信息。

第五章 南京安全区

1. 吴天威:《让全世界都了解南京大屠杀》,第16页。

2. 安吉·米尔斯于1997年2月16日写给作者的信。在她的家族档案中,米尔斯发现了一份约翰·拉贝在1938年2月28日讲话的副本,是在上海外国基督教青年会上对一群西方人士的讲话。拉贝在讲话中说:“米尔斯先生是最先想到要创建安全区的人。可以说,我们组织的中心在平仓巷3号(按照安吉·米尔斯的说法,该地址是洛辛·卜凯的住宅,在金陵大学附近,在南京大屠杀期间曾有9个或10个美国人住在这里)。凭借着这些美国朋友的聪明才智,安全区委员会才得以建立。他们是米尔斯先生、贝德士先生、史迈士先生、菲奇先生、索恩先生、马吉先生、福斯特先生和里格斯先生;正是由于他们的辛勤工作,委员会才得以在我们所处的恐怖环境中顺利运行。”

3. “Sinking of the U.S.S. Panay,” ch. 11 of Some Phases of the Sino-Japanese Conflict (July–December 1937), compiled from the records of the Commander in Chief, Asiatic Fleet, by Captain W. A. Angwin (MC), USN, December 1938, Shanghai, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Division of Naval Intelligence, general correspondence, 1929–42, folder P9–2/EF16#23, box 284, entry 81, record group 38, National Archives; “The Panay Incident,” Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Records of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, 1882–1954, Intelligence Division——Naval Attaché Reports, 1886–1939, box 438, entry 98, record group 38, National Archives; “The Bombing of the U.S.S. Panay,” drawn by Mr. E. Larsen after consultation with Mr. Norman Alley, December 31, 1937, box 438, entry 98, record group 38, National Archives; Weldon James, “Terror Hours on Panay Told by Passenger,” Chicago Daily News, December 13, 1937; A. T. Steele, “Chinese War Horror Pictured by Reporter: Panay Victims Under Japanese Fire for Full Half Hour; Butchery and Looting Reign in Nanking,” Chicago Daily News , December 17, 1937; Bergamini, pp. 24–28.

4. 作者对马乔里·威尔逊的电话采访。

5. Alice Tisdale Hobart, Within the Walls of Nanking (New York: Macmillan, 1928), pp. 207–8.

6. “Deutsche Botschaft China,” German diplomatic reports, document dated January 15, 1938, starting on page 214, National History Archives, Republic of China.

7. 关于约翰·拉贝早期的生活细节,来自作者与其外孙女赖因哈特之间的通信以及德国柏林西门子公司的档案。

8. 约翰·拉贝对于南京大屠杀的叙述可以在他给阿道夫·希特勒的报告中找到,报告的题目为《敌机飞临南京上空》,副本存于耶鲁大学神学院图书馆、侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆、德意志联邦共和国档案馆。本章相关内容的引文如果没有专门注释说明来源,均来自该报告。

9. 1937年12月27日,南京安全区国际委员会主席拉贝给日本大使馆的信,enclosure to report entitled “Conditions in Nanking,” January 25, 1938, Intelligence Division, Naval Attaché Reports, 1886–1939, Records of the Office of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, 1882–1954, Office of Naval Intelligence, box 996, entry 98, record group 38, National Archives.

10. Fitch, My Eighty Years in China , p. 101.

11. Hsu, p. 56.

12. Hsu, p. 2.

13. Letter from John Rabe to Fukuda Tokuyasa, December 15, 1937, box 996, entry 98, record group 38, National Archives.

14. George Fitch, diary entry for December 14, 1937, reprinted in My Eighty Years in China , p. 106. One of the original copies can be found in Commanding Officer C. F. Jeffs to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Asiatic Fleet (letterhead marked the U.S.S. Oahu ), February 14, 1938, intelligence summary filed for the week ending February 13, 1938, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Division of Naval Intelligence, general correspondence, 1929–42, p. 5, folder A8–21/FS#3, box 195, entry 81, record group 38, National Archives.菲奇在日记中写道:“整个人群中没有一声抱怨,我们心里很沉重……我是多么愚蠢呀,居然告诉他们日本人会绕了他们的性命!”

15. Letter from John Rabe to the Imperial Japanese Embassy, December 17, 1937, enclosure no. 8 to report entitled “Conditions in Nanking,” January 25, 1938, box 996, entry 98, record group 38, National Archives. This letter can also be found in Hsu Shuhsi, ed., Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone: Prepared under the Auspices of the Council of International Affairs, Chungking (Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore: Kelly & Walsh, 1939).

16. 拉贝于1937年12月17日致日本大使馆的信;Hsu Shuhsi, Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone , p. 12.

17. 拉贝于1937年12月17日致日本大使馆的信;Hsu Shuhsi, Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone , p. 20.

18. 拉贝于1937年12月17日致日本大使馆的信;Shuhsi Hsu, Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone , p. 17.

19. IMTFE judgment, National Archives. See “Verdict of the International/ Military Tribunal for the Far East on the Rape of Nanking,” Journal of Studies of Japanese Agression Against China , November 1990, p. 75.

20. Fu Kuishan’s warning to Rabe, recorded in John Rabe diary, February 10, 1938, p. 723.

21. Robert Wilson, letter to family, January 31, 1938, p. 61.

22. 日本大使馆的人似乎也对日本军队的过激行为暗自高兴。当许传音碰到一个日本士兵在浴室里强奸一名中国妇女时,他报告给了日本大使馆参赞福田。在这种情境下,他看到福田“脸上露出一丝微笑”。Transcript of the International Military Tribunal of the Far East. Testimony of Hsu Chuang-ying, witness. RG 311, Entry 319, page 2570-2571. Records from the Allied Operational/Occupation Headquarters, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

23. Copy of George Fitch diary, enclosed in file from Assistant Naval Attaché E. G. Hagen to Chief of Naval Operations (Director of Naval Intelligence), Navy Department, Washington, D.C., March 7, 1938, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Division of Naval Intelligence, general correspondence, 1929–42, folder P9–2/EF16#8, box 277, entry 81, record group 38; also reprinted in Fitch, My Eighty Years in China , p. 114.

