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参考文献

参考文献 前言

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[3] Vos, T., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H. et al., ‘Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016’, The Lancet, 390(10100), 2017, pp. 1211-59.

1 人体防卫部

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[6] Tewksbury, J. J. and Nabhan, G. P., ‘Directed deterrence by capsaicin in chillies’, Nature, 412(6845), 2001, pp. 403-4.

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2 无痛五人组

[1] Knight, T., ‘Bacon: The Slice of Life’, The Kitchen As Laboratory: Reflections on the Science of Food and Cooking, Columbia University Press, 2012, pp. 73-82.

[2] Dearborn, G. V. N., ‘A case of congenital general pure analgesia’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 75, 1932, pp. 612-15.

[3] Cox J. J., Reimann, F., Nicholas, A. K. et al., ‘An SCN9A channelopathy causes congenital inability to experience pain’, Nature, 444(7121), 2006, pp. 894-8.

[4] McDermott, L. A., Weir, G. A., Themistocleous, A. C. et al., ‘Defining the functional role of Nav1.7 in human nociception’, Neuron, 101(5), 2019, pp. 905-19.

[5] Minett, M. S., Pereira, V., Sikandar, S. et al., ‘Endogenous opioids contribute to insensitivity to pain in humans and mice lacking sodium channel Nav1.7’, Nature Communications, 6(8967), 2015.

[6] Fertleman, C. R., Baker, M .D., Parker, K. A. et al., ‘SCN9A mutations in paroxysmal extreme pain disorder: allelic variants underlie distinct channel defects and phenotypes’, Neuron, 52(5), 2006, pp. 767-74.

[7] Moyer, B. D., Murray, J. K., Ligutti, J. et al., ‘Pharmacological characterization of potent and selective Nav1.7 inhibitors engineered from Chilobrachys jingzhao tarantula venom peptide JzTx-V’, PLOS ONE, 13(5), 2018, p.e0196791.

[8] Woods, C. G., Babiker, M. O. E., Horrocks, I., Tolmie, J. and Kurth, I., ‘The phenotype of congenital insensitivity to pain due to the Nav1.9 variant p.L811P’, European Journal of Human Genetics, 23, 2015, pp. 561-3.

[9] Habib, A. M., Matsuyama, A., Okorokov, A. L. et al., ‘A novel human pain insensitivity disorder caused by a point mutation in ZFHX2’, Brain, 141(2), 2018, pp. 365-76.

[10] Sasso, O., Pontis, S., Armirotti, A. et al., ‘Endogenous N-acyl taurines regulate skin wound healing’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(30), 2016, pp. E4397-406.

[11] Bluett, R. J., Báldi, R., Haymer, A. et al., ‘Endocannabinoid signalling modulates susceptibility to traumatic stress exposure’, Nature Communications, 8(14782), 2017, pp. 1-18.

[12] Van Esbroeck, A. C., Janssen, A. P., Cognetta, A. B. et al., ‘Activity-based protein profiling reveals off-target proteins of the FAAH inhibitor BIA 10-2474’, Science, 356(6342), 2017, pp.1084-7.

[13] Lee, M. C., Nahorski, M. S., Hockley, J. R. et al., ‘Human labor pain is influenced by the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv6.4 subunit’, Cell Reports, 32(3), 2020, p.107941.

[14] Andresen, T., Lunden, D., Drewes, A. M. and Arendt-Nielsen, L., ‘Pain sensitivity and experimentally induced sensitisation in red haired females’, Scandinavian Journal of Pain, 2(1), 2011, pp. 3-6.

[15] Wienemann, T., Chantelau, E. A. and Koller, A., ‘Effect of painless diabetic neuropathy on pressure pain hypersensitivity (hyperalgesia) after acute foot trauma’, Diabetic Foot & Ankle, 5(1), 2014, p.24926.

[16] Ndosi, M., Wright-Hughes, A., Brown, S. et al., ‘Prognosis of the infected diabetic foot ulcer: a 12-month prospective observational study’, Diabetic Medicine, 35(1), 2018, pp. 78-88.

[17] Roglic, G., ‘WHO Global report on diabetes: A summary’, International Journal of Noncommunicable Diseases, 1(1), 2016, p.3.

[18] Pop-Busui, R., Lu, J., Lopes, N. and Jones, T. L., ‘Prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and relation to glycemic control therapies at baseline in the BARI 2D cohort’, Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System, 14(1), 2009, pp. 1-13.

[19] Narres M., Kvitkina, T., Claessen H. et al., ‘Incidence of lower extremity amputations in the diabetic compared with the non-diabetic population: A systematic review’, PLOS ONE, 12(8), 2017, p.e0182081.

[20] Kerr, M., Barron, E., Chadwick, P. et al., ‘The cost of diabetic foot ulcers and amputations to the National Health Service in England’, Diabetic Medicine, 36(8), 2019, pp. 995-1002.

[21] Schilder, P. and Stengel, E., ‘Asymbolia for pain’, Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, 25(3), 1931, pp. 598-600.

