索引

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Aalborg 154

abortions 55，56

ACCs（Allied Control Commissions） 318，332-3

Acheson，Dean 71，289-90，363-4

Adams，Alicia 18

Adenauer，Konrad 160

Adler，Hans Guenther 135

Agriculture Ministry 293，334-5

AK（Armia Krajowa，Polish Home Army） 3-4，222，332，336

Akcja Wisła（Operation Vistula） 224-8，229，370，372，373

Albania

Chams 248

Communists 331

execution of Xoxe 338

alcohol 98，107-8

Aldea，Aurel 324

Allied armies

allowing revenge by Jewish camp survivors 90-91

attempts to feed the starving 38-9

cosmopolitan make-up 267

destruction caused by 6，11

in the face of vengeance on collaborators 146-7，150，152

and former slave labourers 99，100-104

and Greece 299，300

in Holland 36

and the landscape of chaos xvi，69-72，76

liberation by 20，45

military control of displaced persons 101-4

and the myth of the communist‘lost victory’ 291-2

sexual violence 52

and the UN 64-5

vengeance excesses 76

Allied Control Commissions（ACCs） 318，332-3

Alsace，Natzweiler-Struthof camp 81-2

Alversdorf 243

American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 192，207

amnesties 120，154，155，291，301，349

on revenge killings 131，148

Amsterdam 36，193，197

Andreas-Friedrich，Ruth 46

Andrzej C.（a Pole from Warsaw） 24-5，29-30，44

Angoulême 281-3

anti-Semitism see Jews：anti-Semitism，extermination and loss of

Antonescu，Ion 162，316-17

Antonicelli，Franco 150

anxiety 45，55

Arletty 172

Armia Krajowa（AK，Polish Home Army） 3-4，222，332，336

Arro，Kalev 357

Arrow Cross party，Hungary 146

assimilation，forced 224-9

Athens 35，37，296，299-300

Atlantic Charter 221，230

L’Aube 284

Auschwitz concentration camp 80，135，137

Aussig 130，180

Austria

Allied Control Commission 332

and the Bleiburg tragedy 252-62

collaborators of the Nazis 155，156

displaced persons camps 102，103，208

Slovenian Guards/National Army in 254，260

Soviet treatment of Austrian women 53

‘Avengers’ 92

babies

born in foreign countries to a German father 164，172-4，175-8

‘foreign’babies born to German women 55

violence and the killing of 50，51，53，130，139，173，205，216

Bacque，James 112-13，116，121-2，124

Bad Hersfeld camp 115-16

Bad Kreuznach camp 115，116

Badoglio，Pietro 151

Baedeker，Karl 3，4

Balsam，Harry 206

Baltic States see also Estonia；Latvia；Lithuania

battle of Kalniškës，341-5，358

ending of the war xv，367

‘Forest Brothers’and their resistance to communism 341-58；end of the resistance 354-6

nationalist fighting xv，340，343-58

partisans 50，343-58

territorial losses and gains 342

ultra-nationalists 162

Baneth，Edith 17

Banija 262

Battaglia，Roberto 151

Battocchio，Republic of 277

Bauer，Yehuda 209

Bavaria 52

Bayer，Zsolt 369

BBC 81，167

BDPS（General Democratic Resistance Movement，Lithuania） 350

beatings see torture

Bednarka 225

Belarus 44，220，222，352

death toll in war 16

destruction in 6，10

Jews 18，19

Minsk 6，18

Belgium/Belgians

collaborators of the Nazis 145，146，147，148，149，150，154，155，156，158

covering of ethnic problems 249

ejection of Communists 362

food rationing 37

Resistance 148，149，159

Walloons 249，267

Belunek，Jan 85

Beneš，Edvard 130-31，246

Bergen-Belsen concentration camp 84-7

Berlin

children’s drawings of a hanging 57

cosmopolitanism 266

crime 46

destruction in 7，8

foreign workers 96

looting 44

rape 54，55

vagrant children 24

Berlusconi，Silvio 375，376

Berman，Jakub 206

Bertaux，Pierre 288

Bevin，Ernest 209

Bezigrad camp 261

Bibo，István 67

Bielenberg，Christabel 52

Bielicka，Maria 46-7

Bivongi 277

Black Brigades 149，152，153，179

black market 37，38，45，47-8，67，107-8，202，293，303-4

Błaszczyk，Henryk 204-6

Bleiburg tragedy 252-62

Blitz 6

blood libel 199-200，204

blood thirst 75-7 see also vengeance

Blunt，Roscoe 42-3

Bodnăraş，Emil 323

Böhl camp 114

Bohm，Fred 83

Bomporto 285

Bonnet，Abel 281

Bormann，Martin 58

Bosnia 251，262

Bounin，Jacques 285

Bracker，Milton 82

Bradley，Omar 82

Brasillach，Robert 172

bread 35

Breitburg，Victor 17

Breslau 233 see also Wrocław

Brest-Litovsk 210

Brichah 207-9

Britain/the British

black market 48

and the Bleiburg tragedy 253-4

British war stories 61-2，372

conscription 66

cult of heroism 61-2

and the death camps 80-81，84-8

death toll in war 13

destruction in 6

and the expulsion of Germans from Poland 243

food shortages 34

German prisoners of war 122-3，132

and Greece 295-6，298-300，309，310

and the Jewish flight to Palestine 208-11

medical teams 242

Ministry of Information 80-81

myth-building 372

Nazi ideology mirrored in British press 59

Operation Swallow 243

postwar sphere of influence 295

prisoners of war 27，96

propaganda 87-8

and Romania 325，326

Second World War as a British national industry 372

social reform 66-7，278

soldiers allowing revenge by Jewish camp survivors 90-91

treatment of SS men 86-7

VE day celebrations 23

brotherhood 63-5 see also national unity

Brussels 147

Bucharest 319，322，335

Buchenwald concentration camp 82-3

Ohrdruf camp 82，83

Budapest 6，39，199

Büderich camp 116

Buechner，Howard E. 84

Bulgaria/Bulgarians 295，365-6，370

Allied Control Commission 332

collaborators of the Nazis 155

Communists 334，337，338-9

expulsion of Turks and Gypsies 248

farmers 20

and Greeks 70；massacre of Greek communities 21，50

Jews 20

Justice Ministry 334

‘People’s Courts’ 334

and Russia 53

Bushyhead，Jack 83-4

butter 34，47-8

Buxtehude 101

Byford-Jones，William 24，57，241

Caen 6

Calabria 151，277，286，293

Calitri 277

Calsteren，Eric van 136-7

Camini 277

cannibalism 85-6，120

Caransa，Ab 195

Carlsbad（Karlovy Vary） 29

Cassation，Italian Court of 152-3

Castelbajac，Pierre de 284

Catholic Church 206

Catholic education 228

forced conversion to 252

in Romania 327-8

in Yugoslavia 251

Caulonia，Peasant Republic of 277，294

Cham Albanians 248

Channel Islands 170

Chełmno concentration camp 22，50

Chetniks 251，252，260，264

children

abduction of 199-200

babies see babies

born in foreign countries to a German father 164，172-4，175-8

displaced 27，238，241 see also orphans；in prison camps after the war 130，136-7，138；in prisoner-of-war camps 115；unaccompanied German children expelled from Poland 238

gangs 24，46

German 55，58；in Czechoslovakia after the war 132；teenagers 58-9

juvenile delinquency 45，58

and morality 57-9

ostracism of 172-8

teenagers 58-9

vagrant 24

vengeance on 75-6，130，172-8

war orphans 23-6，57

youth crime 58

Christian Democrats 279，283，285

Church

Catholic see Catholic Church

Orthodox 328

Uniate 328

Churchill，Winston 36，64，111-12，220，221，230，231，279，295，296，298，300

cities，destruction in 3-8

civil war

Communist takeover of Romania see Romania/Romanians：communism

‘Forest Brothers’and their resistance to communism 340-58

Greek see Greece/Greeks：civil war

and the ideological struggle of nationalism with communism 362-4

Poland/Ukraine see ethnic cleansing：of Poland and Ukraine

political violence in France and Italy 276-94

and the subjugation of Eastern Europe 331-9

wars within wars 271-5

Yugoslavia see Yugoslavia：ethnic conflict

Clay，Lucius D. 89，243，244，370

Cluj 326

Clydebank 6

Cognac 281

Cold War xv，65，231，313，368-9

polarization of Europe in 359-64，361

and the treatment of Communists by‘democratic’countries 359-64

The Colditz Story 61

collaborators of the Nazis xv，145-62，193

and the construction of convenient myths 158-62

dehumanization of 145

and the failure of the purge across Europe 154-8

Greek collaborationist Security Battalions 303，305，306，309-10，312

and the Italian purge 146，147-8，149-53

judicial punishment of 148-9，152-8；comparison table across countries 156

myth-building by 372

punishment for different categories of 157；women who had relationships with German soldiers 163-72