24. “Cases of Disorder by Japanese Soldiers in the Safety Zone,” filed January 4, 1938, in Hsu Shuhsi, Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone , p. 65.

25. “Cases of Disorder by Japanese Soldiers in the Safety Zone,” subenclosure to enclosure no. 1–c, Intelligence Division, Naval Attaché Reports, 1886–1939, Records of the Office of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, 1882–1954, Office of Naval Intelligence, folder H–8–B Register#1727A, box 996, entry 98, record group 38, National Archives.

26. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, February 17, 1938, p. 198.

27. Fitch, “Nanking Outrages,” January 10, 1938, Fitch Collection.

28. Robert Wilson, letter to family, Christmas Eve 1937, p. 6.

29. 关于罗伯特·威尔逊生平的信息来自作者对马乔里·威尔逊的采访。

30. Ibid.

31. Robert Wilson, letter to family, August 18, 1937.

32. 作者对马乔里·威尔逊的采访。

33. Robert Wilson, letter to family, October 12, 1937, p. 15.

34. Ibid., August 20, 1937, p. 9.

35. Ibid., December 9, 1937, p. 35.

36. Ibid., September 25 and 27, 1937; Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, September 26, 1937, p. 33.

37. Robert Wilson, letter to family, August 23, 1937.

38. Commander Yangtze Patrol E. J. Marquart to Commander in Chief, U.S. Asiatic Fleet (letterhead marked “Yangtze Patrol, U.S.S. Luzon [Flagship]),” intelligence summary for week ending October 24, 1937, October 25, 1937, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Division of Naval Intelligence, general correspondence, 1929–42, folder A8–2/FS, box 194, entry 81, record group 38, National Archives; Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, October 26 and November 8, 1937, pp. 55, 64 (she writes that some 100,000 soldiers have been injured or killed in the Shanghai area).

39. Ibid.

40. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, December 5, 1937, p. 96; Ernest and Clarissa Forster, letter to parents, December 7, 1937, Ernest and Clarissa Forster Collection.

41. Robert O. Wilson (witness), testimony, Records of the Allied Operational/Occupation Headquarters, IMTFE transcript, entry 319, record group 331, pp. 2531–32, National Archives.

42. Mrs. E. H. Forster report, December 12, 1937, from newsletter in Ernest and Clarissa Forster Collection.

43. Robert Wilson, letter to family, December 2, 1937; A. T. Steele, “Tells Heroism of Yankees in Nanking,” Chicago Daily News , December 18, 1937.

44. Robert Wilson, letter to family, December 7, 1937.

45. Ibid., December 14, 1937.

46. Ibid.

47. Durdin, “Japanese Atrocities Marked Fall of Nanking”; Rabe, “Enemy Planes over Nanking”; an excerpt from a verbal presentation by Mr. Smith of Reuters about the events of Nanking on December 9–15, 1937, document no. 178, Hankow, January 1, 1938, in “Deutsche Botschaft China,” German diplomatic reports, National History Archives, Republic of China.

48. Robert Wilson, letter to family, December 18, 1937.

49. Ibid., December 28, 1937.

50. Ibid., December 19, 1937.

51. Ibid., December 15, 1937.

52. Ibid., December 18, 1937.

53. Ibid., December 19, 1937.

54. Ibid., December 24, 1937.

55. Ibid., December 30, 1937.

56. Durdin, “Japanese Atrocities Marked Fall of Nanking.”

57. Robert Wilson, letter to family, December 24, 1937.

58. Robert Wilson, letter to family, December 21, 1937, p. 6; 作者对马乔里·威尔逊的电话采访;John Magee to “Billy” (signed “John”), January 11, 1938, Ernest and Clarissa Forster Collection.

59. 作者对马乔里·威尔逊的电话采访。

60. Ibid.

61. J. H. McCallum, diary entry for January 3, 1937, reprinted in American Missionary Eyewitnesses to the Nanking Massacre, 1937–1938 , ed. Martha Lund Smalley (New Haven, Conn.: Yale Divinity School Library, 1997), p. 39.

62. Robert Wilson, letter to family, January 1, 1938, p. 11.

63. Ibid., December 26, 1937, p. 7.

64. 作者对尹集钧的电话采访。有关麦卡伦的情况来自他在中国进行的研究。

65. 作者对马乔里·威尔逊的电话采访。

66. 关于魏特琳生平的细节来自作者对其侄女艾玛·莱昂的电话采访。

67. 该部分的大部分资料直接来自魏特琳1937~1940年的日记。这些日记现存于耶鲁大学神学院图书馆。尽管魏特琳在日记中有自己的页码体系(页码在每页顶部的中间),但我使用了耶鲁大学神学院的页码顺序,他们将页码标在每页日记的右下角。

68. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, July 2–18, 1937, p. 2.

69. Ibid., September 20, 1937, p. 27.

70. Ibid., December 1 and 8, 1937, pp. 91, 100; Commanding Officer C. F. Jeffs to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Asiatic Fleet (letterhead marked the U.S.S. Oahu), intelligence summary for the week ending February 13, 1938, February 14, 1938(该报告中包含了一位传教士的书信摘录,由于担心遭到日本人报复,该书信没有发表);George Fitch diary (name not given in report), Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Division of Naval Intelligence, general correspondence, 1929–42, folder A8–21/FS#3, box 195, entry 81, record group 38, National Archives.

71. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, December 3, 6, and 7, 1937, pp. 94, 97, 98.

72. Ibid., October 6, 1937, p. 41.

73. Minnie Vautrin, “Sharing ‘the Abundant Life’ in a Refugee Camp,” April 28, 1938, box 103, record group 8, Jarvis Collection, Yale Divinity School Library.

74. 可能是福斯特1937年10月4日从下关寄给父母的信,Ernest and Clarissa Forster Collection.

75. 793.94/12060, report no. 9114, December 11, 1937, restricted report, General Records of the Department of State, National Archives.

76. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, December 15, 1937, p. 111.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid., December 16, 1937, pp. 112–13.

79. Ibid., December 16, 1937, p. 113.

80. Ibid., December 16, 1937, p. 114. In her diary,魏特琳在日记中记载,有妇女高喊“Gin Ming”,但更确切的表达求助的中文说法是“Jiu Ming”(救命)。

81. Ibid., December 17, 1937, pp. 115–16.

82. Ibid., pp. 117–18.

83. Ibid., December 27, 1937, p. 130.

84. 《侵华日军南京大屠杀史料》,第9–10页。

85. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, January 1, 1938, p. 137.