[22] Berthier, M., Starkstein, S. and Leiguarda, R., ‘Asymbolia for pain: a sensory-limbic disconnection syndrome’, Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society, 24(1), 1988, pp. 41-9.

[23] Hagiwara, K., Garcia-Larrea, L., Tremblay, L. et al., ‘Pain behavior without pain sensation: an epileptic syndrome of “symbolism for pain”?’, Pain, 161(3), 2020, pp. 502-8.

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3 你注意到我了吗?

[1] Hoffman, H. G., Chambers, G. T., Meyer III, W. J. et al., ‘Virtual reality as an adjunctive non pharmacologic analgesic for acute burn pain during medical procedures’, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 41(2), pp. 183-91.

[2] Maani, C. V., Hoffman, H. G., Fowler, M. et al., ‘Combining ketamine and virtual reality pain control during severe burn wound care: one military and one civilian patient’, Pain Medicine, 12(4), 2011, pp. 673-8.

[3] Mallari, B., Spaeth, E. K., Goh, H. and Boyd, B. S., ‘Virtual reality as an analgesic for acute and chronic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Journal of Pain Research, 12, 2019, pp. 2053-85.

[4] ‘Paget, Henry William, First Marquess of Anglesey (1768-1854), Army Officer and Politician’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 (online edition).

[5] Titus Lucretius Carus, Lucretius: The Nature of Things, trans. Stallings, A. E., Penguin Classics, 2007.

[6] Hall, K. R. L. and Stride, E., ‘The varying response to pain in psychiatric disorders: a study in abnormal psychology’, British Journal of Medical Psychology, 27(1-2), 1954, pp. 48-60.

[7] Sprenger, C., Eippert, F., Finsterbusch, J., Bingel, U., Rose, M. and Büchel, C., ‘Attention modulates spinal cord responses to pain’, Current Biology, 22(11), 2012, pp. 1019-22.

[8] Herr, H. W., ‘Franklin, Lavoisier, and Mesmer: origin of the controlled clinical trial’, Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, 23(5), 2005, pp. 346-51.

[9] Flik, C. E., Laan, W., Zuithoff, N. P. et al., ‘Efficacy of individual and group hypnotherapy in irritable bowel syndrome (IMAGINE): a multicentre randomised controlled trial’, The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 4(1), 2019, pp. 20-31.

[10] Miller, V., Carruthers, H. R., Morris, J., Hasan, S. S., Archbold, S. and Whorwell, P. J., ‘Hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome: an audit of one thousand adult patients’, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 41(9), 2015, pp. 844-55.

[11] McGlashan, T. H., Evans, F. J. and Orne, M. T., ‘The nature of hypnotic analgesia and placebo response to experimental pain’, Psychosomatic Medicine, 31(3), 1969, pp. 227-46.

[12] Hilgard, E. R., ‘A neodissociation interpretation of pain reduction in hypnosis’, Psychological Review, 80(5), 1973, pp. 396-411.

[13] Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., Costantini-Ferrando, M. F., Alpert, N. M. and Spiegel, D., ‘Hypnotic visual illusion alters color processing in the brain’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(8), 2000, pp. 1279-84.

[14] Jiang, H., White, M. P., Greicius, M. D., Waelde, L. C. and Spiegel, D., ‘Brain activity and functional connectivity associated with hypnosis’, Cerebral Cortex, 27(8), 2017, pp. 4083-93.

[15] Schulz-Stübner, S., Krings, T., Meister, I. G., Rex, S., Thron, A. and Rossaint, R., ‘Clinical hypnosis modulates functional magnetic resonance imaging signal intensities and pain perception in a thermal stimulation paradigm’, Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine, 29(6), 2004, pp. 549-56.

[16] Rainville, P., Carrier, B., Hofbauer, R. K., Bushnell, M. C. and Duncan, G. H., ‘Dissociation of sensory and affective dimensions of pain using hypnotic modulation’, Pain, 82(2), 1999, pp.159-71.

[17] Flik, C. E., Laan, W., Zuithoff, N. P. et al., ‘Efficacy of individual and group hypnotherapy in irritable bowel syndrome (IMAGINE): a multicentre randomised controlled trial’, The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 4(1), 2019, pp. 20-31.

[18] Butler, L. D., Koopman, C., Neri, E. et al., ‘Effects of supportive-expressive group therapy on pain in women with metastatic breast cancer’, Health Psychology, 28(5), 2009, pp. 579-87.

[19] Accardi, M. C. and Milling, L. S., ‘The effectiveness of hypnosis for reducing procedure related pain in children and adolescents: a comprehensive methodological review’, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32(4), 2009, pp. 328-39.

[20] Berlière, M., Roelants, F., Watremez et al., ‘The advantages of hypnosis intervention on breast cancer surgery and adjuvant therapy’, The Breast, 37, 2018, pp. 114-118.