Ustashas see Ustashas

violence against 50，145-7，149-51，152-8

in Yugoslavia 252-64 see also Ustashas

Cologne 7，8

Communist Information Bureau（Cominform） 314

Communists/communism 70，159，162，268，278-9

Albania 331

and Allied Control Commissions（ACCs） 318，332-3

anti-Communist resistance 63，290-91，340-41；‘Forest Brothers’341-58；ideological struggle of nationalism with communism 279，362-4；Ukraine 340-41

and Bulgaria 334，337，338-9

and civil war：France and Italy 276-94；Greece see Greece/Greeks：civil war；Romania see Romania/Romanians：communism；Yugoslavia 251，252，253-61

Cominform 314

Communist indoctrination 228

Communist resistance 63，184，290-91；Greece 296-8，297，299，300-309，310-12

and Czechoslovakia 63，331-2，335，336，337，338；Czech heroes 63

and the duty and opportunity of hatred 366，367-8

Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 168

French Communist Party 280

goal of 179

and Greece 295-314；defeat of communism in Greece 309-12；Greek Communist Party 296-8，305，311-12

and Hungary 201，331，336，338

Italian Communist Party 278，280，293-4

Italian partisans who freed German prisoners 271-2

and Jews 201，202

ministries targeted by 333-5

in Poland 338

postwar gains 66，278-9，335-6，367-8

in Romania see Romania/Romanians：communism

Soviet control over European Communist parties 314

Spanish 273

Stalin’s postwar regime 71，314，339 see also Stalin，Joseph；Stalinization of Romania 327-30

and the subjugation of Eastern Europe 331-9

treatment of Communists by‘democratic’countries after the war 359-64

and the US 363-4；Truman Doctrine 313

use of Justice Ministry 323

violence as an opportunity for 367-8

Yugoslav Partisans 251，252，253-61，296，311-12，374-5

concentration camps 20，22，49，50，78-93，125 see also slave-labour camps

archipelago of German camps 95

conditions 78-9，81-3，84-6，88；gradations of hardship 96；in Poland 135-41

death marches from 82-3

discovery of 78-88

liberation of 78-93

the new‘extermination camps’of Poland after the war 135-44

revenge of Jewish prisoners 88-93

conscription 66

Cooper，Duff 148

Cortés，Manuel 357

Cosenza 293

cosmopolitanism 266，267

Cossacks 254

Coventry 6

crime 46

looting see looting

sexual 52；rape see rape

theft 44-7，107-8 see also looting

towards prisoners of war after the war 126 see also vengeance：on German prisoners of war

violent 48-51，126 see also violence

youth crime 58

Crimea 221-2，371

Tatars 221，346，371，372，376-7

Crisp，Major R. 58-9

Croatia/Croatians see also Yugoslavia

and the Bleiburg tragedy 252-62

collaborators of the Nazis 158

and ethnic conflict in Yugoslavia 251-62，374

German-Croatian fighting after orders to surrender 113

massacres 20-21；in the Bleiburg-Maribor area 260

nationalists 162，264

Serbs vs Croats 70，251，262

ultra-nationalists 162

Ustashas see Ustashas

Croix-de-Feu 284

crucifixions 75

The Cruel Sea 61

Csákvár 53

Curierul 323-4

cynicism 49

Czechoslovakia/Czechs

animosity to Gypsies 370

black market 48

collaborators of the Nazis 155-6

and the Communists 63，331-2，335，336，337，338；Communist heroes 63

covering of ethnic problems 249

displaced persons 27

farmers 67

food rationing 37

Germans in Czechoslovakia after the war 126-35；expulsion 233-4，243，370-71

and Hungary 248

Interior Ministry 333-4

Jewish flight 208

Lidice massacre 22-3

and Marshall Aid 314

Ministry of Information 334

re-Slovakization 248

renaming of places and streets 245

resistance 159

rural changes 67

Theresienstadt 89

Częstochowa 203

Dachau concentration camp 83-4，94，181-2

Daily Express 58-9

dairy produce 34，47-8，199，202

The Dam Busters 61

Danzig 231

Dark，Philip 7-8

David，Josef 131

Davies，John Rhys 221

De Gasperi，Alcide 279，291

de Gaulle，Charles 64，147，158-9，166-7，279

death camps see concentration camps

death marches

and the Bleiburg tragedy 254-60

from concentration camps 82-3

Decima Mas 149

dehumanization 105，109，118，145，155，263

Demianova，Genia 53

Democratic Army of Greece（Dimokratikos Stratos Ellados，DSE） 311

Denmark

attraction of women to German men 166

babies born with German fathers 172

collaborators of the Nazis 145，147，148，149，154，156

Communists 278

heroes 63

Jews 20

resistance 149

shaving of women’s heads 170，171

Dessau，Max 91

destruction

and the landscape of chaos 69-72

moral see morality/moral destruction

physical 3-11；in cities 3-8；in rural communities 8-10；of transport infrastructure 10，39

Dimitrov，Georgi 338-9

Dimokratikos Stratos Ellados（DSE） 311

Dingolfing camp 244

displacement xvi，9，21，27-33，70，72 see also refugees

cynicism of displaced persons 49

displaced children see children：dispłaced；orphans

displaced persons camps 24-5，40，102，103，105-6，107-8，208，209；Jewish 192，209

through ethnic cleansing see ethnic cleansing

Jewish displaced persons 89，189-211 see also Jews

and the‘Iiberation complex’104-6

military control of displaced persons 101-4

relief and rehabilitation of displaced persons 106-8 see also UNRRA（United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration）

and repatriation 27，32，70，101-2，105，106，193；forced 220，221-4，238-40，248

and the revenge of slave labourers 97-101

Truman’s special DP directive 208

violence of displaced persons 49

Djilas，Milovan 264，339

Dnepropetrovsk 38

Domažlice 130

Dorfman，Baruch 205

Doris，Nikos 308

Doris，Sotiris 307-8

Doris，Vassilis 307-9

Dortmund 7

Drakulić，Slavenka 66

Drama 50

Dresden 8

Drohobycz 18

dropsy 36

Drtina，Prokop 131

Druhm，Mr and Mrs 30-31

DSE（Democratic Army of Greece） 311

Duisburg 7

Durlacher，Gerhard 195

dysentery 85，115，120，128，140

EAM（National Liberation Front） 296-301，302-10，312

East Brandenburg 231

East Prussia 21，39，52，54，230，231，238，377

Eastern intolerance 266-8

Eden，Anthony 172

EDES（National Republican Greek League） 303

eggs 34，48，199，202

Ehrenburg，Ilya 80，118，367

Eindhoven 192

Einsiedel，Heinrich von 120-21

Eisenhower，Dwight 82，83

EKKA（National and Social Liberation） 303

ELAS（Greek People’s Liberation Army） 296-301，302-8

Emilia-Romagna 283

‘Red Triangle’/‘Triangle of Death’285，289

Emmerich，Wilhelm 85

Endoume 170

Esser，Heinz 142

Estonia

anti-Soviet resistance 344，350-51，352，353，357

collectivization of farms 355，356

death toll in war 16

ending of the war xv

ethnic cleansing

of collaborators 145-62；Italy 146，147-8，149-53

expulsion of the Germans 230-48，232，370-71；and a cleansed landscape 247-8；and eradication of German culture 245-6；and‘home’to the Reich 242-5；human reality of 234-42；total expulsion 245-7

extent of（1945-47） xvi

Holocaust see Holocaust

the Jewish flight 189-211

local massacres/holocausts 20-23，50，75-6，130，212-14，222，259，305；Postoloprty 130；Ústí nad Labem 130

of Poland and Ukraine 212-29，370；forced assimilation 224-9；forced‘repatriation’221-4；Operation Vistula 224-8，229，370，372，373；origins of Polish/Ukrainian ethnic violence 214-19；Soviet solution 219-21

and wartime choices 187-8

Yugoslavia 249-65，369；and the Bleiburg tragedy 252-62；historical background 251-2；as a symbol of pan-European violence 262-5

