(索引中页码为本书页边码)
Abbud-Madrid,Angel,170
Ad Astra Rocket Company,339
Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies(Moon Treaty),159,215
Aldrin,Buzz,186-187,242,246-247
Aldrin Mars Cycler,242
Allen,John,57
All-Terrain Hex-Limbed Extra-Terrestrial Explorer,227
Almaz space station,119
Alpha Centauri,103,244,337,341
aluminum,163,165,169-170
aluminum-ice(ALICE),104-105
ammonia,203,205,211,228,328-329
Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station,34-35
Ansari,Anousheh,124
Ansari Ⅹ Prize,134
Anserlian,Garo,286
Antarctica,27,29-37,44
Antarctic Treaty,31,36,160
antimatter,116,341-342
Apollo 1,3,8
Apollo 10,243
Apollo 11,4,190,223
Apollo 13,4,6,8
Apollo 14,84
Apollo 16,6,83
Apollo 17,6,83
Apollo program,152-153
appendicitis,92-93
aquaponics,261
“areology,” 287
argon,258-259
Ariane 5 rocket,113
Armstrong,Neil,4,186
Armstrong limit,299,301
Army Ballistic Missile Agency,107
Arthur,Isaac,326-327
artificial gravity. See centrifugal force
artificial intelligence(AI),272
Asimov,Isaac,203,282,326
Asteroid Redirect Mission(ARM),211-212
asteroids:as habitats,21,217-218;defined,201-204;impacts on Earth,22-23;mining on,5,209-212;near-earth,201,206-207;potential profit from,209-215;as starships,218;water on,205
Atlas rockets,109,113
atmospheric pressure,41,251,297
augmented reality,272-273
autonomous vehicles,271
azotosome,326
Baker,David,223,234
Bannon,Steve,59
Bass,Ed,57,60
Bassingthwaighte,Tristan,278
Bean,Alan,238-239
Bennu asteroid,206
Berezovoy,Anatoly,45
Bezos,Jeff,136
BFR,SpaceX rocket,109-110
Bigelow,Robert,125,126-127
Bigelow Aerospace,77,114,125-126,129
Bigelow Expandable Activity Module(BEAM),125-126
bioregenerative life support system(BLSS),195-198,260
Biosphere 2,56-61,275
Blue Origin,114,123,136
bone loss,68-69
boron nitride nanotubes(BNNTs),91
brain damage. See cognitive health risks
Branson,Richard,135
Braun,Wernher von,99,107,150
Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project,341
Brin,David,108n
Buran space shuttle,134
Bush,George H.W.,222,230-231
Bush,George W.,223
Callisto,314,318-319
Canadian Space Agency,120,228
carbon nanotubes,142-143
Carter,Jimmy,170,222
Case for Mars,The(book),227,270
Case for Mars,The(conference),259n
Cassini spacecraft,320-321
centrifugal force,73-74,236-238
Centrifuge Accommodations Module(CAM),76-77
Ceres,201-203,208,215-218
CERN,92
Cernan,Eugene,148,174,176,194
Chaffee,Roger,3
Chandrayaan-1 mission,162,180
Chang Díaz,Franklin,339
Charon,331-332
Chelomey,Vladimir,119
China:asteroid mining by,213;Mars plans of,220,230,249,276;National Space Administration(CNSA),154;rare-earth elements from,168;space race by,13,123,154-156;space stations of,121-122;US exclusion policy against,158
circulatory system,69-70
climate change,23-25
Clinton,Bill,222
cobalt,204,211
cochlear implants,272-273
cognitive health risks,70,85-89
colonization,definition of,32
comets,63,202,333-334;as starships,334
Comité Speciale de l’Année Geophysique Internationale(CSAGI),149
Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act of 2004,136
Concorde,138-139
Concordia Research Station,48
ConsenSys,208-209
Controlled Environment Agriculture Center(CEAC),35-36,195
Cook,Frederick A.,54-55
coronal mass ejection(CME),80-81
cosmic rays. See radiation:cosmic
cosmic ray visual phenomena,86
Cox Report,158
cryptocurrency,209
CubeSat,114n
Cucinotta,Francis,83,88-89
Curiosity rover,239,251,259,272,274
DARPA(US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency),133
Dawn spacecraft,208,216,339
Dear Moon project,186
