参考书目
这是我除了在致谢中注明的私人和官方的档案和收藏外的参考书目。它只包含出版物，并且仅限于我使用的那些：我在过程中参考的，特别是为了写这本书而参考的已出版的作品。因此，在我所列举的条目中，有整整一半出现在注释中；那些没有出现在注释中的，很多都出现在我早期的手稿笔记中。
这个书目并未囊括我所关注的主题——在欧洲世界政治的背景下看待现代中东的产生（1914—1922）——已出版的全部作品。这样一份参考书目，如果恰当地组织起来，本身就能构成一本书。它将包括大量相关的和有价值的作品，其中一些我读过，另一些没有，因为我在写这本书的时候没有机会翻阅或重新翻阅它们，所以它们没有出现在下面。
Abd Allah ibn Hussein,Memoirs of King Abdullah of Transjordan,ed.by Philip P.Graves(London:Jonathan Cape,1950).
______,My Memoirs Completed “Al Takmilah,” trans.by Harold W.Glidden (London and New York:Longman,1978).
Abdullah,Muhammad Morsy,The United Arab Emirates:A Modern History (New York:Barnes & Noble,1978).
Adelson,Roger,Mark Sykes:Portrait of an Amateur (London:Jonathan Cape,1975).
Ahmad,Feroz,The Young Turks:The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics,1908–1914 (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1969).
Ajami,Fouad,The Vanished Imam:Musa al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon (Ithaca and London:Cornell University Press,1986).
Allworth,Edward (ed.),Central Asia:A Century of Russian Rule (New York:Columbia University Press,1967).
Amery,L.S.,The Leo Amery Diaries,Vol.I,1896–1919,edited by John Barnes and David Nicholson (London,Melbourne,Sydney,Auckland,and Johannesburg:Hutchinson,1980).
______,My Political Life,Vol.2,War and Peace:1914–1929 (London:Hutchinson,1953).
Anderson,M.S.,The Eastern Question,1774–1923:A Study in International Relations(London and Basingstoke:Macmillan Press,1966).
Andrew,Christopher M.,and Kanya-Forstner,A.S.,The Climax of French Imperial Expansion:1914–1924 (Stanford:Standford University Press,1981).
Antonius,George,The Arab Awakening:The Story of the Arab National Movement (New York:Capricorn Books,1965).
Arslanian,Artin H.,“Dunsterville’s Adventures:A Reappraisal,” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies (1980).
Asquith,H.H.,Letters to Venetia Stanley,ed.by Michael and Eleanor Brock (Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press,1982).
Asquith,Margot,The Autobiography,ed.by Mark Bonham Carter (London:Methuen,1985).
Baedeker,Karl,Palestine and Syria:With Routes through Mesopotamia and Babylon and the Island of Cyprus:Handbook For Travellers,5th edn,remodelled and augmented(Leipzig:Karl Baedeker,1912).
Bagehot,Walter,The Collected Works,Vol.8 (London:The Economist,1974).
Bailey,Lt.-Col.F.M.,Mission to Tashkent (London:Jonathan Cape,1946).
Baker,Leonard,Brandeis and Frankfurter:A Dual Biography (New York:Harper & Row,1984).
Baker,Ray Stannard,Woodrow Wilson,Life and Letters,Princeton,1890–1910 (Garden City:Doubleday,Page,1927).
______,Woodrow Wilson,Life and Letters,War Leader,April 6,1917–February 28,1918(New York:Doubleday,Doran,1939).
Beaverbrook,Lord,The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George:And Great Was the Fall Thereof (London:Collins,1963).
______,Men and Power:1917–1918 (London:Hutchinson,1956).
______,Politicians and the War,1914–1916 (London:Oldbourne Book Co.,1960).
Bein,Alex,Theodore Herzl:A Biography,trans.by Maurice Samuel (Philadelphia:The Jewish Publication Society of America,1941).
Bell,Gertrude,The Arab War:Confidential Information for General Headquarters from Gertrude Bell,Being Despatches Reprinted from the Secret “Arab Bulletin” (Great Britain:The Golden Cockerell Press,n.d.).