[21] Lang, E. V., Berbaum, K. S., Faintuch, S. et al., ‘Adjunctive self-hypnotic relaxation for outpatient medical procedures: a prospective randomized trial with women undergoing large core breast biopsy’, Pain, 126(1-3), 2006, pp. 155-64.

[22] Landolt, A. S. and Milling, L. S., ‘The efficacy of hypnosis as an intervention for labor and delivery pain: a comprehensive methodological review’, Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 2011, pp. 1022-31.

[23] Vlieger, A. M., Rutten, J. M., Govers, A. M., Frankenhuis, C. and Benninga, M. A., ‘Long-term follow-up of gut-directed hypnotherapy vs. standard care in children with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome’, American Journal of Gastroenterology, 107(4), 2012, pp.627-31.

[24] Jensen, M. P., Mendoza, M. E., Ehde, D. M. et al., ‘Effects of hypnosis, cognitive therapy, hypnotic cognitive therapy, and pain education in adults with chronic pain: a randomized clinical trial’, Pain, 161(10), 2020, pp.2284-98.

[25] Larbig, W., Elbert, T., Lutzenberger, W., Rockstroh, B., Schnerr, G. and Birbaumer, N., ‘EEG and slow brain potentials during anticipation and control of painful stimulation’, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 53(3), 1982, pp.298-309.

[26] Jensen, M. P., Adachi, T. and Hakimian, S., ‘Brain oscillations, hypnosis, and hypnotizability’, American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 57(3), 2015, pp. 230-53.

[27] Guilbert, A. S., Chauvin, C. and De Melo, C., ‘Effect of virtual reality hypnosis on postoperative pain and morphine consumption after surgery for scoliosis: a retrospective evaluation in children’, abstract A2375 from the Anesthesiology Annual Meeting, 2018.

4 预期效应

[1] ‘Headaches, chilli pepper patches and the placebo effect’, Airing Pain, 53, painconcern.org.uk, 30 January 2014.

[2] Chaucer, G., The Canterbury Tales, eds. Boenig, R. and Taylor, A., Broadview Press, 2012.

[3] Handfield-Jones, R. P. C., ‘A bottle of medicine from the doctor’, The Lancet, 262(6790), 1953, pp. 823-25.

[4] Hróbjartsson, A. and Gøtzsche, P. C., ‘Is the placebo powerless? An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment’, New England Journal of Medicine, 344(21), 2001, pp.1594-1602.

[5] Moseley, J. B., O'Malley, K., Petersen, N. J. et al., ‘A controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee’, New England Journal of Medicine, 347(2), pp. 81-8.

[6] Thorlund, J. B., Juhl, C. B., Roos, E. M. and Lohmander, L. S., ‘Arthroscopic surgery for degenerative knee: systematic review and meta-analysis of benefits and harms’, BMJ, 350, 2015, p.h2747.

[7] Wartolowska, K., Judge, A., Hopewell, S. et al., ‘Use of placebo controls in the evaluation of surgery: systematic review’, BMJ, 348, 2014.

[8] Wager, T. D., Rilling, J. K., Smith, E. E. et al., ‘Placebo-induced changes in FMRI in the anticipation and experience of pain’, Science, 303(5661), 2004, pp. 1162-7.

[9] Wager, T. D., Scott, D. J. and Zubieta, J. K., ‘Placebo effects on human μ-opioid activity during pain’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(26), 2007, pp. 11056-61.

[10] Levine, J., Gordon, N. and Fields, H., ‘The mechanism of placebo analgesia’, The Lancet, 312(8091), 1978, pp. 654-7.

[11] Eippert, F., Bingel, U., Schoell, E. D. et al., ‘Activation of the opioidergic descending pain control system underlies placebo analgesia’, Neuron, 63(4), pp. 533-43.

[12] Benedetti, F., Amanzio, M., Rosato, R. and Blanchard, C., ‘Nonopioid placebo analgesia is mediated by CB1 cannabinoid receptors’, Nature Medicine, 17(10), 2011, pp. 1228-30.

[13] Scott, D. J., Stohler, C. S., Egnatuk, C. M., Wang, H., Koeppe, R. A. and Zubieta, J. K., ‘Individual differences in reward responding explain placebo-induced expectations and effects’, Neuron, 55(2), 2007, pp. 325-36.

[14] Eippert, F., Finsterbusch, J., Bingel, U. and Büchel, C., ‘Direct evidence for spinal cord involvement in placebo analgesia’, Science, 326(5951), 2009, p.404.

[15] Bannuru, R. R., McAlindon, T. E., Sullivan, M. C., Wong, J. B., Kent, D. M. and Schmid, C.H., ‘Effectiveness and implications of alternative placebo treatments: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of osteoarthritis trials’, Annals of Internal Medicine, 163(5), 2015, pp.365-72.

[16] Espay, A. J., Norris, M. M., Eliassen, J. C. et al., ‘Placebo effect of medication cost in Parkinson disease: a randomized double-blind study’, Neurology, 84(8), 2015, pp. 794-802.