Deep Space Gateway. See Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway
Deep Space Industries(DSI),209,213
Deimos,291
Delta rockets,109,113-114
delta-v(Δv),99-101,209
Desert RATS,227-228
deuterium,166-167,268
Devon Island,Canada,226-227,261
dolphin(US Navy pin),43-44
Dragonfly mission,307,325
Dragon spacecraft,109,125
Dyson,Freeman,103-104,242-244,280,333
dysprosium,162
Earth-Mars cycler,241-242,246
Earthrise,188
EDEN ISS,36
Einstein,Albert,99
Eisenhower,Dwight D.,107,149-150
electrolysis,40-41,180
electrostatic levitation,194
Elvis,Martin,209
EmDrive,340
Enceladus,33,314,320-321
escape velocity,164,212-213
Esperanza Base,32
Europa,33,39,314,316-317
European Space Agency(ESA):International Space Station,120;Mars activities,52,276;Moon activities,176-179;rocketry,113;Space Medicine Office,69;Titan missions,321,324
European Space Radiation Superconducting Shield(SR2S)project,92;exercise in space,69
exhaust velocity,100,104
ExoMars Orbiter/Schiaparelli EDL Demo Lander mission,276
Explorer 1 satellite,150
Extravehicular Mobility Units(EMU),251-252
eye health,70
Falcon Heavy rocket,112-113,115
Falcon rocket family,109-113
Federal Aviation Administration(FAA),136,138
Fine Motor Skills investigation,71
fission,nuclear,105-106,342
Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station(FMARS),226-227
Fluid Shifts investigation,71
free-fall,67,99
free-return trajectory,242
Fulton surface-to-air recovery system(STARS),139
Functional Task investigation,71
funding,motivations for,11-15
fusion,nuclear,105-106,165-168,334
gadolinium,162
gamma-ray bursts,25
gamma rays,18
Ganymede,317-318,320
generational starship,337
geostationary orbit,127,142-143
geosynchronous orbit,127
g-force,243-244
Giacomelli,Gene,195,197
Gibson,Edward,119
gold,202,204-205,268-269
Goldin,Dan,232
Goldwater,Barry,223
gravity:defined,67-68;effects on health,66-78,173
Griffin,Michael,108-109,123
Grissom,Gus,3
Groton,CT,submarine base,44,46
Guinan,Edward,262
Hall thruster,339
Haughton Mars Project(HMP),227-228
Hawai‘i Space Exploration Analog and Simulation(HI-SEAS),48-51,226,278
Hawking,Stephen,25-26
Hayabusa probes,207-208
health risks of space travel,64-66
heliocentric orbit,151
helium-3,161,165-168,181,268
Hermes(fictional spacecraft),236
Hess,Victor Franz,86
Hohmann transfer orbit,241
Hubble Space Telescope,127,231
Human Exploration Research Analog(HERA),45-47,226
Human Health and Performance Directorate,NASA,96
Human Outer Planets Exploration(HOPE),318
Huygens mission,321
hydrazine,104
hydroponics,36,195-198,260-261
hypercapnia,95
Hypersonic Airplane Space Tether Orbital Launch(HASTOL)system,140-142
hypoxia,95
Iapetus,319-320
IceCube Neutrino Observatory,33
Ice Home,253-255
IKAROS spacecraft,340
immunodeficiency,93,96
inflatable habitats,77,125-126,129,176-177,253,255
InSight probe,239
in situ resource utilization(ISRU),185,228-230
intergalactic highway,336
International Geophysical Year,149
International Space Station(ISS):cost of,10,290;microgravity research on,66-69,75;modules attached to,76-77;orbit of,26;origin of,120-121;tourism and,124-126,128
interstellar ark,337
Io,315-316
ionizing radiation,79-81
ion propulsion,207-208,338-339
iron,163,169-170,331
Italian Space Agency,265
Itokawa asteroid,207
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA),207-208,338,340
Japan National Space Development Agency,76
Johnson,Lyndon B.,5,153,223
Jupiter,305-306,314-319
Jupiter-3 rocket,150
Kaluga,Russia,98-99
Kármán line,134-135,146
Kelly,Mark,94
Kelly,Scott,94-95,235,238
Kennedy,John F.,5-6,153