Bidwell,Robin,Travellers in Arabia (London,New York,Sydney,and Toronto:Hamlyn,1976).
Blake,Robert,Disraeli (New York:St Martin’s Press,1967).
______,The Unknown Prime Minister:The Life and Times of Andrew Bonar Law,1858–1918 (London:Eyre & Spottiswoode,1955).
Bodley,Ronald,and Hearst,Lorna,Gertrude Bell (New York:Macmillan,1940).
Bonham Carter,Violet,Winston Churchill as I Knew Him (London:Eyre & Spottiswoode and Collins,1965).
Bourne,Kenneth,The Foreign Policy of Victorian England,1830–1902 (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1970).
______,Palmerston:The Early Years,1784–1841 (New York:Macmillan,1982).
Bourne,K.C.,and Watt,D.C.(eds.),Studies in International History (London:Longman,1967).
Braddon,Russell,The Siege (New York:Viking Press,1969).
Brandeis,Louis D.,Letters of Louis D.Brandeis,Vol.IV,(1916–1921):Mr.Justice Brandeis,ed.by Melvin I.Urofsky and David W.Levy (Albany:State University of New York Press,1975).
Brémond,General Ed.,Le Hedjaz dans la guerre mondiale (Paris:Payot,1931).
Brockelmann,Carl,History of the Islamic Peoples,trans.by Joel Carmichael and Moshe Perlmann (New York:G.P.Putnam’s Sons,1947).
Brown,L.Carl,International Politics and the Middle East:Old Rules,Dangerous Game(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1984).
Buchan,John,Memory Hold-The-Door (London:Hodder and Stoughton,1940).
Bullard,Sir Reader,Britain and the Middle East,from Earliest Times to 1963,3rd rev.edn (London:Hutchinson University Library,1964).
Busch,Briton Cooper,Britain,India,and the Arabs,1914–1921 (Berkeley,Los Angeles,and London:University of California Press,1971).
Bryant,Louise,Mirrors of Moscow (New York:T.Seltzer,1923).
Cain,P.J.,Economic Foundations of British Overseas Expansion,1815–1914 (London and Basingstoke:Macmillan,1980).
Campbell,John,F.E.Smith:First Earl of Birkenhead (London:Jonathan Cape,1983).
Caroe,Olaf,Soviet Empire:The Turks of Central Asia and Stalinism,2nd edn (New York:St Martin’s Press,1967).
Carr,Edward Hallet,The Bolshevik Revolution,1917–1923,Vol.3 (Harmondsworth:Penguin Books,1966).
______,The Russian Revolution:From Lenin To Stalin (1917–1929) (London and Basingstoke:Macmillan,1979).
Carrere d’Encausse,H.,Reforme et revolution chez les Musulmans de l’empire Russe,Bukhara 1867–1924 (Paris:Armand Colin,1968).
Cassar,George H.,Kitchener:Architect of Victory (London:William Kimber,1977).
Cassels,Lavender,The Struggle for the Ottoman Empire:1717–1740 (New York:Thomas Y.Crowell,1967).
Cecil,Algernon,Queen Victoria and Her Prime Ministers (London:Eyre & Spottiswoode,1953).
Cecil,Lord Edward,The Leisure of an Egyptian Offici (London:Hodder and Stoughton,1921).
Cecil,Lady Gwendolen,Life of Robert Marquis of Salisbury,4 Vols (London:Hodder and Stoughton,1921–32).
Chirol,Sir Valentine,“The Downfall of the Khalifate,” Foreign Affairs(15 June 1924).
______,“Islam and Britain,” Foreign Affair (15 March 1923).
Churchill,Randolph S.,Winston S.Churchill,Vol.2,1901–1914,Young Statesman(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1967).
______,Companion Vol.2,Part 3,1911–1914 (Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1969).
Churchill,Winston S.,The Aftermath:Being a Sequel to the World Crisis (London:Macmillan,1941).