[17] Haake, M., Müller, H. H., Schade-Brittinger, C. et al., ‘German acupuncture trials (GERAC) for chronic low back pain: randomized, multicenter, blinded, parallel-group trial with 3 groups’, Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(17), 2007, pp. 1892-8.

[18] Tuttle, A. H., Tohyama, S., Ramsay, T. et al., ‘Increasing placebo responses over time in US clinical trials of neuropathic pain’, Pain, 156(12), 2015, pp. 2616-26.

[19] Amanzio, M., Pollo, A., Maggi, G. and Benedetti, F., ‘Response variability to analgesics: a role for non-specific activation of endogenous opioids’, Pain, 90(3), 2001, pp. 205-15.

[20] Gracely, R. H., Dubner, R., Deeter, W. R. and Wolskee, P. J., ‘Clinicians’ expectations influence placebo analgesia’, The Lancet, 1(8419), 1985.

[21] Morton, D. L., Watson, A., El-Deredy, W. and Jones, A. K., ‘Reproducibility of placebo analgesia: effect of dispositional optimism’, Pain, 146(1-2), 2009, pp. 194-8.

[22] Barsky, A. J., Saintfort, R., Rogers, M. P. and Borus, J. F., ‘Nonspecific medication side effects and the nocebo phenomenon’, JAMA, 287(5), 2002, pp. 622-7.

[23] Wood, F. A., Howard, J. P., Finegold, J. A. et al., ‘N-of-1 trial of a statin, placebo, or no treatment to assess side effects’, New England Journal of Medicine, 383, 2020, pp. 2182-4.

[24] Bartholomew, R. E. and Wessely, S., ‘Protean nature of mass sociogenic illness: from possessed nuns to chemical and biological terrorism fears’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 180(4), 2002, pp. 300-6.

[25] Benedetti, F., Lanotte, M., Lopiano, L. and Colloca, L., ‘When words are painful: unraveling the mechanisms of the nocebo effect’, Neuroscience, 147(2), 2007, pp. 260-71.

[26] Ritter, A., Franz, M., Puta, C., Dietrich, C., Miltner, W. H. and Weiss, T., ‘Enhanced brain responses to pain-related words in chronic back pain patients and their modulation by current pain’, Healthcare, 4(3), 2016, p.54.

[27] Hansen, E. and Zech, N., ‘Nocebo effects and negative suggestions in daily clinical practice-forms, impact and approaches to avoid them’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10, 2019, p.77.

[28] Varelmann, D., Pancaro, C., Cappiello, E. C. and Camann, W. R., ‘Nocebo-induced hyperalgesia during local anesthetic injection’, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 110(3), 2010, pp.868-70.

[29] Bingel, U., Wanigasekera, V., Wiech, K. et al., ‘The effect of treatment expectation on drug efficacy: imaging the analgesic benefit of the opioid remifentanil’, Science Translational Medicine, 3(70), 2011, p.70ra14.

[30] Amanzio, M., Pollo, A., Maggi, G. and Benedetti, F., ‘Response variability to analgesics: a role for non-specific activation of endogenous opioids’, Pain, 90(3), 2001, pp. 205-15.

[31] Walach, H. and Jonas, W. B., ‘Placebo research: the evidence base for harnessing self-healing capacities’, Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 10 (Supplement 1), 2004, p.S-103.

[32] Interview with Dan Moerman in Marchant, J., Cure: A Journey into the Science of Mind Over Body, Broadway Books, 2016.

[33] Conboy, L. A., Macklin, E., Kelley, J., Kokkotou, E., Lembo, A. and Kaptchuk, T., ‘Which patients improve: characteristics increasing sensitivity to a supportive patient-practitioner relationship’, Social Science & Medicine, 70(3), 2010, pp. 479-84.

[34] Ernst, E., ‘A systematic review of systematic reviews of homeopathy’, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 54(6), 2002, pp. 577-82.

[35] Specter, M., ‘The power of nothing’, New Yorker, 5 December 2011.

[36] Kaptchuk, T. J., Friedlander, E., Kelley, J. M. et al., ‘Placebos without deception: a randomized controlled trial in irritable bowel syndrome’, PLOS ONE, 5(12), 2010, p.e15591.

[37] Carvalho, C., Caetano, J. M., Cunha, L., Rebouta, P., Kaptchuk, T. J. and Kirsch, I., ‘Open label placebo treatment in chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial’, Pain, 157(12), 2016, p. 2766-72.

[38] Kam-Hansen, S., Jakubowski, M., Kelley, J. M. et al., ‘Altered placebo and drug labeling changes the outcome of episodic migraine attacks’, Science Translational Medicine, 6(218), 2014, p.218ra5.

[39] Wang, R. S., Hall, K. T., Giulianini, F., Passow, D., Kaptchuk, T. J. and Loscalzo, J., ‘Network analysis of the genomic basis of the placebo effect’, JCI Insight, 2(11), 2017, p.e93911.