86. Ibid., December 18, 1937, pp. 119–20.

87. Ibid., December 24, 1937, p. 127.

88. Ibid.

89. Enclosure to report, “Conditions in Nanking,” January 25, 1938, Intelligence Division, Naval Attaché Reports, 1886–1939, Records of the Office of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, 1882–1954, Office of Naval Intelligence, box 996, entry 98, record group 38, National Archives;胡华玲:《南京暴行中的中国妇女》,第69页。

90. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, December 28, 1937, p. 131.

91. Fitch, My Eighty Years in China , p. 117.

92. John Magee, letter to his wife, December 30, 1937, archives of David Magee.

93. Hsu Shuhsi, Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone , p. 84.

94. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, December 31, 1937, p. 135.

95. Ibid., January 4, 1938, p. 141.

96. Ibid., January 6, 1938, p. 144.

97. Ibid., December 31, 1937, p. 135.

98. Ernest Forster, letter of January 21, 1938, Ernest and Clarissa Forster Collection.

99. 作者不详,可能是刘易斯·史迈士于1938年2月1日所写的信,box 228, record group 8, Yale Divinity School Library.

100. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, February 4, 1938, p. 183.

101. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, December 18, 1937.

102. 住在汉口路145号身份不明的作者于1939年2月12日所写的信,Ernest and Clarissa Forster Collection.

103. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, December 16, 1937, p. 114.

104. 徐志耕:《南京大屠杀:目击者证言》,台湾时报文化出版公司1993年版,第56–57页。

105. Ibid., p. 60.

106. 胡华玲:《魏特琳小姐:南京大屠杀中受难中国人民的活菩萨》,载《中美论坛11》,第1期,第20页;郭岐:《陷都血泪》,转引自南京大屠杀史料编辑委员会、南京图书馆编:《侵华日军南京大屠杀史料》,江苏古籍出版社1995年版,第13页。

107. Huang Shu, interview with filmmaker Jim Culp; transcript from the personal archives of Jim Culp, San Francisco.

108. 郭岐:《陷都血泪》,第16页;胡华玲:《魏特琳小姐:南京大屠杀中受难中国人民的活菩萨》,第18页。

109. Christian Kröger, “Days of Fate in Nanking,” unpublished report, January 13, 1938, archives of Peter Kröger.

110. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, March 4, 1938, p. 208;关于蘑菇,作者于1995年7月29日对刘芳华的采访。

111. Lewis S. C. Smythe to Tokuyasu Fukuda, Attaché to the Japanese Embassy, enclosure no. 1 to report entitled “Conditions in Nanking,” January 25, 1938, Intelligence Division, Naval Attaché Reports, 1886–1939, Records of the Office of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, 1882–1954, Office of Naval Intelligence, box 996, entry 98, record group 38, National Archives.

112. James McCallum, diary, December 30, 1937, Yale Divinity School Library.

113. Hsu Shuhsi, Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone , p. 24.

114. “Cases of Disorder by Japanese Soldiers in Safety Zone,” subenclosure to enclosure no. 1–c, Intelligence Division, Naval Attaché Reports, 1886–1939, Records of the Office of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, 1882–1954, Office of Naval Intelligence, folder H–8–B Register#1727A, box 996, entry 98, record group 38, National Archives.

115. Diary of John Magee in long letter to his wife, entry for December 19, 1937, archives of David Magee.

116. “Cases of Disorder by Japanese Soldiers in Safety Zone,” subenclosure to enclosure no. 1-c, Intelligence Division, Naval Attaché Reports, 1886–1939, Records of the Office of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, 1882–1954, Office of Naval Intelligence, folder H–8–B Register#1727A, box 996, entry 98, record group 38, National Archives.

117. John Magee to “Billy” (signed “John”), January 11, 1938, Ernest and Clarissa Forster Collection.

118. John Rabe diary, December 22, 1937, entry, pp. 341–42.

119. 克里斯蒂安·克勒格尔在《南京遭劫的日子》中陈述了自己的观点,他认为在12月12日逃入安全区的难民有20万~25万;贝德士在《关于克里斯蒂安在南京工作的初步报告》(Preliminary Report on Christian Work in Nanking,邵子平收集的档案)中,认为逃入安全区的难民人数有25万;在南京大屠杀期间任安全区住房委员会负责人的许传音,在远东国际军事法庭上的作证说估计有30万,参见IMTFE transcript, entry 319, record group 331, p. 2561, National Archives。

第六章 世人所了解的南京大屠杀

1. Morris–Suzuki, Showa, p. 34.

2. 作者在1996年对德丁的电话采访。

3. A. T. Steele Collection, Arizona State University Library.

4. C. Yates McDaniel, “Nanking Horror Described in Diary of War Reporter,” Chicago Tribune, December 18, 1937.

5. 第一个报道南京大屠杀整个事件的美国记者是阿奇博尔德·司迪尔。当记者们登上瓦胡号时,当时只有29岁的德丁没能用无线电将电报发出,因为驾驶员说那样做违反规定。但是,不知通过什么途径,司迪尔却把信息发布了出去。德丁数十年后在《提尔蔓·德丁先生在新闻发布会上的声明——驳斥日本媒体对南京大屠杀报道的歪曲》(“Mr. Tillman Durdin’s Statement on the News Conference——Refuting the Distortions of His Reports on the Great Nanking Massacre by the Japanese Media”,见《日本侵华研究》1992年8月,第66页)中说:“我想司迪尔当时悄悄地给了那个驾驶员塞了50美元,或是做了其他手脚!我那时年轻,在做新闻方面还是一个新手,而司迪尔却很老练。于是,他抢在我前面发出了南京大屠杀的新闻报道。”

6. C. Yates McDaniel, “Nanking Horror Described in Diary of War Reporter,” Chicago Tribune, December 18, 1937.

7. “Mr. Tillman Durdin’s Statement on the News Conference——Refuting the Distortions of His Reports on the Great Nanking Massacre by the Japanese Media,” Journal of Studies of Japanese Aggression Against China, August 1992, p. 66.