______,Great Contemporaries (London and Glasgow:Fontana,1959).
______,The World Crisis:1911–1914, 4 Vols (London:Thornton Butterworth,1923–1927).
Clayton,G.D.,Britain and the Eastern Question:Missolonghi to Gallipoli (London:University of London Press,1971).
Coles,Paul,The Ottoman Impact on Europe (Harcourt,Brace & World,1968).
Cooper,Duff,Old Men Forget (New York:E.P.Dutton,1954).
Cottrell,Alvin J.(ed.),The Persian Gulf States:A General Survey (Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1980).
Cottrell,P.L.,British Overseas Investment in the Nineteenth Century (London and Basingstoke:Macmillan Press,1975).
Craig,Gordon A.,Germany,1866–1945 (New York:Oxford University Press,1978).
Craig,Gordon A.,and Gilbert,Felix (eds.),The Diplomats (Princeton:Princeton University Press,1953).
Cruttwell,C.R.M.F.,A History of the Great War,2nd edn (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1936).
Curzon,George N.,Persia and the Persian Question,Vol.1 (London:Frank Cass,1966).
Darwin,John,Britain,Egypt,and the Middle East:Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of War,1918–1922 (New York:St Martin’s Press,1981).
Davis,H.W.C.,“The Great Game in Asia:1800–1814,” Raleigh Lecture on History(London:British Academy,1926).
Dawn,C.Ernest,From Ottomanism to Arabism:Essays on the Origins of Arab Nationalism (Urbana,Chicago,and London:University of Illinois Press,1973).
de Chair,Somerset,The Golden Carpet (London:Golden Cockerell Press,1943).
de Lange,Nicholas,Atlas of the Jewish World (New York:Facts on File,1984).
Djemal Pasha,Ahmed,Memories of a Turkish Statesman:1913–1919 (New York:George H.Doran,1922).
______,La Verité Sur La Question Syrienne (Stamboul:IVieme Armée,1916).
Dockrill,Michael L.,and Goold,J.Douglas,Peace without Promise:Britain and the Peace Conferences,1919–1923 (London:Batsford Academic and Educational,1981).
Doughty,Charles M.,Travels in Arabia Deserta,with an Introduction by T.E.Lawrence,2 Vols (New York:Dover Publications,1979).
Dugdale,Blanche E.C.,Arthur James Balfour,2 Vols (New York:G.P.Putman’s Sons,1937).
Dyer,Gwynne,“The Turkish Armistice of 1918,” Middle Eastern Studies (May and October 1972)
Earle,Edward Meade (ed.),Makers of Modern Strategy:Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler (Princeton:Princeton University Press,1943).
Elekdag,Sukru,“Armenians vs.Turks:The View from Istanbul,” Wall Street Journal,21 September 1983.
______,Letter to the Editor,New York Times,11 May 1983.
Ellis,C.H.,The Transcaspian Episode:1918–1919 (London:Hutchinson,1963).
Emin,Ahmed,Turkey in the World War (New Haven:Yale University Press,1930).Encyclopaedia Britannica,11th edn,s.v.
—— “Arabs”
—— “Constantinople”
—— “Hejaz”
—— “Jews”
—— “Mecca”
—— “Palestine”
— “Russia”
—— “Syria”
—— “Turkey”
Encyclopaedia Britannica,12th edn,s.v.
—— “Afghanistan”
—— “Egypt”
—— “Kitchener”
—— “Turkey:Nationalist”
—— “Turkish Campaigns”
—— “World War”
Encyclopaedia Britannica,14th edn,s.v.
—— “Guerrilla”
—— “Influenza
Ensor,R.C.K.,England:1870–1914 (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1936).
Evans,Laurence,United States Policy and the Partition Of Turkey,1914–1924 (Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1965).
Eversley,Lord,The Turkish Empire,from 1288 to 1914 (New York:Howard Fertig,1969).
Farwell,Byron,Queen Victoria’s Little Wars (New York:Harper & Row,1972).