Etkind，Michael 206

European East/West differences 266-8

European polarization in the Cold War 359-64，361

European Recovery Programme（Marshall Plan/Aid） 69，313，314，362

European territorial changes（1945-47） xii

extermination camps see concentration camps

Extraordinary Courts of Assize，Italy 152-3

Faludy，György 201

famine 34-40，70 see also food：shortages/rationing；starvation

and moral destruction 41-8

farmers 20，32，35，90，294，302，330，341，354，355-6

and the black market 45，47-8，67

and collectivization and expropriation of farms：in Estonia 355，356；in Lithuania 355-6；in Romania 328-9

Farri，Umberto 287

Fascists 70，375

1930 Fascist Penal Code 152

Iron Guard 319，323

and the Italian purge 146，147-8，149-53，156，161

violence against 50

Ferioli，Ferdinando 287

FFI（Forces Françaises de l’Intérieur） 167-8，171-2，273

Fini，Gianfranco 374-5，376

Finland

Allied Control Commission 332，333

Communists 278

destruction in 9

Interior Ministry 334

and Marshall Aid 314

FitzGibbon，Theodora 65，66-7

Fiume xiv

Flemings 249

Fog，Mogens 63

food

cannibalism 85-6，120

dairy produce 34，47-8，199，202

German diet 36-7，38-9

riots 39，40，101

shortages/rationing 34-40，70 see also malnutrition；starvation；and the black market 47-8，67 see also black market；denial of food 117，119-20，138-9，140，143；Hungary 201-2；and moral destruction 41-8；in prison camps after the war 137-8，140；in prisoner-of-war camps 115，119-20

Forces Françaises de l’Intérieur（FFI） 167-8，171-2，273

‘Forest Brothers’341-58

France/the French

aristocracy targeted by Communists 284

black market 47-8

clergy targeted by Communists 284-5

collaborators of the Nazis 146，147，148，149，150，154，156，158，159，161

Communists：choice for Soviet Union over France 279；ejection of 362；and the myth of the communist‘Iost victory’291-2；PCF （Communist Party）280；and political violence 280-83，284-5，287，289-90，291-2；postwar gains 278；reaction to 289-90；targets 281-5

death toll in war 13

destruction in 6，10

displaced persons 27

ending of the war xv

French masculinity 166-8

French prisoners of war 96

and French women’s relationships with German soldiers 166-72

German prisoners of war 113，122

industrial liberation 67-8

Jewish return 194，195，196

labourers on‘obligatory work service’96

massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane 22

myths 161；of national unity 158-9，273

police targeted by Communists 281-3

rape 52

Resistance 22，50，148，161，167-70，171，180，273，285，374；areas liberated in August 1944 by 281-3，282

shaving of women’s heads 170，171

theft 45

vagrant children 24

Vichy see Vichy/Vichyites

violence 22，50

Francs-Tireurs et Partisans（FTP） 168，281-3

Frank，Peter 91

French Communist Party（PCF） 280

Friedland 243

fruits 34

FTP（Francs-Tireurs et Partisans） 168，281-3

Fuhrmann，Johann 139

Galicia 218，219，222-4，225，228-9

gang rape 53，54

gangs 24，46，97

Garmisch 192

Gasperi，Alcide de 279，291

Gęborski，Czesław 139，142，144

General Democratic Resistance Movement（BDPS），Lithuania 350

Geneva Convention，Third（1929） 111，253

Georgescu，Teohari 320-21，323

Germany/Germans

Allied Control Commission 332

British treatment of SS men 86-7

death toll in war 12-13

denazification process 155，160

destruction in 5，7-8

displaced persons in 28-32；DP camps 24-5，40，102，103，105-6，107-8，192

eastern 21，88，120，230，315，337；population increase 243-4

establishment of Federal Republic 160

farmers 32

food shortages 36-9

foreign workers 27，96 see also slave labour

German civilians/people：amnesties for 120，155；children 55，58-9，132，236；in Czechoslovakia after the war 126-35；death toll 12-13；dehumanization 118；diet 36-7，38-9；displaced persons 21，27-8；driven from parts of eastern Germany 21；ethnic Germans 130，183，188；expulsion of the Germans see ethnic cleansing：expulsion of the Germans；foreign women married to Germans 174-5，177-8；guards 29，31，50，80，84，87，89-90；hatred of 70；homelessness 8；policemen 99-100，102；pregnant German women in Poland 236；rape of German women 54，55，56，98；shock on seeing Belsen 87；stereotypical image of 159-60；teenagers 58-9；treatment throughout Europe after the war xv；violence against xv，50；Volksdeutsch and the inversion of power 125-44；women with‘foreign’children 55

German prisoners of war：American-held 113-16，121-4；British-held 122-3；in Czechoslovakia after the war 132-5；freed by Italian Communists 271-2；French-held 113，122；in the new‘extermination camps’of Poland after the war 135-44；official death toll 122；Soviet-held 113，116-21；vengeance on 111-24

German soldiers 30，37 see also Nazis/Nazism；and the Bleiburg tragedy 252-62；fathering babies born to foreign women 164，172-4，175-8；internment of 23；rape by 53；vengeance on women who had relationships with 163-72；in Warsaw 4

looting in 44，46，97，98-9

moral destruction 42

Nazis see Nazis/Nazism

and Poland 377-8；1970 treaty and subsequent relations 377-8；Germans in the new‘extermination camps’of Poland after the war 135-44；Poland’s expulsion of Germans 230-42 232，370-71；Polish and Czech propaganda about Germany 245-6；Polish border of Germany 230-31

rape in 54，55，56，98

and Russia 9；Russian women raped by German soldiers 53

slave labour in see slave labour

and the Soviet Union 9-10；German prisoners of war 113，116-21；and racial ideology 366

war orphans 24，25

Gheorghiu-Dej，Gheorghe 319，329

Glatz prison 138

Gliwice/Gleiwitz prison 138

Gofman（a Red Army soldier） 76

Gomułka，Władysław 338

Gontarz，Szmulek 90

Gore，Margaret 48

Görlitz 240

Gottwald，Klement 331-2，336

governments of national unity 64

Grabin 139-40

Grąziowa 226，229

Great Britain see Britain

The Great Escape 61

Greece/Greeks

areas under partisan control（1944） 297

black market 48

British influence in Greece 295-6，298-300，309，310

and Bulgarians 70；Bulgarian massacre of Greek communities 21，50

civil war xv，295-314；and American isolationism 313；brutal treatment of the population under the right 359-60；Communist resistance 296-8，297，300-309，310-12；defeat of communism in Greece 309-12，360；deportations 359-60；effects on Europe 312-14；government-backed militias 360；persecution of Communists/left-wingers 359；and subsequent Soviet control over European Communist parties 314