[40] Colloca, L. and Benedetti, F., ‘How prior experience shapes placebo analgesia’, Pain, 124(1-2), 2006, pp. 126-33.

[41] Schafer, S. M., Colloca, L. and Wager, T. D., ‘Conditioned placebo analgesia persists when subjects know they are receiving a placebo’, Journal of Pain, 16(5), 2015, pp. 412-20.

[42] Tu, Y., Park, J., Ahlfors, S. P. et al., ‘A neural mechanism of direct and observational conditioning for placebo and nocebo responses’, NeuroImage, 184, 2019, pp. 954-63.

[43] Colloca, L., Enck, P. and DeGrazia, D., ‘Relieving pain using dose-extending placebos: a scoping review’, Pain, 157(8), 2016, pp. 1590-98.

[44] Thompson, P., ‘Margaret Thatcher: A new illusion’, Perception, 9(4), 1980, pp. 483-4.

[45] Summerfield, C., Egner, T., Greene, M., Koechlin, E., Mangels, J. and Hirsch, J., ‘Predictive codes for forthcoming perception in the frontal cortex’, Science, 314(5803), 2006, pp. 1311-14.

[46] George, K. and Das, J. M., ‘Neuroanatomy, thalamocortical radiations’, StatPearls Publishing, 2019.

[47] Wallisch, P., ‘Illumination assumptions account for individual differences in the perceptual interpretation of a profoundly ambiguous stimulus in the color domain: “The dress” ’, Journal of Vision, 17(4), 2017.

[48] Casey, K., ‘Theory of predictive brain as important as evolution -Prof. Lars Muckli’, Horizon, 29 May 2018.

[49] Ongaro, G. and Kaptchuk, T. J., ‘Symptom perception, placebo effects, and the Bayesian brain’, Pain, 160(1), 2019, pp. 1-4.

[50] Kaptchuk, T. J., ‘Open-label placebo: reflections on a research agenda’, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 61(3), 2018, pp. 311-34.

5 疼痛的意义

[1] International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Fourth Geneva Convention), 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 287.

[2] Tsur, N., Defrin, R. and Ginzburg, K., ‘Posttraumatic stress disorder, orientation to pain, and pain perception in ex-prisoners of war who underwent torture’, Psychosomatic Medicine, 79(6), 2017, pp. 655-63.

[3] Raja, S. N., Carr, D. B., Cohen, M. et al., ‘The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises’, Pain, 161(9), 2020, pp. 1976-82.

[4] Shackman, A. J. and Wager, T. D., ‘The emotional brain: fundamental questions and strategies for future research’, Neuroscience Letters, 693, 2019, pp. 68-74.

[5] Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D. and Williams, K. D., ‘Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion’, Science, 302(5643), 2003, pp. 290-2.

[6] DeWall, C. N., MacDonald, G., Webster, G. D. et al., ‘Acetaminophen reduces social pain: behavioral and neural evidence’, Psychological Science, 21(7), 2010, pp. 931-7.

[7] Ratner, K. G., Kaczmarek, A. R. and Hong, Y., ‘Can over-the-counter pain medications influence our thoughts and emotions?’, Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5(1), 2018, pp. 82-9.

[8] Farrell, S. M., Green, A. and Aziz, T., ‘The current state of deep brain stimulation for chronic pain and its context in other forms of neuromodulation’, Brain Sciences, 8(8), 2018, p.158.

[9] Lempka, S. F., Malone Jr, D. A., Hu, B. et al., ‘Randomized clinical trial of deep brain stimulation for poststroke pain’, Annals of Neurology, 81(5), 2017, pp. 653-63.

[10] Ploghaus, A., Narain, C., Beckmann, C.F. et al., ‘Exacerbation of pain by anxiety is associated with activity in a hippocampal network’, Journal of Neuroscience, 21(24), 2001, pp. 9896-9903.

[11] Zhou, F., Shefer, A., Wenger, J. et al., ‘Economic evaluation of the routine childhood immunization program in the United States, 2009’, Pediatrics, 133(4), 2014, pp. 577-85.

[12] McMurtry, C. M., Riddell, R. P., Taddio, A. et al., ‘Far from “just a poke”: common painful needle procedures and the development of needle fear’, Clinical Journal of Pain, 31 (Supplement 10), 2015, pp. S3-11.

[13] Taddio, A., McMurtry, C. M., Shah, V. et al., ‘Reducing pain during vaccine injections: clinical practice guideline’, CMAJ, 187(13), 2015, pp. 975-82.

[14] Wang, Y., Wang, J. Y. and Luo, F., ‘Why self-induced pain feels less painful than externally generated pain: distinct brain activation patterns in self-and externally generated pain’, PLOS ONE, 6(8), 2011, p.e23536.

[15] Mowrer, O. H. and Viek, P., ‘An experimental analogue of fear from a sense of helplessness’, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43(2), 1948, pp. 193-200.

[16] Bowers, K. S., ‘Pain, anxiety, and perceived control’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32(5) (Part 1), 1968, pp. 596-602.