Fischer,Fritz,Germany’s Aims in the First World War (New York:W.W.Norton,1967).
FitzHerbert,Margaret,The Man Who Was Greenmantle:A Biography of Aubrey Herbert(London:John Murray,1983).
Fitzpatrick,Sheila,The Russian Revolution (Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press,1982).
Fraser,T.G.,The Middle East,1914–1979 (London:Edward Arnold,1980).
Friedman,Isaiah,Germany,Turkey,and Zionism:1897–1918 (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1977).
______,The Question of Palestine,1914–1918,British-Jewish-Arab Relations (London:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1973).
Fromkin,David,“The Great Game in Asia,” Foreign Affair (spring 1980).
______,The Independence of Nations (New York:Praeger,1981).
Fussell,Paul,The Great War and Modern Memory (New York and London:Oxford University Press,1975).
Gelfand,Lawrence E.,The Inquiry:American Preparation for Peace,1917–1919 (New Haven and London:Yale University Press,1963).
Gellner,Ernest,Muslim Society (Cambridge,London,New York,New Rochelle,Melbourne,and Sydney:Cambridge University Press,1981).
Gilbert,Martin,Atlas of British History (Dorset Press,1984).
______,Atlas of the First World War (Dorset Press,1984).
______,Atlas of Jewish History (Dorset Press,1984).
______,Atlas of Russian History (Dorset Press,1984).
______,Jerusalem:Rebirth of a City (New York:Viking,1985).
______,Winston S.Churchill,Vol.3,1914–1916,The Challenge of War (Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1971).
______,Companion Vol.3,Part 1,July 1914–April 1915 (Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1973).
______,Companion Vol.3,Part 2,May 1915–December 1916 (Boston:Houghton Mifflin 1973).
______,Winston S.Churchill,Vol.4,1916–1922,The Stricken World (Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1975).
______,Companion Vol.4,Part 1,January 1917–June 1919 (Boston:Houghton Mifflin 1978).
______,Companion Vol.4,Part 2,July 1919–March 1921 (Boston:Houghton Mifflin 1978).
______,Companion Vol.4,Part 3,April 1921–November 1922 (Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1978).
______,Winston S.Churchill,Vol.5,1922–1939,The Prophet of Truth (Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1977).
______,Companion Vol.5,Part 1,The Exchequer Years,1922–1929 (Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1981).
Gleason,John Howes,The Genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain:A Study of the Interaction of Policy and Opinion (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1950).
Goerlitz,Walter,History of the German General Staff:1657–1945,trans.by Brian Battershaw (New York:Praeger,1953).
Gooch,G.P.,and Temperley,Harold (eds.),British Documents on the Origins of the War,1898–1914,11 Vols in 13 (New York:Johnson reprint corp.,1967).
Grenville,J.A.S.,Lord Salisbury and Foreign Policy:the Close of the Nineteenth Century (London:Athlone Press,1964).
______,The Major International Treaties 1914–1973:A History and Guide with Texts(New York:Stein and Day,1975).
Grey of Falloden,Viscount,Twenty-Five Years,1892–1916 (London:Hodder &Stoughton,1925).
Grigg,John,Lloyd George,3 Vols to date (London:Eyre Methuen,1973–78,and Methuen,1985).
Grousset,Rene,The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia,translated by Naomi Walford (New Brunswick,New Jersey:Rutgers University Press,1970).
Guedalla,Philip,Men of Affair (London:Hodder and Stoughton,n.d.).
Hambis,Louis (ed.),L’Asie Centrale:histoire et civilisation (Paris:Collège de France,Imprimerie nationale,1977).
Hamilton,Sir Ian,Gallipoli Diary,2 Vols (London:Edward Arnold,1920).
Hancock,W.K.,Smuts,2 Vols (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1962–68).
Headrick,Daniel R.,The Tools of Empire:Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1981).
Heathcote,T.A.,The Afghan Wars:1839–1919 (London,Osprey,1980).
Heller,Joseph,British Policy Towards the Ottoman Empire,1908–1914 (London:Frank Cass,1983).