8. McDaniel, “Nanking Horror Described in Diary of War Reporter.”

9. 德丁和司迪尔在南京最后一天的详情可在他们的新闻报道、菲奇的日记以及《提尔蔓·德丁先生在新闻发布会上的声明》中找到。

10. 关于诺曼·艾利和埃里克·莫耶尔拍摄日本飞机进攻的短片,见“Camera Men Took Many Panay Pictures,”New York Times, December 19, 1937.

11. Steele, “Chinese War Horror Pictured by Reporter.”

12. Hamilton Darby Perry, The Panay Incident: Prelude to Pearl Harbor (Toronto: Macmillan, 1969), p. 226.

13. United Press story printed in Chicago Daily News , December 13, 1937.

14. “Sinking of the U.S.S. Panay,” ch. 11 of Some Phases of the Sino-Japanese Conflict (July–December 1937), compiled from the records of the Commander in Chief, Asiatic Fleet, by Capt. W. A. Angwin (MC), USN, December 1938, Shanghai, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Division of Naval Intelligence, general correspondence, 1929–42, folder P9–2/EF16#23, box 284, entry 81, record group 38, National Archives.

15. United Press story printed in Chicago Daily News , December 29, 1937; 793.94/12177, General Records of the Department of State, record group 59, National Archives.

16. Copy of George Fitch diary, enclosed in file from Assistant Naval Attaché E. G. Hagen to Chief of Naval Operations, March 7, 1938, National Archives.

17. Commanding Officer to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Asiatic Fleet (letterhead marked the U.S.S. Oahu ), intelligence summary for the week ending February 20, 1938, February 21, 1938, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Division of Naval Intelligence, general correspondence, 1929–42, folder A8–21/FS#3, box 195, entry 81, record group 38, National Archives.

18. “Red Machine” Japanese diplomatic messages, no. 1794, translated May 4, 1938, boxes 1–4, record group 457, National Archives.

19. “Deutsche Botschaft China,”document no. 214, German diplomatic reports, National History Archives, Republic of China. According to this report, the German diplomats returned to the city on January 9, 1938.

20. 有关红色机器的信息,参见David Kahn, “Roosevelt, Magic and Ultra,” in Historians and Archivists , ed. George O. Kent (Fairfax, Va.: George Mason University Press, 1991).

21. “Red Machine” Japanese diplomatic messages, no. 1171, record group 457, National Archives.

22. Perry, The Panay Incident , p. 232.

23. “Red Machine” Japanese diplomatic messages, box 2, record group 457, National Archives.

24. Robert Wilson, letter to family, December 20, 1937.

25. George Fitch diary, reprinted in Reader’s Digest (July 1938).

26. George Fitch, My Eighty Years in China , p. 115.

27. Reader’s Digest (July 1938).

28. The Smythes, letter of March 8, 1938, box 228, record group 8, Yale Divinity School Library.

29. Archives of David Magee. A copy of the article can also be found in George Fitch diary, enclosed in file from Assistant Naval Attaché E. G. Hagen to Chief of Naval Operations, March 7, 1938, National Archives.

30. James McCallum, diary entry for January 9, 1938 (copy), box 119, record group 119, Yale Divinity School Library, reprinted in Smalley, American Missionary Eyewitnesses to the Nanking Massacre , p. 43.

31. copy of George Fitch diary, entry for January 11, 1938, enclosed in file from Assistant Naval Attaché E. G. Hagen to Chief of Naval Operations, March 7, 1938, National Archives.

32. Reader’s Digest (July 1938).

33. Lewis and Margaret Smythe, letter to “Friends in God’s Country,” March 8, 1938, box 228, record group 8, Yale Divinity School Library.

34. Reader’s Digest (July 1938).

35. “Deutsche Botschaft China,” document starting on page 107, March 4, 1938, National History Archives, Republic of China.

36. Ernest Forster, letter of February 10, 1938, Ernest and Clarissa Forster Collection.

37. “Deutsche Botschaft China,” document starting on page 134, February 14, 1938, National History Archives, Republic of China.

38. “Red Machine” Japanese diplomatic messages, D(7–1269) #1129–A, boxes 1–4, record group 457, National Archives.

39. 约翰·马吉是小约翰·马吉的父亲,后者曾在加拿大皇家空军服役并写了著名的二战诗歌《高飞》(“啊!我挣脱了大地的锁链/插上了银色的翅膀,在天空中翩翩起舞……”)

40. copy of George Fitch diary, diary entry for December 24, 1937, enclosed in file from Assistant Naval Attaché E. G. Hagen to Chief of Naval Operations, March 7, 1938, National Archives, reprinted in Fitch, My Eighty Years in China , p. 98.

41. James McCallum, diary entry for December 19, 1937 (copy), box 119, record group 8, Yale Divinity School Library, reprinted in Smalley, American Missionary Eyewitnesses to the Nanking Massacre , p. 21.

42. John Magee, letter to his wife, December 31, 1937, archives of David Magee.

43. John Magee, letter to “Billy” (signed “John”), January 11, 1938, Ernest and Clarissa Forster Collection.

44. Fitch, My Eighty Years in China , p. 92.

45. copy of George Fitch diary, diary entry for December 24, 1937, enclosed in file from Assistant Naval Attaché E. G. Hagen to Chief of Naval Operations, March 7, 1938, National Archives, reprinted in Fitch, My Eighty Years in China , pp. 97–98.

46. Reader’s Digest (October 1938).

47. 一般认为,在南京大屠杀期间,约翰·马吉是唯一拥有摄像机的西方人。乔治·菲奇可能是借用这部机器拍摄了中国俘虏被抓走的镜头。约翰·马吉之子戴维·马吉仍然保存着这台他父亲当年在金陵大学医院拍摄那些镜头的摄像机。该电影的拷贝资料现在乔治·菲奇的外孙女丹耶·康登的家庭档案中、约翰·马吉的儿子戴维·马吉处和罗伯特·威尔逊的遗孀马乔里·威尔逊处。有关该电影英文解说词的摘要,参见“Deutsche Botschaft China,” document starting on page 141, German diplomatic reports, National History Archives, Republic of China.