[17] Segal, Z. V., Kennedy, S., Gemar, M., Hood, K., Pedersen, R. and Buis, T., ‘Cognitive reactivity to sad mood provocation and the prediction of depressive relapse’, Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(7), 2006, pp. 749-55.

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6 一分疼痛,一分收获

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7 我知道你有多疼

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8 万众一心

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9 相信中解脱

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10 无声的疾苦

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[2] Shipton, E. E., Bate, F., Garrick, R., Steketee, C., Shipton, E. A. and Visser, E. J., ‘Systematic review of pain medicine content, teaching, and assessment in medical school curricula internationally’, Pain and Therapy, 7(2), 2018, pp. 139-61.

[3] Blyth, F. M., March, L. M., Brnabic, A. J., Jorm, L. R., Williamson, M. and Cousins, M. J., ‘Chronic pain in Australia: a prevalence study’, Pain, 89(2-3), 2001, pp. 127-34.

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[5] McQuay, H., ‘Help and hope at the bottom of the pile’, BMJ, 336(7650), 2008, pp. 954-5.

[6] Treede, R. D., Rief, W., Barke, A. et al., ‘Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11)’, Pain, 160(1), 2019, pp. 19-27.

[7] Dyer, O., ‘US life expectancy falls for third year in a row’, BMJ, 363, 2018.

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[11] King, A., ‘Analgesia without opioids’, Nature, 573(7773), 2019, pp. S4-S6.

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[17] Hayley, S., ‘The neuroimmune-neuroplasticity interface and brain pathology’, Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 8, 2014, p.419.

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[24] Bower, J .E. and Irwin, M. R., ‘Mind-body therapies and control of inflammatory biology: a descriptive review’, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 51, 2016, pp. 1-11.

[25] Smith, K., ‘The association between loneliness, social isolation and inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 112, 2020, pp. 519-41.

[26] Hussain, S. M., Urquhart, D. M., Wang, Y. et al., ‘Fat mass and fat distribution are associated with low back pain intensity and disability: results from a cohort study’, Arthritis Research & Therapy, 19, 2017, p.26.

[27] Smuck, M., Schneider, B. J., Ehsanian, R., Martin, E. and Kao, M. C. J., ‘Smoking is associated with pain in all body regions, with greatest influence on spinal pain’, Pain Medicine, 21(9), 2020, pp. 1759-68.

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11 疯狂的脑子

[1] Woolf C. J., ‘Evidence for a central component of post-injury pain hypersensitivity’, Nature, 306, 1983, pp. 686-8.

[2] Sandkühler, J. and Gruber-Schoffnegger, D., ‘Hyperalgesia by synaptic long-term potentiation(LTP): an update’, Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 12(1), 2012, pp. 18-27.

[3] Jepma, M., Koban, L., van Doorn, J., Jones, M. and Wager, T.D., ‘Behavioural and neural evidence for self-reinforcing expectancy effects on pain’, Nature Human Behaviour, 2(11), 2018, pp. 838-55.

[4] Soni, A., Wanigasekera, V., Mezue, M. et al., ‘Central sensitization in knee osteoarthritis: relating presurgical brainstem neuroimaging and PainDETECT-based patient stratification to arthroplasty outcome’, Arthritis & Rheumatology, 71(4), 2019, pp. 550-60.

[5] Tagliazucchi, E., Balenzuela, P., Fraiman, D. and Chialvo, D. R., ‘Brain resting state is disrupted in chronic back pain patients’, Neuroscience Letters, 485(1), pp. 26-31.

[6] Apkarian, A. V., Sosa, Y., Sonty, S. et al., ‘Chronic back pain is associated with decreased prefrontal and thalamic gray matter density’, Journal of Neuroscience, 24(46), 2004, pp. 10410-15.

[7] Johnston, K. J., Adams, M. J., Nicholl, B. I. et al., ‘Genome-wide association study of multisite chronic pain in UK Biobank’, PLOS Genetics, 15(6), 2019, p.e1008164.

[8] Khoury, S., Piltonen, M. H., Ton, A. T. et al., ‘A functional substitution in the L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzyme worsens somatic symptoms via a serotonergic pathway’, Annals of Neurology, 86(2), 2019, pp. 168-80.

[9] Desmeules, J. A., Cedraschi, C., Rapiti, E. et al., ‘Neurophysiologic evidence for a central sensitization in patients with fibromyalgia’, Arthritis & Rheumatism, 48(5), 2003, pp. 1420-9.

[10] Cagnie, B., Coppieters, I., Denecker, S., Six, J., Danneels, L. and Meeus, M., ‘Central sensitization in fibromyalgia? A systematic review on structural and functional brain MRI’, Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 44(1), 2014, pp. 68-75.

[11] Bäckryd, E., Tanum, L., Lind, A. L., Larsson, A. and Gordh, T., ‘Evidence of both systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation in fibromyalgia patients, as assessed by a multiplex protein panel applied to the cerebrospinal fluid and to plasma’, Journal of Pain Research, 10, 2017, pp. 515-25.