______,“Sir Louis Mallet and the Ottoman Empire:The Road to War,” Middle Eastern Studies (January 1976).
Helmreich,Paul C.,From Paris to Sèvres:The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920 (Columbus:Ohio State University Press,1974).
Helms,Christine Moss,The Cohesion of Saudi Arabia:Evolution of Political Identity(Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1981).
Hemingway,Ernest,By-Line:Ernest Hemingway,ed.by William White (New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1967).
Henry,G.A.,With Kitchener In The Soudan:A Story of Atbara and Omdurman (New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1902).
Herzl,Theodor,A Jewish State:An Attempt at a Modern Solution of the Jewish Question,revised by J.de Haas from the translation of Sylvie D’Avigdor (New York:Maccabaean Publishing,1904).
Hess,Moses,Rome and Jerusalem:A Study in Jewish Nationalism,translated by Meyer Waxman (New York:Bloch Publishing,1945).
Hill,Stephen,“Gertrude Bell (1968–1926):A selection from the photographic archive of an archaeologist and traveller” (Department of Archaeology,The University of Newcastle Upon Tyne,1977).
Hinsley,F.H.(ed.),British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey (Cambridge,New York,and Melbourne:Cambridge University Press,1977).
Hirszowicz,L.,“The Sultan and the Khedive,1892–1908,” Middle Eastern Studies(October 1972).
Holden,David,and Johns,Richard,The House of Saud:The Rise and Fall of the Most Powerful Dynasty in the Arab World (New York:Holt,Rinehart & Winston,1981).
Hough,Richard,The Great War at Sea:1914–1918 (Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press,1983).
Hourani,Albert,The Emergence of the Modern Middle East (Berkeley,Los Angeles,and London:University of California Press,1981).
______,Europe and The Middle East (Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press,1980).
______,(ed.),Middle Eastern Affairs:Number Fou,St Antony’s Papers,no.17 (London:Oxford University Press,1965).
House,Edward Mandell,and Seymour,Charles (eds.),What Really Happened at Paris:The Story of the Peace Conference,1918–1919 (New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1921).
Housepian,Marjorie,Smyrna 1922:The Destruction of a City (London:Faber and Faber1972).
Hoving,Thomas,Tutankhamun:The Untold Story (New York:Simon and Schuster,1978).
Howard,Harry N.,The Partition of Turkey:A Diplomatic History,1913–1923 (New York:Howard Fertig,1966).
______,Turkey,the Straits and U.S.Policy (Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1974).
Hunt,Barry,and Preston,Adrian,War Aims and Strategic Policy in the Great War,1914–1918 (London:Croom Helm,and Totowa,N.J.:Rowman and Littlefield,1977).
Hurewitz,J.C.,Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East:A Documentary Record:1914–1956,2 Vols (Princeton,Toronto,London,and New York:D.Van Nostrand,1956).
Hyde,H.Montgomery,Carson (Melbourne,London,and Toronto:William Heinemann,1953).
Ingram,Edward,The Beginnings of the Great Game in Asia,1828–1834 (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1979).
______,Commitment to Empire:Prophecies of the Great Game in Asia,1797–1800(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1981).
Ingrams,Doreen (ed.),Palestine Papers,1917–1922,Seeds of Conflict (London:John Murray,1972).
Issawi,Charles,The Economic History of Turkey:1800–1914 (Chicago and London:University of Chicago Press,1980).
Jabotinsky,Vladimir,The Story of the Jewish Legion,translated by Samuel Katz (New York:Bernard Ackerman,1945).
Jenkins,Roy,Asquith:Portrait of a Man and an Era (New York:E.P.Dutton,1966).
Jones,Thomas,Lloyd George (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1951).
Kazemzadeh,Firuz,The Struggle for Transcaucasia (1917–1921) (New York:Philosophical Library,and Oxford:George Ronald,1951).
Kedourie,Elie,Arabic Political Memoirs and Other Studies (London:Frank Cass,1974).