48. Fitch, My Eighty Years in China, p. 121.

49. 作者于1997年3月27日对丹耶·康登的电话采访。

50. Ibid.

51. John Magee, letter to family, January 28, 1938, archives of David Magee.

第七章 日本占领下的南京

1. John Magee, undated letter (probably February 1938), archives of David Magee.

2. Durdin, New York Times , December 18, 1937.

3. 有关破坏情况的估计,参见Lewis Smythe, “War Damage in the Nanking Area” (June 1938),转引自Yin and Young, The Rape of Nanking, p. 232.

4. Lewis Smythe to Willard Shelton (editor of the Christian Evangelist , St. Louis), April 29, 1938, box 103, record group 8, Jarvis Collection, Yale Divinity School Library.

5. 贝德士作为目击证人在远东国际军事法庭上的证词,参见Records from the Allied Operational/Occupation Headquarters, IMTFE transcript, pp. 2636–37, entry 319, record group 331; 还可参见verdict in Tani Hisao’s trial in Nanking, reprinted in Journal of Studies of Japanese Aggression Against China (February 1991): 68.

6. Harries and Harries, Soldiers of the Sun , p. 223.

7. Hsu Shuhsi, Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone , p. 51.

8. IMTFE judgment; “German Archival Materials Reveal ‘The Great Nanking Massacre,’” Journal of Studies of Japanese Aggression Against China (May 1991); Lewis and Margaret Smythe, letter to friends, March 8, 1938, Jarvis Collection.

9. 许传音(目击证人)在远东国际军事法庭上的证词,p. 2577; A. T. Steele, “Japanese Troops Kill Thousands: ‘Four Days of Hell’ in Captured City Told by Eyewitness; Bodies Piled Five Feet High in Streets,” Chicago Daily News , December 15, 1937; James McCallum, diary entry for December 29, 1937, Yale Divinity School Library.

10. Reader’s Digest (July 1938).

11. “Deutsche Botschaft China,” document starting on page 214, German diplomatic reports, National History Archives, Republic of China; Kröger, “Days of Fate in Nanking.”

12. “Deutsche Botschaft China,” report no. 21, document starting on page 114, submitted by Chinese farmers on January 26, 1938, German diplomatic reports, National History Archives, Republic of China.

13. Bates, testimony before the IMTFE, pp. 2635–36; Kröger, “Days of Fate in Nanking.”

14. IMTFE judgment; Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy , p. 37.

15. Bates, testimony before the IMTFE, p. 2636.

16. History Committee for the Nationalist Party, Revolutionary Documents, 1987, vol. 109, p.311, Taipei, Republic of China.

17. Lewis and Margaret Smythe, letter to friends, March 8, 1938, Jarvis Collection.

18. Hsu Shuhsi, Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone , p. 14 (John Rabe to Japanese embassy, December 17, 1937, document no. 9).

19. Robert Wilson, letter to family, December 14, 1937; Bates, testimony before the IMTFE, pp. 2365–36.

20. 史密斯有关1937年12月9~15日南京所发生事件的口头陈述摘录,参见“Deutsche Botschaft China,” document starting on page 178, written in Hankow on January 1, 1938, German diplomatic reports, National History Archives, Republic of China.

21. “The Sack of Nanking: An Eyewitness Account of the Saturnalia of Butchery When the Japanese Took China’s Capital, as Told to John Maloney by an American, with 20 Years’ Service in China, Who Remained in Nanking After Its Fall,” Ken (Chicago), June 2, 1938, reprinted in Reader’s Digest (July 1938). George Fitch was the source behind this article.

22. Fitch, “Nanking Outrages,” January 10, 1938, Fitch Collection.

23. Commanding Officer to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Asiatic Fleet (letterhead marked the U.S.S. Oahu ), intelligence summary for the week ending February 20, 1938, February 21, 1938, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Division of Naval Intelligence, general correspondence, 1929–42, folder A8–21/FS#3, box 195, entry 81, record group 38, National Archives.

24. Hsu Shuhsi, Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone , p. 99. 截至1月底,南京的有些建筑已经开始供电,地势低的水龙头开始有了自来水; Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, December 29, 1937; “Work of the Nanking International Relief Committee, March 5, 1938,” Miner Searle Bates Papers, Yale Divinity School Library, p. 1;行政院宣传局新闻训练所:《南京指南》,南京新报社1938年版,第49页(Information here comes from Mark Eykholt’s unpublished dissertation at the University of California at San Diego.)。有关日本士兵屠杀发电厂工人的信息,参见 Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, December 22, 1937, p. 125; and George Fitch diary, copy enclosed in file from Assistant Naval Attaché E. G. Hagen to Chief of Naval Operations, National Archives.菲奇报道说:“如此英勇的维护发电厂运行的雇员被拉出去枪毙了,理由是发电厂是政府机构(其实不是)。日本官员天天到我的办公室,试图找到这些人以启动涡轮机进行发电。我告诉这些官员说你们自己的军队将这些人中的大部分都杀害了,这多少是一种安慰。”

25. 作者对马克·艾克浩特(就大屠杀后南京的情况写作了博士论文,该论文未发表,加利福尼亚大学圣迭戈分校)的电话采访。

26. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, February 10, 1938, p. 189.

27. Ibid., January 9, 1938, p. 149; January 12, 1938, p. 153; January 27, 1938, p. 172.

28. Ibid., January 20, 1938, p. 163.

29. “A Short Overview Describing the Self-Management Committee in Nanking, 7 March 1938,” in “Deutsche Botschaft China,” German diplomatic reports, document starting on page 103, National History Archives, Republic of China; Minnie Vautrin diary 1937–40, December 30, 1937, and January 1, 1938; IMTFE Records, court exhibits, 1948, World War II War Crimes Records Collection, box 134, entry 14, record group 238, p. 1906, National Archives; Commanding Officer C. F. Jeffs to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Asiatic Fleet (letterhead marked the U.S.S. Oahu ), intelligence summary for the week ending April 10, 1938, April 11, 1938, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Division of Naval Intelligence, general correspondence, 1929–42, folder A8–21/FS#3, box 195, entry 81, record group 38, National Archives.