collaborators of the Nazis 147-8，149；Security Battalions 303，305，306，309-10，312

Communist Party 296-8，305，311-12

death toll in war 16

Democratic Army of Greece（DSE） 311

destruction in 9，10

EAM（National Liberation Front） 296-301，302-10，312

EDES（National Republican Greek League） 303

EKKA（National and Social Liberation） 303

ELAS（Greek People’s Liberation Army） 296-301，302-8

island prison camps 359

looting 44

National Guard 299，309-10

Papandreou’s‘government of national unity’298-9，309-10

postwar unrest 71

rural destruction 9

Soviet influence in Greece 295，296-9

starvation 35，37

violence 50，360

White Terror 310

Greek Communist Party 296-8，305，311-12

Greek People’s Liberation Army（ELAS） 296-301，302-8

Grinberg，Zalman 181-2

Gross Heydekrug 75

Grossman，Vasily 18-19，54，118

Groza，Petru 319，321，322，324

Grüben 139-40

Gruschka，Gerhard 136-7

Guiga，Stasys 356-7

Gullo，Fausto 293

Gutman，Israel 88

Gypsies 80，82，187，248，249，369，370

Hadzis，Thanasis 298

Hallett，Jack 84

Halłstein，Walter 65

Halter，Roman 189-91

Hamburg 7

firestorm 12-13

foreign workers 96

juvenile delinquency 58

Hanau 98

Hanover 7，98-9

hatred 64，70，201，250，262，267，366，367-8，369，376，377，378

Haukelid，Knut 62

Heerlen 42-3

Heidesheim camp 115

Helfgott，Ben 89，203

Heli 305

Henry，Derek 28，97-8

The Heroes of Telemark 62

heroism，cult of 61-3，162

Hersh，Arek 91

Heydrich，Reinhard 22

Himmler，Heinrich 9-10，51，79

Hirt，August 81-2

Hitler Adolf 4，9，79，363

Hitler Youth 58，135-6

Hlond，August 206

Hof 30

Holborow，Richard 169-70

Holland

babies born with German fathers 172-3

collaborators of the Nazis 145，146，149，150，154，156

cult of heroism 63

destruction in 10

famine 35-6，37

Jewish return 193-7

moral destruction 42-3

resistance 149，159，173，193-4

rural destruction 8-9

shaving of women’s heads 170

Holocaust 17-20，79-83

death camps see concentration camps

local massacres/holocausts 20-23，50，75-6，130，212-14，222，259，305

refusal to acknowledge 143-4

scepticism about 81，82，195

homogeneity 22

Hondius，Dienke 195

hope 60-68

brotherhood，unity and 63-5

and the cult of heroism 61-3

and social changes 66-8

Hopkins，Harry 71

Horní Moštěnice 130

Hrastnik 261

Huberman，Alfred 91-2

Hulme，Kathryn 40

Hungary/Hungarians

Allied Control Commission 332，333

animosity to Gypsies 370

anti-Semitism 199-203，369

British/Soviet influences 295

Budapest see Budapest

collaborators of the Nazis 146，158

and the Communists 201，331，336，338

and Czechoslovakia 248

death toll in war 16

destruction in 10

expulsion of the Germans 247

improvements for peasants 67，68

Interior Ministry 333

Jewish flight 208

Jewish return 195，198-203；and anti-Semitism 199-203，369；and property 197，198-200

land reform 67

massacre of Serbians 21

postwar hardship 201-2

reactionary nationalism 369

and Russians 46

and Slovakia 247-8，369

Smallholders Party 333

and the Soviet Union：and postwar hardship 201；Soviet treatment of Hungarian women 53，55

theft 46

treatment by Red Army after the war 119

ultra-nationalists 162

hunger 34-40 see also starvation and moral destruction 41-8

Hunting，Ray 39-40，100-101

ideology

communist-nationalist struggle of 279，362-4 see also Communists/communism；nationalism

Nazi 58-9，64 see also Nazis/Nazism

racial 64，246-7，250，263，351 see also ethnic cleansing；race

Second World War as a war of 366-7

and tyranny 301-2

Ikaria 359

Ill Met by Moonlight 61

illegal trading see black market

internment 23，128

Czechoslovakian detention centres after the war 128-35

intolerance，Eastern 266-8

Iron Guard 319，323

Islam see also Muslims，and Yugoslavia 251

Isola 294

Israel 93，182 see also Palestine；Zionism

Istria 261

Italian Communist Party（PCI） 278，280，293-4

Italy/Italians

1945-46 map 286

2005 commemoration ceremonies 374-5

Allied Control Commission 332

aristocracy targeted by Communists 283-4

clergy targeted by Communists 285

Communists：ejection of 362；and the myth of the communist‘lost victory’291-2；and political violence 280-81，283-4，285-7，288-9，290-91，292；reaction to 288-91；targets 285-7；total activists 278

Court of Cassation 152-3

destruction in 10

displaced persons 27

Extraordinary Courts of Assize 152-3

factory bosses targeted by Communists 283

food shortages 39

Jewish return 194

Jews 20

northern：Communists 290；displaced persons camps 102，103，208；industrial liberation 67-8；industrial power inversion 283；purge on Fascists 149-53；reaction to Communists 288-9，290-91；shaving/shearing of women 170-71；violence 49，50，150-51；workplace opportunities 67-8

and Pansa’s Il sangue dei vinti 161-2

prisoners of war 96

purge on Fascists 146，147-8，149-53，156，161

resistance 161-2，290-91

Risorgimento 277

Rome see Rome

southern xiv-xv，8，151，276-8，288，293-4，334，362；agricultural reform 293-4，362；land occupation by peasants 277，186，293-4；moral destruction 41-2，43，45-6；Naples see Naples；purge on Fascists 151

Soviet-held prisoners of war 119

vagrant children 24

village uprisings against the state 276-7

violence 50

and Yugoslavia：2005 commemoration of atrocities 374-5；expulsion of Italians from Yugoslavia 248

Jarosław 222

Jasenovac 252

Jaworzno camp 226

Jerusalem 211

Jewish Joint Distribution Committee，American 192，107

Jews

anti-Semitism，extermination and loss of：Baltic partisans and anti-Semitism 351-2；and blood libel 199-200，204；British postwar anti-Semitism 211；in Croatia 20-21；death camps see concentration camps；Holocaust 17-20，79-83 see also Holocaust；in Hungary 199-203，369；and the Jews as capitalists 202；and the Jews as Communists 201；in Poland 203-7，215；and the postwar Jewish flight 189-91，199-211；postwar resurfacing of anti-Semitism xvi，189-91，192，199-209，369-70；in Ukraine 215-16；Volhynian Jews 215-16；wartime violence throughout eastern Europe 49

displaced persons camps for 192，209

flight 189-211；Brichah movement 207-9；to Palestine 208-11，210

honourable treatment of 20

Nazi stereotypical image of 187

and Palestine 92，93，208-11

property 68，197-200

return 191-200，206-7；and fight over property 197-200；France 194，195，196；Holland 193-7；Hungary 195，197，198-203；Italy 194；to Palestine 208-11；and postwar myths 196-7；USA 195

sheltering and rescuing of 20

survivors 19-20，49，88-93；‘Avengers’92；playing down of vengeance 181-2；revenge of Jewish prisoners 88-93；rights 94；violent behaviour of freed Jews 49，88-93