______,The Chatham House Version and Other Middle-Eastern Studies (London:Weidenfield and Nicolson,1970).
______,The Chatham House Version and Other Middle-Eastern Studies,New Edition(Hanover and London:University Press of New England,1984).
______,England and the Middle East:The Destruction of the Ottoman Empire,1914–1921 (Hassocks,Sussex:The Harvester Press,1978).
______,“From Clerk to Clerk:Writing Diplomatic History,” The American Scholar(Autumn 1979).
______,In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth:The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpreters,1914–1939 (Cambridge,London,New York,and Melbourne:Cambridge University Press,1976).
______,Islam in the Modern World and Other Studies (New York:Holt,Rinehart &Winston,1981).
______,“The Surrender of Medina,January 1919,” Middle Eastern Studies (January 1977).
______,(ed.),The Jewish World:History and Culture of the Jewish People (New York:Harry N.Abrams,1979).
Keep,John L.H.,The Russian Revolution:A Study in Mass Mobilization (London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson,1976).
Kelly,J.B.,Arabia,the Gulf and the West (New York:Basic Books,1980).
Kennan,George F.,Soviet-American Relations,1917–1920,2 Vols (Princeton:Princeton University Press,1956–58).
Kennedy,A.L.,Salisbury 1830–1903:Portrait of a Statesman (London:John Murray,1953).
Kennedy,Paul,“A Historian of Imperial Decline Looks at America,” International Herald Tribune,3 November 1982.
______,The Realities Behind Diplomacy:Background Influences on British External Policy,1865–1980 (Glasgow:Fontana,1981).
______,The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism:1860–1914 (London:George Allen& Unwin,1980).
______,Strategy and Diplomacy 1870–1945:Eight Studies (London:George Allen &Unwin,1983).
Kent,Marian,Oil and Empire:British Policy and Mesopotamian Oil,1900–1920 (London and Basingstoke:Macmillan Press,1976).
Kettle,Michael,The Allies and the Russian Collapse,March 1917–March 1918 (London:André Deutsch,1981).
Keynes,John Maynard,The Economic Consequences of the Peace (New York:Harcourt Brace & Howe,1920).
______,Essays In Biography,ed.by Geoffrey Keynes (New York:Horizon Press,1951).
Khoury,Philip S.,Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism:The Politics of Damascus,1860–1920 (Cambridge,London,New York,New Rochelle,Melbourne,and Sydney:Cambridge University Press,1983).
Kinross,Lord,Ataturk:A Biography of Mustafa Kemal,Father of Modern Turkey (New York:William Morrow,1965).
______,The Ottoman Centuries:The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire (New York:Morrow Quill Paperbacks,1977).
Klieman,Aaron S.,Foundations of British Policy in the Arab World:The Cairo Conference of 1921 (Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1970).
Knightley,Phillip,and Simpson,Colin,The Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia (London:Thomas Nelson & Sons,1969).
Kraemer,Joel L.(ed.),Jerusalem:Problems and Prospects (New York:Praeger,1980).
Langer,William L.,The Diplomacy of Imperialism,1890–1902 (New York:Alfred A.Knopf,1951).
______,European Alliances and Alignments,1871–1890 (New York:Alfred A.Knopf,1956).
Laqueur,Walter,A History of Zionism (New York,Chicago,and San Francisco:Holt,Rinehart & Winston,1972).
Lawrence,A.W.(ed.),T.E.Lawrence By His Friends (London:Jonathan Cape,1954).
Lawrence,T.E.,Evolution of a Revolt:Early Postwar Writings of T.E.Lawrence,ed.by Stanley and Rodelle Weintraub (University Park and London:The Pennsylvania State University Press,1968).
______,The Home Letters of T.E.Lawrence and His Brothers (Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1954).
______,The Letters of T.E.Lawrence,edited by David Garnett (London and Toronto:Jonathan Cape,1938).
______,Oriental Assembly,edited by A.W.Lawrence (London:Williams and Norgate,1939).
______,Secret Despatches from Arabia by T.E.Lawrence (The Golden Cockerell Press,n.d.).
______,Seven Pillars of Wisdom:A Triumph (Garden City:Doubleday,Doran,1935).
______,T.E.Lawrence to His Biographers:Robert Graves and Liddell Hart, 2 Vols (New York:Doubleday,Doran,1938).
Leggett,George,The Cheka:Lenin’s Political Police (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1981).