30. Commanding Officer C. F. Jeffs to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Asiatic Fleet (letterhead marked the U.S.S. Oahu ), intelligence summary for the week ending April 10, 1938, April 11, 1938, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Division of Naval Intelligence, general correspondence, 1929–42, folder A8–21/FS#3, box 195, entry 81, record group 38, National Archives.

31. Ibid.; “Deutsche Botschaft China,” document dated March 4, 1938, starting on page 107, German diplomatic reports, National History Archives, Republic of China; “A Short Overview Describing the Self-Management Committee in Nanking, 7 March 1938,” in “Deutsche Botschaft China,” document no. 103.

32. “Deutsche Botschaft China,” document dated May 5, 1938, starting on page 100, German diplomatic reports, National History Archives, Republic of China.

33. “A short Overview Describing the Self-Management Committee in Nanking, 7 March 1938,” in ibid., document starting on page 103.

34. Ibid.

35. 有关毒品交易的信息,参见 Bates, testimony before the IMTFE, pp. 2649–54, 2658.

36. Elizabeth Curtis Wright, My Memoirs (Bridgeport, Conn.: Winthrop Corp., 1973), box 222, Yale Divinity School Library.

37. “Deutsche Botschaft China,” document dated March 4, 1938, starting on page 107, German diplomatic reports, National History Archives, Republic of China.

38. 作者于1995年7月26日在南京对幸存者唐顺山的采访。

39. Sheldon Harris, Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare , 1932–1945, and the American Cover-up (London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 102–12.

40. “From California to Szechuan, 1938,” Albert Steward diary, entry for December 20, 1939, private collection of Leland R. Steward.

41. Lewis Smythe, “War Damage in the Nanking Area,” pp. 20–24; Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, May 5, 1938.

42. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, May 21, 1938; “Notes on the Present Situation, March 21, 1938,” p. 1, Fitch Collection, Yale Divinity School Library.

43. 作者对马克·艾克浩特的电话采访。

44. 同上。尽管日本对其他城市发动致命的生物战争,但很显然,他们却采取积极的措施,防止像南京这样的占领区出现流行病,这或许是由于日本侨民住在这个地方的原因。

45. 作者对安吉·米尔斯进行的电话采访。

46. letter dated February 12, 1939, by unidentified author, Forster Collection, RG 8, Box 263, Yale Divinity School Library.

47. 作者对马克·艾克浩特的电话采访。

48. Ibid.

49. 作者对幸存者的采访。

第八章 审判日

1. 《中国战争罪行军事法庭对谷寿夫的判决书,1947年3月10日》,载《日本侵华研究》,1991年2月,第68页。

2. 徐志耕:《南京大屠杀》,江苏文艺出版社1994年版,第219、223、226、228页。

3. 1995年7月25日,江苏电视台第1频道关于吴旋和罗瑾的电视纪录片。

4. 徐志耕:《南京大屠杀》,第215–216页

5. Ibid., pp. 218–30.

6. 有关远东国际军事法庭上的统计数据,参见Arnold Brackman, The Other Nuremberg: The Untold Story of the Tokyo War Crimes Trials (New York: Morrow, 1987), pp.9, 18, 22; World War II magazine, January 1996, p. 6.

7. Ibid., p. 9.

8. IMTFE transcript.

9. Ken Ringle, “Still Waiting for an Apology: Historian Gavan Daws Calling Japan on War Crimes,” Washington Post , March 16, 1995;作者通过电话和电子邮件与加万·道斯(Gavan Daws)的交流。根据道斯的研究,日军拘押盟军战俘的总死亡率为27%,其中美国人死亡率是34%、澳大利亚人33%、英国人32%、荷兰人低于20%。与之相比,德国人拘押的盟军战俘的总死亡率不足4%。更为详细的信息,参见Gavan Daws, Prisoners of the Japanese: POWs of World War II in the Pacific (New York: Morrow, 1994), pp.360–61, 437.

10. Brackman, The Other Nuremberg , p. 182.

11. IMTFE judgment.

12. IMTFE judgment.

13. Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy , pp. 3–4.

14. Ibid., p. 47.

15. IMTFE judgment, p. 1001.

16. Buruma, The Wages of Guilt , p. 175; Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy , pp. 45–48.

17. 有关中岛今朝吾的情况,参见Kimura Kuninori, Koseiha shogun Nakajima Kesago [Nakajima Kesago, General of the Individualist Faction] . Tokyo: Kôjinsha, 1987.

18. 有关柳川平助的情况,参见Sugawara Yutaka, Yamatogokoro: Fukumen shogun Yanagawa Heisuke Seidan [Spirit of Japan: Elevated Conversation from the Masked Shogun Yanagawa Heisuke] . Tokyo: Keizai Oraisha, 1971, p. 166. (Mention of his death by heart attack on January 22, 1945, is on p. 234.)

19. Herbert Bix, “The Showa Emperor’s ‘Monologue’ and the Problem of War Responsibility.” The Journal of Japanese Studies , summer 1992, vol. 18, no. 2, p. 330.

20. 作者对中国研究所的约翰·杨(John Young)的采访。1957年,杨是乔治城大学的教授。当时,一些学者获准将一批美国占领军于1945年缴获的日本陆军部和海军部的档案文件制作成缩微胶卷,杨就是其中的一位学者。第二年,美国政府突然决定要将那些资料交还给日本——杨和其他学者对此极为震惊。(杨回忆道:“我告诉你,我当时不是吃惊,而是目瞪口呆!”)由于这个决定,这些文件在1958年2月装箱归还日本之前,只有一小部分被制作成缩微胶卷。杨说,他一生最大的遗憾就是没有料到美国的这个决定,要不然,他和其他学者会抓紧时间拍摄下其中最重要的文件。归还这些资料的背后细节很神秘,至今都使参与制作缩微胶卷的历史学家感到困惑。曾在国会图书馆任职的埃德温·比尔(Edwin Beal)1997年在接受一次电话采访时说:“这是我永远无法明白的事情。他们告诉我们说归还这些文件是高层策略,不应受到质疑。”数年后,约翰·杨听到传言说,这些归还日本的文件被日本政府用于肃清他们队伍中那些对战时体制不忠的人。

21. 为了公平起见,必须指出的是,伯格米尼书中所指出的许多事实是准确无误的,他在研究过程中的发现为“二战”历史学家提供了许多重要的日语文献。因此,学者们常常会发现《天皇的阴谋》有重要价值——尽管它有缺陷且较为混乱。

22. W. Morton, Tanaka Giichi and Japan’s China Policy (Folkestone, Kent, Eng.: Dawson, 1980), p. 205; Harries and Harries, pp. 162–63.