victimization after the war xvi

Jodl，Alfred August 113

Joint Distribution Committee 192，207

Jovanović，Dragoljub 336

Judt，Tony xvii

Justice Ministry 323，334

juvenile delinquency 45，58

Kabai，Eszter Toth 199

Kaławska 243

Kalibová，Miloslava 22-3

Kaljurand，Ants 350-51

Kálmán，Balázs 199

Kalniškës，battle of 341-5，358

Kamnik 261

Katyn 111

Keizer，Frank 195

Kennan，George F. 7，313

Kharkov 6，38

Khrushchev，Nikita 120

Kielce pogrom 204-6

Kientopf，Anna 235-7

Kientopf，Annelore 235

Kiev 6，38

Kiselev，Salman 76

Klappholz，Kurt 91

Klaus，Václav 371

Kleitso 304

Kliachkivs’kyi，Dmytro 217

Klimasz，Anna 225

Kłodzko prison 138

Knoller，Alfred 90-91

Knorr，Karl August 54

Kočevje 260

Koenig，Pierre 167

Kohn，Alexandre 195

Königsberg 50

Koopman，Rita 195

Kopelev，Lev 54，57，76

Korwin，Marta 104

Kostakis，Panayotis 308

Kostov，Traicho 338

Kostrzyn Odrzański 237

Kovaly，Heda 67

Kovner Abba 92

Krakaj，Franjo 256-7

Kraków 204

Kramer，Josef 84

Krasnaya Zvezda 79，117，118

Krasnopol’ye 76

Kratsov，Second Lieutenant 76

Kruglov，Sergei 346

Kudeňíková，Marie 63

Kunmadaras 198，199-200，200

Kurnedz，Pinkus 89-90

Küstrin 237

Kuti，Ferenc 199

Laar，Mart 350

Labanauskienë，Eleonora 346

labour camps see slave-labour camps

Laila，Tove 176-7

Lama Mocogno 285

Lamb，G. H. 99

Łambinowice/Lamsdorf camp 138-44，373

land reform 67

Lane，Arthur Bliss 221，233

Lapland 9

Lasko 261

Latvia 16，342，346

anti-Soviet resistance 344，352，355

deportations 355

Le Havre 6

League of German Girls 58

Leclerc，Philippe 167

Leino，Yrjö 334

Leipzig 245

Łemkos 222-3，225，227，228，229，370

Leningrad，siege 38

Leo，Fritz 85-6

Levi，Primo 10-11，193

Levine，Joseph 207

Lévis-Mirepoix，Duc de 184

Lewis，Norman 41-2

lice 136，140，226

Lidice massacre 22-3

Lieberman，Celina 19

Lipin，Lieutenant 348

Lisbon Treaty 371

Lithuania 16，220，222，341，342，367

anti-Soviet resistance 341-58

battle of Kalniškës，341-5，358

BDPS（General Democratic Resistance Movement）350

collectivization of farms 355-6

deportations 355

ending of the war xv，367

‘Iron Wolf’ regiment 351

Jews 18，19

Soviet terror 345-50

Ljubljana 260

London 266

looting 44-7，97，98-9，119，377

anti-Semitic 200-201

shooting of looters 101

Lorgeril，Christian de 284

Lotnik，Waldemar 218

Lübeck 243

Luca，Vasile 321

Lufotposten 173

Lukša，Juozas 347，351，356

Partizanai 357-8

Luxembourg 362

Lwów 220

Lyon 167，283

Lysaker Bridge 62

Machuswerder 234-5

Magyars 70

Mainz 7

Majdanek concentration camp 78-80，81

Makó 201

Makronisos camps 312，359

malaria 39

Malinova，Hedviga 369

malnutrition 39，140，226 see also famine；starvation

Maniu，Iuliu 316，319，327，363

Manus，Max 62

Manzoni counts 283-4

margarine 34

Maribor 254，257-60

Mariental 243

Markov，Georgi 365

Markulis，Juozas 350

La Marseillaise 170

Marseilles 6

Marshall，George C. 363-4

Marshall Plan/Aid 69，313，314，362

Marxism 363

Masaryk，Jan 337

Maschke Commission 122

Maschke，Erich 116

masculinity，French 166-8

Mašin，Josef 63

Mayne，Richard 65

McCarthy，Joe 364

McCloy，John 81

McCormick，Anne O’Hare 234

meat 34

Mecklenburg 21

Medolla 285

Melissa 294

Memmingen 192

Mendoń，Bronisława 204

Metgethen 75

Mezzogiorno peasants 294

Michael of Romania 316-17，320，322

Mielcarek，Henryk Jan 223

Mihalache，Ion 327

Mikołajczyk，Stanisław 220

Milan 150，288

vagrant children 24

Milice 285

milk 34

Millions Like Us 34

Minsk 6，18

Mirotti，Ferdinando 287

Miskolc 201，202

Moch，Jules 290

Molotov，Vyacheslav 112

Monasterace 277

Monnet，Jean 65

Montenegrins 252，260

Montgomery，Bernard 108

Moon，A. G. 101

Moorehead，Alan 43，45-6，98

morality/moral destruction 41-59，365-6

and the black market 37，38，45，47-8，67，107-8，202

and children 57-9

and dehumanization 105，109，118，145，263

in labour camps 97-8，135

looting，theft and 44-7 see also looting；theft

and prostitution 41-3

and rape 51-7，75 see also rape

sexual 41-4 see also rape；in labour camps 97-8

and the treatment of prisoners of war 111-24，134 see also prisoners of war

and vengeance see vengeance

and violence 48-51 see also vengeance

Morel，Salomon 135，136，144，226

Morgan，Sir Frederick 49

Morgenthau，Henry 123

Moroccan troops 52

Moscow 268，295

Mosley，Leonard 98-9

Mõttus，Aksel 357

Mōttus，Hugo 357

Mulde，river 31-2

Müller，Jens 62

Munich 8

Murphy，Robert 241

Murrow，Edward R. 67

Muslims

killed in the Bleiburg-Maribor area 260

massacres 20-21

in Yugoslavia 251

Mussolini，Benito 8，162

corpse 146

mutilation 75，128，146，161，213，222-3，263

Mykonos 35

Mysłowice camp 143

myths

of the communist‘lost victory’291-2

conflict of 372-3

and the cult of heroism 61-3，162

national/nationalist mythology 245，371-8

of national unity 63-5，158-9，160，196，272-3

postwar myth-making 158-62，196-7，371-8

Nacht und Nebel camps 81-2

Nagy，Ferenc 333，337

Nagy，Imre 363

Najduch，Rozalia 225

Naples 39

moral destruction 41，43，45-6

vagrant children 24

National and Social Liberation（EKKA）303

National Committee for Repatriation 239

National Democratic Front（NDF）320，322-3，324

National Liberation Front（EAM）296-301，301-10，312

National Peasant Party，Romanian 316，318，319，320，322，324-7

newspaper，Curierul 323-4

National Republican Greek League（EDES）303

national unity

myths 63-5，158-9，160，196，272-3

Papandreou’s‘government of national unity’298-9，309-10

nationalism see also resistance movements

Baltic States xv，340

Croatian nationalists 162，264

Czechoslovakia 245-7

fascist see Fascists

and homogeneous states 229，248，370 see also ethnic cleansing

Hungarian reactionary 369

ideological struggle with communism 279，362-4 see also Communists/communism：anti-Communist resistance

national hatreds 70，376 see also race：racial/ethnic hatred；hatred of Jews see Jews：anti-Semitism，extermination and loss of

national mythology 245，371-8

National Socialism see Nazis/Nazism

nationalist fighting xv，21，340

Poland 245-7

Poles killed by Ukrainian nationalists 21，216-19，374 see also ethnic cleansing：of Poland and Ukraine

Serb nationalists 262

Slovenian nationalists 254，260，264

and the Soviet cause 268

Ukrainian nationalists 21，162，215-19

ultra-nationalism 162，215，262

violence as an opportunity for 368-9

Natzweiler-Struthof camp，Alsace 81-2

Naumann，Marie 54

Nazis/Nazism

collaborators with see collaborators of the Nazis

death camps see concentration camps

Holocaust 17-20，79-83 see also Holocaust

identity cards 187

ideology：and German teenagers 58-9；mirrored in British press 59；of racial hatred 64

legacy of ethnic hatred 267

Lidice massacre and destruction 22-3

and Polish/Ukrainian ethnic violence 215-16

practices mirrored in treatment of Germans after the war 132-4 see also vengeance