[12] Albrecht, D. S., Forsberg, A., Sandström, A. et al., ‘Brain glial activation in fibromyalgia -a multi-site positron emission tomography investigation’, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 75, 2019, pp. 72-83.

[13] Stankevicius, A., Wallwork, S. B., Summers, S. J., Hordacre, B. and Stanton, T. R., ‘Prevalence and incidence of phantom limb pain, phantom limb sensations and telescoping in amputees: a systematic rapid review’, European Journal of Pain, 25(2), 2020.

[14] Weinstein, S. M., ‘Phantom limb pain and related disorders’, Neurologic Clinics, 16(4), 1998, pp. 919-35.

[15] Penfield, W. and Jasper, H., Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain, Little, Brown, 1954.

[16] Ramachandran, V. S., ‘Perceptual Correlates of Neural Plasticity in the Adult Human Brain’, Early Vision and Beyond, eds. Papathomas, T. V., Kowler, E., Chubb, C. and Gorea, A., MIT Press, 1995, pp. 227-47.

[17] Flor, H., Nikolajsen, L. and Jensen, T. S., ‘Phantom limb pain: a case of maladaptive CNS plasticity?’, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(11), 2006, pp. 873-81.

[18] Flor, H., Elbert, T., Knecht, S. et al., ‘Phantom-limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation’, Nature, 375(6531), pp. 482-4.

[19] Ramachandran, V. S. and Blakeslee, S., Phantoms in the Brain, Fourth Estate, 1999.

[20] Doidge, N., The Brain That Changes Itself: Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science, Penguin, 2008.

[21] Freeman, M. D., Nystrom, A. and Centeno, C., ‘Chronic whiplash and central sensitization; an evaluation of the role of a myofascial trigger point in pain modulation’, Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury, 4(1), 2009, pp. 1-8.

[22] Campo-Prieto, P. and Rodríguez-Fuentes, G., ‘Effectiveness of mirrortherapy in phantom limb pain: a literature review’, Neurología, English edition, 2018.

[23] McCabe, C. S., Haigh, R. C., Ring, E. F. J., Halligan, P. W., Wall, P. D. and Blake, D. R., ‘A controlled pilot study of the utility of mirror visual feedback in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (type 1)’, Rheumatology, 42(1), 2003, pp. 97-101.

[24] Bowering, K. J., O'Connell, N. E., Tabor, A. et al., ‘The effects of graded motor imagery and its components on chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Journal of Pain, 14(1), 2013, pp. 3-13.

[25] Kikkert, S., Mezue, M., O'Shea, J. et al., ‘Neural basis of induced phantom limb pain relief’, Annals of Neurology, 85(1), 2019, pp. 59-73.

[26] Rutledge, T., Velez, D., Depp, C. et al., ‘A virtual reality intervention for the treatment of phantom limb pain: development and feasibility results’, Pain Medicine, 20(10), 2019, pp.2051-9.

12 疼痛革命

[1] Corkhill, B., Knitting for Health and Wellness, Flatbear Publishing, 2014.

[2] Riley, J., Corkhill, B. and Morris, C., ‘The benefits of knitting for personal and social wellbeing in adulthood: findings from an international survey’, British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 76(2), 2013, pp. 50-7.

[3] Jacobs, B. L. and Fornal, C. A., ‘Activity of serotonergic neurons in behaving animals’, Neuropsychopharmacology, 21(1), 1999, pp. 9-15.

[4] Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U. and May, A., ‘Changes in grey matter induced by training’, Nature, 427(6972), 2004, pp. 311-12.

[5] Gallace, A., Torta, D. M. E., Moseley, G. L. and Iannetti, G. D., ‘The analgesic effect of crossing the arms’, Pain, 152(6), 2011, pp. 1418-23.

[6] McKay, J. H. and Tatum, W. O., ‘Knitting induced fronto-central theta rhythm’, Epilepsy & Behavior Reports, 12, 2019, p.100335.

[7] Corkhill, B. and Davidson, C., ‘Exploring the effects of knitting on the experience of chronic pain-a qualitative study’, poster at the British Pain Society Annual Scientific Meeting, 2009.

[8] Ponce-Alonso, M., de la Fuente, J. S., Rincón-Carlavilla, A. et al., ‘Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on nosocomial Clostridioides difficile infection’, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 2020, pp. 1-5.

[9] Greenhalgh, T., ‘Pondering whether COVID-19 will be evidence-based medicine’s nemesis’, Twitter post, 2 May 2020.

[10] Tremblay, M. S., Colley, R. C., Saunders, T. J., Healy, G. N. and Owen, N., ‘Physiological and health implications of a sedentary lifestyle’, Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 35(6), 2010, pp. 725-40.

[11] Hanna, F., Daas, R. N., El-Shareif, T. J., Al-Marridi, H. H., Al-Rojoub, Z. M. and Adegboye, O. A., ‘The relationship between sedentary behavior, back pain, and psychosocial correlates among university employees’, Frontiers in Public Health, 7, 2019, p.80.