23. 拉纳·米特于1997年7月17日给作者的信。

24. 有关赫伯特·比克斯观点的信息来自作者对比克斯的电话采访。

25. “A Royal Denunciation of Horrors: Hirohito’s Brother——an Eyewitness——Assails Japan’s Wartime Brutality,” Los Angeles Times , July 9, 1994; Merrill Goozner, “New Hirohito Revelations Startle Japan: Emperor’s Brother Says He Reported WWII China Atrocities to Him in 1944; National Doubts Them Now,” Chicago Tribune , July 7, 1994; Daily Yomiuri, July 6, 1994, p. 7.

26. Daily Yomiuri , July 6, 1994, p. 7.

27. Goozner, “New Hirohito Revelations Startle Japan,” Chicago Tribune , July 7, 1994.

28. Asahi , Tokyo edition, December 15, 1937.

29. Ibid.

30. Asahi, Tokyo edition, February 27, 1938.

31. Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy , p. 46.有关朝香宫发展高尔夫球场的资料,参见Daijinmei Jiten [The Expanded Biographical Encyclopedia] (Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1955), vol. 9, p. 16.

第九章 幸存者的命运

1. 作者对卡伦·帕克的电话采访。有关帕克对强行法方面的法律分析以及日本对“二战”受害者的债务问题,参见Karen Parker and Lyn Beth Neylon, “Jus Cogens: Compelling the Law of Human Rights,” Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 12, no. 2 (Winter 1989): 411–63; Karen Parker and Jennifer F. Chew, “Compensation for Japan’s World War II War-Rape Victims,” Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 17, no. 3 (Spring 1994): 497–549。

在日本侵华58周年的一次学术研讨会上,学者们鼓励中国受害者向日本索赔。哥伦比亚大学的唐德刚教授说,受害者要求日本赔偿是有先例的——该先例正是日本人自己所创下的,在清朝,日本伙同其他7个国家侵略中国,要求清政府支付赔款并得逞。根据历史学家吴天威的说法,中国受害者根据国际法有权得到这些赔款;Lillian Wu, “Demand Reparations from Japan, War Victims Told,” Central News Agency, July 7, 1994。

2. 作者对一名幸存者的采访(按照其要求略去姓名)。

3. 作者于1995年7月29日在南京对刘芳华的采访。

4. 作者对戴维·马吉的电话采访。

5. 作者对菲奇·斯瓦普的电话采访;Fitch, My Eighty Years in China , p. 125.菲奇在该书中描述了自己记忆力丧失的问题以及看神经医生的情况:“令我大感宽慰的是,医生检查报告显示我的大脑没有问题;我只是神经疲劳。我过去一直生活在紧张状态下,当然,对南京的恐怖记忆可能也与此有关。”

6. Marjorie Wilson, telephone interview with the author.

7. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, April 14, 1940, p. 526.

8. Minnie Vautrin, diary 1937–40, handwritten note on the bottom of the last page.

9. 关于魏特琳返回美国的旅途情况、她接受电击治疗、与家人的最后联系以及自杀的情况,来自作者对艾玛·莱昂的电话采访。

10. 关于拉贝在南京的最后岁月,参见Minnie Vautrin, diary 1938–40, February 21, 1928, entry, p. 199; George Rosen report “Deutsche Botschaft China,” document no. 122, National History Archives, Republic of China.

11. Peake and Rosenbaum oral history interview with Smythe.

12. Martha Begemann, letter to the author, April 26, 1996.

13. 有关拉贝将南京暴行公之于众的努力,以及他回国后的厄运,来自赖因哈特1996~1997年给作者的信。

14. Ursula Reinhardt, letter to author, April 27, 1996, p. 2. 191.

15. 约翰·拉贝1945~1946年的日记,赖因哈特在1996年9月18日给我的信中将其翻译为英文。

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., April 18, 1946.

19. Ibid., April 18, 1946.

20. Ibid., April 18, 1946.

21. Ibid., June 7, 1946.

22. Ibid., June 7, 1946.

23. 《人民日报》,1996年12月25日,第6版。

24. 根据赖因哈特的说法,米尔斯一家也曾寄给拉贝食物包裹,这些食物治愈了拉贝因营养不良导致的皮肤病。

25. 同上; 还可参见赖因哈特1996年4月27日给作者的信; 以及《人民日报》,1996年12月27日。

26. 《人民日报》,1996年12月25日。

27. Ursula Reinhardt, letter to the author, April 27, 1996.

28. 《人民日报》,1996年12月27日。

29. 作者对赖因哈特的电话采访。

30. Peter Kröger, letter to the author, October 23, 1996.

31. Kröger, “Days of Fate in Nanking.”

32. 《人民日报》,1996年12月27日。

33. Ursula Reinhardt, presentation, December 12, 1996, New York City; Reinhardt, telephone interview with the author.

34. Ursula Reinhardt, letter to the author, December 3, 1996.

35. 作者对邵子平的电话采访。

36. David Chen, “At the Rape of Nanking: A Nazi Who Saved Lives,” New York Times, December 12, 1996, p. A3.

37. Asahi Shimbun, December 8, 1996.

38. Ibid.

第十章 被遗忘的大屠杀:再次凌辱

1. “Playboy interview: Shintaro Ishihara——candid conversation,” David Sheff, interviewer, Playboy , October 1990, vol. 37, no. 10, p. 63.

2. Yoshi Tsurumi, “Japan Makes Efforts to Be Less Insular,” New York Times , December 25, 1990.

3. Reprinted in Journal of Studies of Japanese Agression Against China (February 1991): 71.

4. John Magee, letter to “Billy” (signed “John”), January 11, 1938, Ernest and Clarissa Forster Collection.

5. Ibid.

6. Sebastian Moffet, “Japan Justice Minister Denies Nanking Massacre,” Reuters, May 4, 1994.

7. 有关永野茂门的肖像被焚烧以及在其日本大使馆前被投掷鸡蛋的报道,可参见Reuters, May 6, 1994. 有关永野茂门辞职的信息,参见Miho Yoshikawa, “Japan Justice Minister Quits over WWII Gaffe,” Reuters, May 7, 1994.