and Prague 126-7

propaganda 52，77，192

starvation policy 35-8

treatment of SS men on camp liberations 83-4，86-7，89-90，91，92

trials 160

NDF（National Democratic Front）320，322-3，324

Neifalta，Albina 343

Neifalta，Jonas（‘Pilot’）343-4，345

Nejedlý，Zdenĕk 131

Nemmersdorf 75，77

Netherlands see Holland

New York Herald Tribune 81

New York Times xiv，325

Nicolski，Alexandru 323

Nîmes 285

Nissen huts 72

NKVD 54，218，332

and Kaljurand（‘Ants the Terrible’）350-51

and Lithuania 346-9，356；battle of Kalniškës，343-5

Toszek prison 143

Nonantola 285

Nordhausen concentration camp 82，83

Norway

children born with German fathers 173-4，175-8

Citizenship Act（1950）177-8

collaborators of the Nazis 147，148，149，154-5，156

Communists 278

cult of heroism 62

destruction in 9，10

food rationing 37

resistance 62-3，149，159

War Child Committee 174，175，176

women who married Germans 174-5，177-8

Nosek，Václav 333-4

Nossack，Hans Erich 12，13

Novick，Peter 171

Nuremberg trials 160

Obuchowski，Berek 181

Ødegård，Ørnalf 176

Odessa 8

Odjel za zaštitu narodna 250

‘Odysseus’（ELAS band leader）303-4

oedema 36

Ogrodzinski，Zbigniew 21，45

Ohrdruf concentration camp 82，83

216

Olsen，Oluf 62

Oniferi 277

Operation Swallow 243

Operation Vistula 224-8，229，370，372，373

Oradour-sur-Glane 22

Organisation de l’Armée Secrète 281-3

Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists（OUN）215-16，217，219，223

orphans 23-6，57

born in foreign countries to a German father 164，172-4，175-8

Orthodox Church 328

Oslo 174

Osóbka-Morawski，Edward 207

Ossowska，Marilka 31-2

Osula 353

OUN（Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists）215-16，217，219，223

Ózd 201

Padover，Saul 28

Palestine 92，93，208-11 see also Israel

Pamiers‘People’s Tribunal’284

Pankrác prison，Prague 130

Pansa，Giampaolo 161-2

Papadimitriou family 308，309

Papadimitriou，Vassiliki 307-9

Papadimitriou，Yorgos 308

Papandreou‘government of national unity’298-9，309-10

Paris 147，167，356

cosmopolitanism 266

Peace Conference 248

Paris-Tourcoing Express derailment 290

Pastuhov，Krustu 336

Pătrăşcanu，Lucreţiu 317，323，338

Patriotic Guards，Romania 320，323

Patriotic Militia，France 147

Patton，George 82

Pauker，Ana 321

Pazúr，Karol 130

Pazzano 277

PCF（French Communist Party）280

PCI（Italian Communist Party）278，280，293-4

peace，fragility of 69-72

Peasant Republic of Caulonia 277

pellagra 39

Peloponnese 296，304-5，306-9，310

Penescu，Nicolae 319，326-7

Petkov，Nikola 337

Pieck，Wilhelm 243

Pierre，Commandant 281，283

Pius Ⅻ 24，71

Placanica 277

Pluto，Stanislav 212

Podkamień 216-17

Podutik 260

Poland/Poles

animosity to Gypsies 370

Armia Krajowa 222，332

border change and separation from Ukraine 219-21

civil war xv see also ethnic cleansing：of Poland and Ukraine

Communists 338

death toll in war 16

destruction in 3-5，10

displaced persons 27，29，40，105-6，107

ending of the war xv

ethnic cleansing of Poland and Ukraine see ethnic cleansing：of Poland and Ukraine

and Germany 377-8；1970 treaty and subsequent relations 377-8；expulsion of the Germans 230-42，232，370-71；German border of Poland 230-31；Germans in the new‘extermination camps’of Poland after the war 135-44；new territories 21

Home Army（AK）3-4，222，332，336

and Jews 18，19；anti-Semitism 203-7，215；emigration/flight 207，208；Jewish property 197-8，200

looting 44

middle class 68

Ministry of Propaganda 334

new ‘extermination camps’ after the war 135-44

origins of Polish/Ukrainian ethnic violence 214-19

Ostarbeiters 96

Poles at Auschwitz 80

Poles killed by Ukrainian nationalists 21，216-19，374 see also ethnic cleansing：of Poland and Ukraine

population fall 21-2

Public Security Service（UBP）135

racial hierarchy 187-8

renaming of places and streets 245

starvation 37，38

vs Ukrainians 21，50-51，70

war orphans 24-5

Warsaw see Warsaw

Polcz，Alaine 53

political violence 264-5 see also civil war

in France and Italy 280-94；and the reaction 288-91；targets 280-88

in Yugoslavia 264

Pomerania 45，54，231，234-5，377

Postoloprty massacre 130

potatoes 35

Potsdam conference/Agreement 132，142，234，242

Powayen 75

power

industrial power inversion in northern Italy 283

vengeance and the inversion of 109-10，125-44

Práce 131

Prague 126-30，179

Local National Committee poster（1945） 133

Pravda 79，80，117

Prcela，John 254

prisoner-of-war camps 80，94，113，114-20，125，261

Czechoslovakian detention centres after the war 128-35

prisoners of war

American 27，96

British 27，96

camps see prisoner-of-war camps

French 96

German：American-held 113-16，121-4；British-held 122-3，132；doing forced labour after the war 132-5；in the new‘extermination camps’of Poland after the war 135-44；Soviet-held 116-21；vengeance on 111-24，132-41

Soviet 38，80，96

and the Third Geneva Convention 111

propaganda 3，77

British 87-8

Nazi 52，77，192

Polish and Czech propaganda about Germany 245-6

Polish Ministry of Propaganda 334

Soviet 80，118

prostitution 41-3，146

Pruitt，Albert C. 83，84

Psarros，Dimitrios 303

Public Security Service（UBP，Poland）135

rabbits 34

race

ethnic cleansing see ethnic cleansing

nationalism see nationalism

racial/ethnic hatred 64，70，201，250，262，267，366，369，376

racial/ethnic purity 188，215，366 see also ethnic cleansing

racial hierarchy 187-8

racist ideology 64，246-7，250，263，351；of Ukrainian partisans 351

Second World War as a war of 365-7

and Western and Eastern tolerance 266-8

Rădescu，Nicolae 320-21，322，337

Rákosi，Mátyás 201，331，337

Ramadier；Paul 289

Ramanauskas，Adolfas（Vanagas）356

Ranković，Aleksandar 337

rape 45，75，98，138，146，161，172，183，233

gang 53，54

mass 51-7，183，236，310，360，369，377

Ravensbrück 22

Reach for the Sky 61

Red Army 6，18，21，27，53，67，331-2，339

in the Baltic States 341，343

discovery of concentration camps 78-80

and German prisoners of war 113，116-21

in Hungary 198

massacres in Germany 75-6

Poles in 218

rape 53，54，57，75

and Romania 315，316，330

Red Cross xvi，192

Bavarian 244

International Committee 122，132，242

packages 40，96

‘Red Terror’305

‘Red Triangle’/‘Triangle of Death’285，286，289

refugees 9，21，27-33，92，98，106，134，231-47 see also displacement；ethnic cleansing

Jewish 207，209 see also Jews：flight

Reille-Soult，Henri 284

Reinchardt，Mór 202

Remagen camp 114

repatriation 27，32，70，101-2，105，106，193

forced 220，221-4，238-40，248

National Committee for Repatriation 239

resistance movements 22，81，146，149，159，164-5，171

anti-Soviet/anti-Communist 63，290-91，340-41；‘Forest Brothers’341-58；Ukraine 340-41

Belgium 148，149

Communist 184，290-91；Greece 296-8，297，299，300-309，310-12

Denmark 149

France 22，50，148，161，167-70，171，180，173，281-3，285，374；areas liberated in August 1944 by 282

Holland 149，173，193-4

Italy 161-2，290-91

Norway 61-3，149

Polish Armia Krajowa 222

revenge see vengeance

Rheinberg camp 115

Rheinwiesenlager 114-16

Riace 277

Riesa 32

Rifnik 261

Rijeka xix

rioting 99-100

Bulgaria 370

death penalty for 101

over food shortages 39，40，101

Risorgimento 277

Rizzi，Antonio 285

Rizzi，Ettore 285

Rjukan 62

Robinson，Austin 7

Romania/Romanians 39，64，119，295

Allied Control Commission 318，332

collaborators of the Nazis 158

communism 315-30，335-6，337，338；August coup 316-18；and collectivization and expropriation of farms 328-9；and the dismantling of democracy 312-7；fight for power 318-22；Stalinization 327-30