Kerimov,Kerim,119
Kevlar,126,140,145,269,274
Khrushchev,Nikita,149
Krauss,Lawrence,246-247
KREEP,162,181
Kuiper belt,305,330-333
Kursk(Russian submarine),42
Lagrangian points,127
Laika,the dog,150
Lake Vostok,33,316
Landscape Evolution Observatory,60
lava tubes,184-185
Lebedev,Valentin Vitalyevich,45
Lee,Pascal,228
Lehrer,Tom,150n
Lewis and Clark expedition,205-206
L5 Society,159
Lightfoot,Robert,Jr.,122
Limoli,Charles,87
liquid oxygen(LOX),104
Logsdon,John,5-6
Long March rockets,113-114,155
lonsdaleite,205
Lopez-Alegria,Michael,124
Low-Density Supersonic Decelerator(LDSD),274
low-earth orbit(LEO),127
LUCA(“loud,unfriendly counterarguments”),112,171,277,330
Lunar Hilton,186-187
lunar hopper,192
Lunar Legacy Project,190
lunar-Mars greenhouse. See bioregenerative life support system
Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway(LOP-G),122-123
Lunar Palace 1,155,197
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter,185
Lunar Roving Vehicles,191
Luna spacecraft,151-152
Luxembourg,213-214
Maezawa,Yusaku,186
magnesium,163,165
magnetosphere,18,80,128
Malapert Mountain,180
Mare Tranquillitatis Hole,185,190
Mariner 9 spacecraft,250
Mars:asteroid use,203,209,211-212,215;atmosphere of,224,258,284,302;atmospheric pressure on,251,254-255,297-301;bodily changes on,293-296;comparison with Antarctica,224,285,289-290;comparison with Moon,173-175,224-225;crew selection for,275-278;distance from Earth,240,305-306;dust storms on,250,262;food security on,259-265;health risks on,234-239;homesteading on,291;human migration to,279-280;indoor air on,257-259;landing on,273-274;NASA plan for,220,247-249;possibility of life on,282-284;profitability,14,267-270;radiation danger on,84,238-239,250-251;shelter on,253-257,275;technology gaps and,271-273;temperature on,249;terraforming on,296-303;timekeeping on,285-287;tourism to,287-289;travel time to,240-244;water on,265
Mars 2 spacecraft,239,250
Mars 3 spacecraft,152,239,250
Mars500 project,52-54
Mars City Design,275
Mars Desert Research Station(MDRS),226-227
Mars Direct mission concept,223,232-234,241-242,246,248
Mars One,244-245,265-266
Mars Science Laboratory(MSL),239,274
Mars Society,226-228
mass driver,164-165,269
MAVEN spacecraft,84
McKay,Christopher,258-259,262,299,303
McMurdo Station,33,35
medium-earth orbit(MEO),127
Mercury,304,311-314
Mercury 13(film),153n
Merlin rocket engines,110
metallic hydrogen,105
meteorites,34
methane,225,229-233,314,321,323-324,328-329
mice,77,87-88,174,237-238
MICEHAB,237-238
microbiome,86-87,294-295
microgravity. See gravity
Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport(MARS),138
Mimas,319
mining. See Moon:mining on;Mars:profitability
Mir space station,45,120,152,239
moholes,302
Mojave Air and Space Port,136,138
momentum exchange tether,140
Moon:Apollo 11 landing,148,223;brickmaking on,177-178;comparison with Antarctica,31,160,181-184,200;comparison with Mars,174-175,224-225;day and night on,178-179;food security on,195-198;Kennedy legacy,6;landscape,187;lunar dust,183,193-195;mining on,161-172;oxygen extraction on,185-186;scientific activity on,172-173;shelter on,176-178,181-185;temperatures on,178-179;terraforming of,198-199;tourism to,186-192;transportation on,191-192;view of Earth from,187-188;water and ice abundance on,162,180-181
Moon Mineralogy Mapper,180
Moon Museum,190-191
moonquakes,176n
Moon Treaty,159,215
Mount Everest,27-28,41,220,300
MOXIE oxygen generator,229
Mueller,Tom,110
Multiple Artificial-gravity Research System(MARS),77