8. Karl Schoenberger, “Japan Aide Quits over Remark on WWII,” Los Angeles Times , May 14, 1988.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Mainichi Daily News , August 17, 1994.

14. Kyoto News Service, August 13, 1994.

15. Ibid.

16. Robert Orr, “Hashimoto’s War Remarks Reflect the Views of Many of His Peers,” Tokyo Keizai , December 13, 1994.

17. “Japanese Official Apologizes,” Associated Press, January 28, 1997.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid.

20. Hugh Gurdon, “Japanese War Record Goes into History,” Daily Telegraph , April 20, 1994.

21. New York Times , November 3, 1991.1991年12月3日,心理学教授山路小广(Hiroko Yamaji)告诉作者,甚至连日本的大学生也问他同样的问题:美国和日本究竟是谁赢得了第二次世界大战?(1997年3月30日在旧金山的一次研讨会上对山路教授的采访)。

22. Brackman, The Other Nuremberg , p. 27.

23. 有关家永三郎的教科书及审查者的意见,来自“Truth in Textbooks, Freedom in Education and Peace for Children: The Struggle Against the Censorship of School Textbooks in Japan” (booklet) (Tokyo: National League for Support of the School Textbook Screening Suit, 2nd. ed., June 1995).

24. Buruma, The Wages of Guilt, p. 196.

25. David Sanger, “A Stickler for History, Even If It’s Not Very Pretty,” New York Times, May 27, 1993.

26. Shukan Asahi, August 13, 1982, p. 20.

27. 藤尾辞职前后,有关日本教科书如何处理南京大屠杀问题的信息,来自Ronald E. Yates,“‘Emperor’ Film Keeps Atrocity Scenes in Japan,” Chicago Tribune, January 23, 1988。

28. Mainichi Daily News, May 30, 1994. 1997年8月29日,家永三郎对文部省起诉的三起案件中的最后一起取得了部分胜利。日本最高法院责令中央政府赔付家永三郎400 000日元,并做出判决:文省部强迫家永三郎从教科书中删除第二次世界大战期间日本731部队进行人体试验的参考资料,是一种滥用权力的行为。但是,日本最高法院仍旧支持教科书审查制度,认为它没有违反言论自由、学术自由和受教育的权利,是受日本宪法保护的(Japan Times , August 29, 1997)。

29. The military historian Noboru Kojima, quoted in New York Times , November 3, 1991.

30. Quoted in Sonni Efron, “Defender of Japan’s War Past,” Los Angeles Times , May 9, 1997.

31. Charles Smith, “One Man’s Crusade: Kenji Ono Lifts the Veil on the Nanking Massacre,” Far Eastern Economic Review , August 25, 1994.

32. Ono Kenji, Fujiwara Akira, and Honda Katsuichi, ed., Nankin Daigyakusatsu o kirokushita Kogun heishitachi: daijusan Shidan Yamda Shitai heishi no jinchu nikki. [Soldiers of the Imperial Army Who Recorded the Nanking Massacre: Battlefield Journals of Soldiers from the 13th Division Yamada Detachment] (Tokyo: Otsuki Shoten, 1996).

33. Yates, “ ‘Emperor’ Film Keeps Atrocity Scenes in Japan.”

34. Ibid.

35. 大部分关于“假象派”和“存在派”的争论、偕行社的调查和松井石根日记的篡改的信息,都来自Yang Daqing, “A Sino-Japanese Controversy: The Nanjing Atrocity as History,” Sino-Japanese Studies 3, no. 1 (November 1990).

36. Quoted in Buruma, The Wages of Guilt , p. 119.

37. Ibid., pp. 121–22.

38. Yang Daqing, “A Sino-Japanese Controversy: The Nanjing Atrocity as History,” Sino-Japanese Studies vol. 3, no. 1 (November 1990): 23.

39. Ibid.

40. Catherine Rosair, “For One Veteran, Emperor Visit Should Be Atonement,” Reuters, October 15, 1992.

41、Buruma, The Wages of Guilt , pp. 249–50.

结语

1. Rummel, China’s Bloody Century , p. 139.

2. Quoted in Wilson, When Tigers Fight , p. 61.

3. Jules Archer, Mao Tse-tung (New York: Hawthorne, 1972), p. 95.

4. Rummel, China’s Bloody Century , p. 139.

5. Ibid., p. 138.

6. Ibid., pp. 140–41.

7. bid., pp. 149, 150, 164.

8. George Hicks, The Comfort Women (New York: Norton, 1994), p. 43.

9. Nicholas Kristof, “A Japanese Generation Haunted by Its Past,” New York Times , January 22, 1997.

10. Tanaka Yuki, Hidden Horrors , p. 203.

11. Xiaowu Xingnan, Invasion——Testimony from a Japanese Reporter , p. 59.

12. 徐志耕:《南京大屠杀》,第74页。

13. Azuma Shiro diary, March 24, 1938.

14. 荒木将军的演讲,转引自Maruyama Masao, “Differences Between Nazi and Japanese Leaders,” in Japan 1931–1945: Militarism, Facism, Japanism? , ed. Ivan Morris (Boston: D. C. Heath, 1963), p. 44.

15. Joanna Pitman, “Repentance,” New Republic , February 10, 1992.

16. Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy , p. 10.

17. Toshio Iritani, Group Psychology of the Japanese in Wartime (London and New York: Kegan Paul International, 1991), p. 290.

18. R. J. Rummel, Death by Government (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1995), pp. 1–2.

19. 有关战后德国政府赔款的信息来自纽约的德国信息中心。

20. “Japan Military Buildup a Mistake, Romulo Says,” UPI, December 30, 1982.

21. Barry Schweid, AP, April 9, 1997.

22. 威廉·利宾斯基(William Lipinski)起草的一个决议,副本可以从其办公室得到,也可从网站上获得,网址为:www.sjwar.org。

23. Chinese American Forum 12, no. 3 (Winter 1997): 17.

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