democracy dismantled 322-7

expulsion of Romanians from Ukraine 248

expulsion of the Germans 247

Iron Guard 319，323

Jewish flight 208

Jewish property 197

land expropriation 329

and Magyars 70

Minister of Justice 323，334

Ministry of the Interior 319，323，325

National Liberal Party 316，324

National Peasant Party 316，318，319，320，322，324-7；Curierul 323-4

NDF（National Democratic Front）320，322-3，324

Patriotic Guards 320，323

press 321，323-4，327

and the Red Army 315，316，330

religious suppression 327-8

Serviciul Special de Informaţii（SSI）323

Siguranţa 320

Soviet treatment of Romanian women 53

Rome 39，290

vagrant children 24

Roosevelt，Elliott 112

Roosevelt，Franklin D. 76，81，111，112-13，123，110，295

Rosenberg，Mrs 200

Rosenblum，Chaskiel 89

Rostov 6

Rotterdam 37

Royal Air Force 300

Royal Navy 209

Rubin，Yvette 108

Ruigrok，Petra 173

rural communities

destruction in 8-10

farmers see farmers

Russia/Russians

alcohol 98

and Germany 9；Russian women raped by German soldiers 53

and Hungarians 46

and Jews：allowing revenge by Jewish camp survivors 90，91；anti-Semitism 189-91

Russian soldiers 32，see also Red Army；rape and violence by 54

Soviet control of 338

Rzeszów 204

Sabbe，August 357

Sacchetti，Walter 280

Sack，John 182

sadism 126，134，138，139-40，144，146，226，263，349 see also torture

Saint-Exupéry，Antoine de 23，166

Saint-Lô 6

Salò 151-2

Sănătescu，Constantin 64，316-17，318，319，320

Sanderson，BSM（soldier） 86-7

Sanguinetti，Félix 281-3

Santayana，George 375

Sardinia 277

Sartre，Jean-Paul 166

scabies 140

Schiff，András 369

Schindler，Oskar 20

Schio 153

Schmidt，Kurt 128-9

Schuetz，Hans 120

Schwerin 54，97

Schwientochlowitz camp see Świętochłowice camp（Zgoda）

Scînteia 321，323，327

Scobie，Ronald 298，300

Sebastopol 7

Secchia，Pietro 292

Second World War

as a British national industry 372

British war stories 61-2，372

civil wars bound up with see civil war

death toll 12-17，14-15；in death camps 82-5 see also concentration camps；extermination of the Jews 17-20 see also Holocaust；local massacres 20-23；starvation 35-40

destruction caused by see destruction；morality/moral destruction

displacement caused by see displacement ending of the war for different countries xiv-x，113，367 see also civil war

famine caused by 34-40，70

vengeance following see vengeance

as a war of ideology 366-7

as a war of race 365-7 see also ethnic cleansing；race

as wars within wars 271-4 see also civil war

widows and orphans of 23-6

Seddon，Reuben 97

Sedlis，Gabik 92

Serbs 20-21，374

and Croats 70，251，262

and ethnic conflict in Yugoslavia 251-62

Hungarian massacre of 21

killed by Ustashas 50，252

nationalists 262

Serviciul Special de Informaţii （SSI）323

sexual morality 41-4

in labour camps 97-8，138

sexual violence 52，55，56

rape see rape

stripping，and the shaving of women’s heads 164-72，180

Sholokhov，Mikhail 118，367

Siberia 355

Sicily xiv-xv，277，294

Silesia 45，52，54，231，234，245，246，377

Simonov，Konstantin 79，117-18

Sington，Derrick 85

Sinzig camp 114

slave labour 94-110

camps see slave-labour camps

and the displaced person’s ‘liberation complex’ 104-6

German prisoners doing forced labour after the war 132-4

and the issue of personal power 109-10

military control of freed labourers 101-4

relief and rehabilitation of displaced persons 106-8

revenge of slave labourers 97-101

slave-labour camps 49，80，82-3，94-6，97-8，135 see also concentration camps

new‘extermination camps’ in Poland after the war 135-44

Slovakia

collaborators of the Nazis 158

covering of ethnic problems 249

and Hungary 247-8，369

Jewish property 197

under partisan control 50

Slovenia/Slovenes 252，253，264

Slovenian Home Guards/National Army 254，260

Slutsk 10-11

Smallholders Party，Hungary 333

social reform 277-8

Britain 66-8，278

failures in 292，294

Sofia 334

Sokacz，Mikołaj 226，227

Solzhenitsyn，Alexander 54

Someş，election results 326

Soviet Union see also specific countries

anti-Soviet resistance 63，290-91，340-41；‘Forest Brothers’341-58；Ukraine 340-41

control over European Communist parties 314

covering of ethnic problems 249-50

death toll in war 16

destruction in 6-7，9，10

displaced persons 27

and Eastern intolerance 267-8

and Germany 9-10；and expulsion of Germans 230-31，240，243；German prisoners of war 113，116-21；and the Nazi genocide 78-80；and racial ideology 366

and Greece 295-9

and Hungary 201；Soviet treatment of Hungarian women 53，55

and Marshall Aid 314

NKVD see NKVD

Poland/Ukraine division and the extension of Soviet territory 220-21

and Poland’s expulsion of Germans 230-31

and Polish/Ukrainian ethnic violence/cleansing 214-15，218，219-29

postwar sphere of influence 295

propaganda 80，118

rape of foreign women 53，54，55，75

Red Army see Red Army

and Romania 315-30

rural destruction 9

Russia see Russia/Russians

Soviet prisoners of war 38，96；at Auschwitz 80

Soviet terror in Lithuania 345-50

Stalin’s postwar regime 71，314，339 see also Stalin，Joseph；Stalinization of Romania 327-30

widows and spinsters 24

Spain

Communists 273

food rationing 34

Sparks，Felix L. 84

Spiliotopoulos，Panagiotis 298

Spiro，Harry 91

spotted fever 140

Spottiswoode，Colonel 88

Spychalski，Marian 207

SSI（Serviciul Special de Informaţii）323

Stalag Luft Ⅲ camp 62

Stalin，Joseph 64，111-12，120，220，221，230，231，281，295，296，298，311，313-14，339，371

postwar regime 71，314，339；Stalinization of Romania 327-30

Stalingrad 6-7

Scanĕk，Tomáš 131-2

Stankovic，M. 255

starvation 35-40，70

amongst prisoners of war 117，119-21，128，140，143

starvation-cont.

and cannibalism 85-6，120

denial of food 117，119-20，138-9，140，143

and moral destruction 41-8

Stel’mashchuk，Iurii 217

Stettin 21 see also Szczecin

Stevens，John 150

Stevenson，Donald 323

Steyerberg 98

Stignano 277

Stilo 277

Stimson，Henry 81

Stockholm 45

Stojic，Mark 255

Stok，Bram van der 63

Strahov 128-9

Stránský，Jaroslav 131

strike action 154，289，290，314，321-2，335

Strongoli 294

Stroop，Jürgen 3

Stunde nul（‘Zero Hour’）xiv，xv

Sudetenland 244，245

sugar 34

beets 35

Surkov，Alexei 117

Švendriai 348

Swabians 247

Swallow，Operation 243

Sweden，looting 44-5

Świerczewski，Karol 224，227

Świętochłowice camp（Zgoda）135-8，143，373

Switzerland

food rationing 34

juvenile delinquency 45

Syntagma Square，Athens 299

Szczecin 234，242，243 see also Stettin

Szewczyk，Anna 226

Szewczyk，Teodor 227-8

Szkłarska Poręba 314

Tallinn 357

Tătărescu，Gheorghe 322

Tatars 221，346，371，372，376-7

Taus 130

Tehran conference 111，220-21，230，295

‘Telemachus’（a‘Death Battalion’commander） 304

La Terre Vivaroise 146-7

theft 44-7，107-8 see also looting

from Germans by Poles 237-8

of Jewish property 197-200

Theotokas，George 299

Theresienstadt camp 89，134，181

Thessaloniki 35，192，300

Thiele，Hannelore 54

Thorez，Maurice 280，292

Tito，Josip Broz 63-4，76，250

Tito’s Partisans 251，252，253-61，296，311-12，374-5

Tixier，Adrien 161

Togliatti，Palmiro 280，290，292

tolerance，Western 266，267

torture 50-51，82，126，130，134，135-7，138 139，146，150，161，183-4，222-3，226，263，281，284，285，304，305，306，328，346-7，359 see also sadism