Lenczowski,George,The Middle East in World Affairs,4th edn (Ithaca and London:Cornell University Press,1980).
Lesch,Ann Mosely,Arab Politics in Palestine,1917–1939:The Frustration of A Nationalist Movement (Ithaca and London:Cornell University Press,1979).
Leslie,Shane,Mark Sykes:His Life and Letters (London,New York,Toronto,and Melbourne:Cassell,1923).
Lewin,Moshe,Lenin’s Last Struggle,trans.by A.M.Sheridan Smith (New York and London:Monthly Review Press,1968).
Lewis,Bernard,The Arabs in History,rev.edn (New York:Harper Torchbooks,1967).
______,The Emergence of Modern Turkey,2nd edn (London,Oxford,and New York:Oxford University Press,1968).
______,The Middle East and the West (New York,Hagerstown,San Francisco,and London:Harper Torchbooks,1966).
______,(ed.),Islam and the Arab World (New York:Alfred A.Knopf,1976).
Liddell Hart,B.H.,Strategy:The Indirect Approach (New York:Frederick A.Praeger,1954).
Liman von Sanders,Otto,Five Years in Turkey (Annapolis:The United States Naval Institute,1927).
Link,Arthur S.,Wilson:Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace (Princeton:Princeton University Press,1965).
Lloyd George,David,Memoirs of the Peace Conference,2 Vols (New Haven:Yale University Press,1939).
______,War Memoirs,6 Vols (Boston:Little,Brown,1933–37).
Lockhart,R.H.Bruce,The Two Revolutions:An Eye-Witness Study of Russia,1917(London:Phoenix House,1957).
Lowe,C.J.,and Dockrill,M.L.,The Mirage of Power,3 Vols (London and Boston:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1972).
Mack,John E.,A Prince of Our Disorder:The Life of T.E.Lawrence (Boston and Toronto:Little,Brown,1976).
MacKenzie,Compton,Gallipoli Memories (Garden City:Doubleday,Doran,1930).
______,Greek Memories (University Publications of America,1987).
______,My Life and Times,Octave Five,1915–1923 (London:Chatto & Windus,1966).
MacKinder,Sir Halford J.,The Scope and Methods of Geography,and the Geographical Pivot of History (London:Royal Geographical Society,1951).
Maclean,Fitzroy,A Person from England,and Other Travellers (London:Jonathan Cape,1958).
______,To the Back of Beyond (London:Jonathan Cape,1974).
Magnus,Philip,Kitchener:Portrait of an Imperalist (Harmondsworth:Penguin,1968).
Manchester,William,The Last Lion:Winston Spencer Churchill,Visions of Glory,1874–1932 (Boston and Toronto:Little,Brown,1983).
Marder,Arthur,J.,From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow:The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era,1904–1919,Vol.5,Victory and Aftermath,January 1918–June 1919 (London:Oxford University Press,1970).
Mason,Alpheus Thomas,Brandeis:A Free Man’s Life (New York:Viking Press,1946).
Massey,W.T.,Allenby’s Final Triumph (New York:E.P.Dutton,1920).
May,Ernest R.(ed.),Knowing One’s Enemies:Intelligence Assessment Before the Two World Wars (Princeton:Princeton University Press,1984).
Mayer,Arno J.,Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking:Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles,1918–1919 (New York:Alfred A.Knopf,1967).
McNeill,William H.,Plagues and Peoples (Garden City:Doubleday,Anchor Books,1976).
Meinertzhagen,Colonel R.,Middle East Diary,1917–1956 (London:The Cresset Press,1959).
Mejcher,Helmut,“Oil and British Policy Towards Mesopotamia,” Middle Eastern Studies(October 1972).
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