[12] Heron, L., O'Neill, C., McAneney, H., Kee, F. and Tully, M. A., ‘Direct healthcare costs of sedentary behaviour in the UK’, Journal of Epidemiolgy and Community Health, 73(7), 2019, pp. 625-9.

[13] Gopinath, B., Kifley, A., Flood, V. M. and Mitchell, P., ‘Physical activity as a determinant of successful aging over ten years’, Scientific Reports, 8(1), 2018, pp. 1-5.

[14] Rice, D., Nijs, J., Kosek, E. et al., ‘Exercise-induced hypoalgesia in pain-free and chronic pain populations: state of the art and future directions’, Journal of Pain, 20(11), 2019, pp. 1249-66.

[15] Dimitrov, S., Hulteng, E. and Hong, S., ‘Inflammation and exercise: inhibition of monocytic intracellular TNF production by acute exercise via β2-adrenergic activation’, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 61, 2017, pp. 60-8.

[16] Puetz, T. W., Flowers, S. S. and O'Connor, P. J., ‘A randomized controlled trial of the effect of aerobic exercise training on feelings of energy and fatigue in sedentary young adults with persistent fatigue’, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 77(3), 2008, pp. 167-74.

[17] Nijs, J., Girb é s, E. L., Lundberg, M., Malfliet, A. and Sterling, M., ‘Exercise therapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain: innovation by altering pain memories’, Manual Therapy, 20(1), 2015, pp. 216-20.

[18] ‘The Health and Wellbeing Benefits of Swimming’, Swimming and Health Commission, 2017.

[19] Busch, V., Magerl, W., Kern, U., Haas, J., Hajak, G. and Eichhammer, P., ‘The effect of deep and slow breathing on pain perception, autonomic activity, and mood processing -an experimental study’, Pain Medicine, 13(2), 2012, pp. 215-28.

[20] Anderson, B. E. and Bliven, K. C. H., ‘The use of breathing exercises in the treatment of chronic, nonspecific low back pain’, Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 26(5), 2017, pp. 452-8.

[21] Gerhart, J. I., Burns, J. W., Post, K. M. et al., ‘Relationships between sleep quality and pain related factors for people with chronic low back pain: tests of reciprocal and time of day effects’, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 51(3), 2017, pp. 365-75.

[22] Brasure, M., Fuchs, E., MacDonald, R. et al., ‘Psychological and behavioral interventions for managing insomnia disorder: an evidence report for a clinical practice guideline by the American College of Physicians’, Annals of Internal Medicine, 165(2), 2016, pp. 113-24.

[23] Finan, P. H., Buenaver, L. F., Runko, V. T. and Smith, M. T., ‘Cognitive-behavioral therapy for comorbid insomnia and chronic pain’, Sleep Medicine Clinics, 9(2), 2014, pp. 261-74.

[24] Sapolsky, R. M., Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-related Diseases, and Coping, Holt, 2004.

[25] Doidge, N., The Brain's Way of Healing: Remarkable Discoveries and Recoveries from the Frontiers of Neuroplasticity, Penguin, 2016.

[26] Moseley, G. L., Parsons, T. J. and Spence, C., ‘Visual distortion of a limb modulates the pain and swelling evoked by movement’, Current Biology, 18(22), 2008, pp. R1047-8.

[27] Stanton, T. R., Gilpin, H. R., Edwards, L., Moseley, G. L. and Newport, R., ‘Illusory resizing of the painful knee is analgesic in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis’, PeerJ, 6, 2018, p.e5206.

[28] Butler, D. S. and Moseley, G. L., Explain Pain, 2nd edition, NOI Group, 2013.

[29] Moseley, G. L., ‘Evidence for a direct relationship between cognitive and physical change during an education intervention in people with chronic low back pain’, European Journal of Pain, 8(1), 2004, pp. 39-45.

[30] Moseley, G. L. and Butler, D. S., ‘Fifteen years of explaining pain: the past, present, and future’, Journal of Pain, 16(9), 2015, pp. 807-13.

[31] Louw, A., Zimney, K., Puentedura, E. J. and Diener, I., ‘The efficacy of pain neuroscience education on musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review of the literature’, Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 32(5), 2016, pp. 332-55.

[32] Lee, H., McAuley, J. H., Hübscher, M., Kamper, S. J., Traeger, A. C. and Moseley, G. L., ‘Does changing pain-related knowledge reduce pain and improve function through changes in catastrophizing?’, Pain, 157(4), 2016, pp. 922-30.

[33] Corrigan, C., Desnick, L., Marshall, S., Bentov, N. and Rosenblatt, R. A., ‘What can we learn from first-year medical students’ perceptions of pain in the primary care setting?’, Pain Medicine, 12(8), 2011, pp. 1216-22.

[34] Mackey, C., ‘Pain and the Brain’, lecture at Stanford Back Pain Education Day 2016, Youtube.com.

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