Toszek NKVD prison 143

Toth，Zoltan 119，120

Toulouse 284-5，288

transit camps 94-6，125，226

Tre kom tilbake 62

Treblinka concentration camp 80

‘Triangle of Death’/‘Red Triangle’ 285，286，289

Trieste 374-5

Trikeri 359

Troyes 170

Truman Doctrine 313

Truman，Harry S.208，313，363

Trzcianiec 226

Trzebica/Trebnitz prison 138

Tübingen 52

tulip bulbs 35

Turin 150，283，288

Turks 248

typhus 85，87，137，140，142

UBP（Urzaęd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego） 135

Ukraine/Ukrainians

anti-Communist resistance 340-41，352

assertion of ethnic rights 370

continued fighting long after the war 367

death toll in war 16

destruction 5，6，8，9-10

ethnic cleansing of see ethnic cleansing：of Poland and Ukraine

expulsion of Romanians from 248

homelessness 8

Jews 18-19

nationalist fighting with Soviet troops xv

origins of Polish/Ukrainian ethnic violence 214-19

Poles killed by Ukrainian nationalists 21，116-19，374 see also ethnic cleansing：of Poland and Ukraine

separation from Poland 219-21

starvation 38

ultra-nationalists 162

Volhynia see Volhynia

vs Poles 21，50-51，70

women raped by German soldiers 53

Ukrainian Insurgent Army（Ukrains’ka Povstans’ka Armiia，UPA） 216，217-19，222-4，228，267

Ulbricht，Walter 331

UNESCO 25

Uniate Church 328

United Kingdom see Britain

United Nations xvi，64-5，69

and the Jews in Palestine 211

Relief and Rehabilitation Administration see UNRRA

United States of America

American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 192，207

American prisoners of war 27，96

attitudes and conduct towards the Germans 83；allowing revenge by Jewish camp survivors 91；expelled from Poland 241-2，243-4；killing of SS men whilst liberating camps 83-4；treatment of German prisoners of war 113-16，121-4

and the Communists 313，363-4

discovery of concentration camps 82-4

European Recovery Programme（Marshall Plan/Aid） 69，313，314，362

food rationing 34

and Greece 313

isolationism 313

Jewish return 195；help with emigration to Palestine 208

rape accusations against US Army 55

and Romania 325，326

scepticism about the Holocaust 81，82

Truman Doctrine 313

US troops 29，91

unity，national see national unity

UNRRA（United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration） 27，30，59，48，49，94，102-5，106-10，192

UPA（Ukrainian Insurgent Army） 216，217-19，222-4，228，267

Urzaęd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego（UBP） 139

USSR see Soviet Union

Ustashas 20-21，50，251，252，253，255-7，260，262，263，267，366，375

Ústí nad Labem massacre 130

Vachon，John 5

Valenciennes 147

Varkiza peace agreement 300，310

VE day 64

celebrations xv

Velouchiotis，Aris 304，310

venereal disease 43，55，56，106

vengeance 83-4

amnesties on revenge killings 131，148

and camp liberation 83-93

on children 75-6，130，172-8

on collaborators，the enemy within 145-62；and the construction of convenient myths 158-62；and the failure of the purge across Europe 154-8；Italian purge on Fascists 146，147-8，149-53

on German prisoners of war 111-24，132-41；American-held 113-16，121-4；Soviet-held 116-21

on Germans in Czechoslovakia 126-35

and the inversion of power 109-10，125-44

Jewish playing down of 181-2

by Jewish prisoners 88-93

and the new‘extermination camps’ 135-44

and the politics of numbers 141-4

purpose of 179-84

by the Red Army in Germany 75-6

by slave labourers 97-100

thirst for blood 75-7

on women 75-6，128-9，130，138，163-72；shearing and stripping of women 164-72，180

Verderi，Giuseppe 283，287

Vetrinje see Viktring

Vichy/Vchyites 150，158-9，166-7，273，374

Vienna 11，39

rape in 55

Vienne 284

Viitorul 323

Viktring 254

Vilnius 355 see also Wilno

violence 48-51 see also destruction

amnesties on revenge killings 131，148

anti-Semitic see Jews：anti-Semitism，extermination and loss of

to babies/children 50，51，53，130，136-7，139，173，205，216

‘Balkan violence’ 262

Bleiburg tragedy 252-62

civil war see civil war；ethnic cleansing：of Poland and Ukraine；Greece/Greeks：civil war；Yugoslavia：ethnic conflict

against collaborators 50，145-7，149-51；judicial punishment 148-9，152-8

as a communist opportunity 367-8

crucifixions 75

culture of 140

death toll in Second World War see Second World War：death toll

ethnic cleansing see ethnic cleansing

against fascists 50

against German prisoners of war 111-24，132-41

Holocaust and local massacres see Holocaust

and the inversion of power 125-44

mutilation 75，128，146，161，213，222-3，263

as a nationalist opportunity 368-9

northern Italy 49，50，150-51

origins of Polish/Ukrainian ethnic violence 214-19

politically motivated see political violence

by the right in Greece 360

sadistic see sadism

sexual 52，55，56；rape see rape；stripping，and the shaving of women’s heads 164-72，180

Soviet terror in Lithuania 345-50

torture and beatings see torture

in vengeance see vengeance

White Terror，Greece 310

Yugoslavia see also Yugoslavia：ethnic conflict：by Communist Partisans 255-64，374-5；massacre sites（1945） 259；as a symbol of pan-European violence 262-5

Virgili，Fabrice 170

Vischi，Arnaldo 283

Vistula，Operation 224-8，229 370，372，373

Vojvodina 21，251

Volhynia 18，21

Jews 215-16

torture/killing 50-51，215-16，217-19

Voronezh 6

Voute，Peter 145

Vrettakos，Leonidas 306

Vries，Karel de 194

Vukovic，Dusan 262-3

Vyborg 7

Vyshinski，Andrei 320，322

Walloons 249，267

Walsh，William P.83-4

War Child Committee，Norway 174，175，176

Warsaw 8

destruction in 3-5，11

Jews 18

water 92，98，238，255

contaminated 235，260；plot to poison water supplies 92

freezing 136，137

lack/denial of 8，29，115-16，117，119，120，253

waterboarding 346

Weiss，George 115-16

Werth，Alexander 81

Western tolerance 266，267

White Terror Greece 310

widows 23-4

Wiesner，Zdeněk 85

Wildflecken camp 40，105-6，107

Wilno 18，120 see also Vilnius

Wola Ostrowiecka 216

Wolfsburg 98

Wollny，Günther 137

women 180

abortions 55，56

displaced 27

emancipation and voting rights in Greece 302

German：with‘foreign’babies 55；through marriage 174-5，177-8；pregnant German women in Poland 236

giving birth to children of German fathers 164，172-4，175-8

married to Germans 174-5，177-8

in Polish camps after the war 138，139-40，141

and postwar myth-making 161

rape of see rape

shearing and stripping of 164-72，180

at Strahov 128-9

treatment throughout Europe after the war xv

venereal disease 43，55，56，106

vengeance on 75-6，128-9，130，138，163-72，180

widows 23-4

Women’s Auxiliary Service，Italy 149-50

Woodhouse，Chris 302

World War ii see Second World War

Wrocław 233，245-6

Wysocko Wyżne 216

Xoxe，Koçi 338

Yalta conference/Agreement 112，132，221，231

Yugoslavia see also Croatia/Croatians

British/Soviet influences 295

Communist Partisans 251，252，253-61，262-4，296，311-12，374-5

and the conflict of myths 373

death toll in war 16

destruction in 5，9，10

ending of the war xv，113

ethnic conflict 50，249-65，369；and the Bleiburg tragedy 252-62；and covering of ethnic problems 249-50；historical background 251-2

expulsion of Italians 248

German prisoners of war 119

Hungarian massacre of Serbians 21

intelligence service 250，262

and Italy 248，374-5

massacre sites（1945） 259

politically motivated violence 264-5，369

positive assessment of the war 66

postwar unrest 71

rhetoric of brotherhood and unity 63-4，65

rural destruction 9

Soviet-held prisoners of war 117

as a symbol of pan-European violence 262-5

Tito’s victory speech 63-4

Ustashas 20-21，50，251，252，253，255-7，260，262，263，267，366，375

vagrant children 24

violence 50，250-64

Zagórzany 226

Zagreb 253

Zajec，Milan 261

Zaks，Karol 137-8

Zápotocký，Antonín 131

Zawadka Morochowska/Zavadka Morochivska massacre 212-14，222

Zdanowicz，Olga 226，229

Zengos，Theodoros 305

Žerjavić，Vladimir 260

Zervas，Napoleon 303

Zgoda camp（Świętochłowice） 135-8，143，373

Zionism 191，208-11

Zuckerman，Yitzhak‘Antek’ 207

Žuvintas 344

Zyklon-B 81