Mushrooms for Mars,260
Musk,Elon,106,109-113,245,281,297
nanosatellites,114
NASA:Breakthrough Propulsion Physics(BPP)Project,341;budget of,5,223;Extreme Environment Mission Operations(NEEMO),47-48;Human Research Program Roadmap,63-66;Johnson Space Center,45,124;Marshall Space Flight Center,107;90-Day Study,230-231;Office of Safety and Mission Assurance,42;Space Life Sciences Directorate,96;Space Radiation Laboratory,88
NASA/Navy Benchmarking Exchange,42
National Academy of Sciences(NAS),90
National Defense Education Act of 1958,151
National Institutes of Health(NIH),96
National Laboratory,76
National Space Biomedical Research Institute(NSBRI),71
National Space Council,231
Nautilus-Ⅹ,77-78
Naval Research Laboratory,107
Nazis,99,150
NEAR spacecraft,207
Neptune,305-306,327,329-331
NERVA program,342
New Horizons mission,305,307,331-333
NewSpace,13,115
New Swabia,30
Newton’s third law,131
Nextel fiber,126
nickel,203-204,211
nitrogen,258-261
nitrogen tetroxide,104
Nixon,Richard,5,9,223
noise(of rockets and spacecraft),136-138,146-147
nuclear fission,105-106,342
nuclear fusion,105-106,165-168,334,342-343
nuclear-powered spacecraft,103-104,342-343
nuclear war,21-22
Obama,Barack,158,223,247
Oberon,327-329
Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA),63,82
Oceanus Procellarum,185,190
Olympus Mons,220,288-289
O’Neill,Gerard,117,127
O’Neill cylinders. See orbital cities
Oort cloud,334-337
Operation Paperclip,107
Operation Tabarin,30
Opportunity rover,250,271
orbital cities,5,117-118,127,219,327
orbital factories,130
orbital ring,144-145
orbital velocity,98-100,133,140,144
Ordovician extinction,25
Orion spacecraft,242
orthostatic hypotension,237
OSIRIS-REx spacecraft,206
osteoporosis(bone loss),68-69
‘Oumuamua,23-24
Outer Space Treaty,31,159-160,209-210,213-215,280-282
ozone layer,79-81
Pacific Spaceport Complex-Alaska,138
Paine,Thomas,4
Pale Blue Dot(Sagan),26
Palma,Emilio,32-33
Parker,Eugene,86
payload cost,115
perchlorates,262-263
Pettit,Don,97n
Phillips,John,70
Phobos,242,269,291
phosphorus,162,203,263
PILOT oxygen extractor,185-186,228
pintle injector,110
Planetary Resources,Inc.,208-209,213
Planetary Society,340
platinum,202,204-205,210,268
platinum-group metals,204
Pluto:as destination,17,330-332;distance from Earth,305-306,307;gravity on,327;moons of,331-332
population,human:disasters and,21-22,344;growth of,20,346-347
potassium,162,263
Project Artemis,156-157
Project Orion,103-104,242-243
Project Timberwind,342
prophylactic surgery. See surgery in space
Proton-M rocket,113
Proxima Centauri,305
Psyche(16)asteroid,204
psychological health risks,44-45,50-51,54-55
pulse-detonation rocket engine,116
Quayle,Dan,231
radiation:cosmic,18,85-92,174-176,224,250-251,256;HZE particles,85,88;lethal dose,82-84;solar,18,78-85,174-176,224,250-251,256;units,defined,81
radiation-induced cognitive decline,88-89
radio-isotope thermoelectric generators(RTGs),342
ramjets,133
rare-earth elements,162,168-169
Reagan,Ronald,170,222
Rendezvous with Rama(Clarke),23
RESOLVE oxygen extractor,228
Return to the Moon(Schmitt),167
“Return to the Moon”(symposium),123
Rhea,320
Robinson,Kim Stanley,296,302
rocket equation,97-100,104
Rocket Lab,114-115
Rocket Propellant-1(RP-1),104
Roosevelt,Franklin D.,345
Roscosmos,120
runway,high-altititude,146
Russia. See Soviet accomplishments in space;space race
Ryugu,207-208,210-211
SABRE engine,133
Sadler,Phil,35-36,60-61
Sagan,Carl,26,311
Salyut space stations,45,118-119,152
Saturn,305-306,319-327
Saturn Ⅴ rocket,8,112,119,246
Schmitt,Harrison “Jack,” 123,148,156,166-167,174,176,189,194
Schneider,Etienne,214
Schneider,William,126
scramjets,133
SELENE lunar mission,185
sex in space,131-132
Shackleton Crater,161,179-180
Shackleton Energy Company,160-161
Shah,Ramille,273
Shepard,Alan,4
silicon,163,170
silver,204
Silvera,Isaac,105
skinsuit,69
sky crane,239
skyhooks,139-142,269
Skylab,77,119-120,238
Skylon spaceplane,133-134
Société Européenne des Satellites,214
sodium,163
solar electric propulsion,212
solar energetic particles(SEPs),80
solar energy,5,145,168,170,179,313
solar flares,80-81 solar panels. See solar energy
solar sails,336,340-341
Solar System,scale of,305-306
solar wind,78-79,81,166,175
South Pole(Earth),27,29,33-35
Soviet accomplishments in space,151-152
Soyuz rockets,113-114,124,152
space activity suit(SAS),252-253
SPACE Act of 2015,214
Space Adaptation Syndrome(SAS),235-236
Space Chronicles(Tyson),102-103
space elevators,142-144,269
Space Exploration Initiative(SEI),230-232
Space Force,223,281,328
space hotels,128-130
space junk,144,158
Space Launch System(SLS),157-158
spaceplanes,132-139
Spaceport America,136-137
spaceports,136-138
space race:with China,13,123,154-156;with the Soviet Union,6-8,119,150-152
SpaceShipOne,134
SpaceShipTwo,135
space shuttle,4,9-10,107-109,120,134
Space Shuttle Challenger,231
Space Station Freedom,10,230-231
Space Station Ⅴ(fictional),129
space tourism,72,124-125,130,186-192,287-288
SpaceⅩ,106-116,123,125,186,245-246
specific impulse,104
Sphinx-99,52
Sputnik Crisis,148-151,153
Starship(SpaceⅩ spacecraft),110,112,246
“station-keeping,” 146
Stone,Bill,161
Strategic Defense Initiative,342
Stuster,Jack,54
submarines,nuclear,38-44
SUBSAFE,42
Super Heavy(SpaceⅩ rocket),110,112
surgery in space,92-94
Sylvia asteroid,202
telomeres,95
terbium,162
terrestrial chauvinism,319,327
Tesla Roadster,112-113
Tethys,319
Tharsis Montes,288
“third-quarter phenomenon,” 51
tholins,216,331-332
Thornton,Stan,120
3-D printing,130,176,218,273
Tiangong space stations,121-122
Titan:environment of,314,320-325;possibility of life on,325-327;probe landing on,14,321;proposed missions to,324-325
Titania,327-329
titanium,163,167,169,204
Tito,Dennis,124
Toon,Owen Brian,21-22
Tranquility Base,190
TransHub,126
trans-Neptunian objects,332-333
Transoceanic Abort Landing sites,100n
Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space.... See Outer Space Treaty
trinitramide,104
tritium,166-167
Triton,327,329-330
Tsiolkovsky,Konstantin,98-99,142
Tsiolkovsky rocket equation. See rocket equation
Twins Study,94-95
2suit,131
Tyson,Neil deGrasse,12,102-103,210,284
ultraviolet(UV)radiation,78-80
United Launch Alliance(ULA),109,111,114,161
University of Arizona,35,60,195
uranium,163,165,169-170
Uranus,298,305-306,327-329
US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA),133
US Department of Defense(DOD),111,134,281
US Government Accountability Office(GAO),111,157
US Interstate Highway System,12,141
Valles Marineris,220-221,288-289
Van Allen radiation belt,151-152
Vanguard 1,149-150
VaPER bed-rest study,48
VASIMR engine,339-340
Venera spacecraft,151-152,308
Venus,304,308-311
Vermeulen,Angelo,50
Verseux,Cyprien,51
Vesta,202-203,208,216,218,339
Viking Landers,239,258
Viking Orbiter,221
Villa Las Estrellas,32
Virgin Galactic,114,135-138
viruses,93
vision loss,70
Vonnegut,Kurt,26
Vostok research station,34,179
Voyager 1,306,335,342
V-2 rocket,99
Walford,Roy,57-58
warp drive,341
Webb,James,6
weightlessness. See gravity
Weir,Andy,236
White,Ed,3
X3 propulsion engine,339
X-15 aircraft,134
X-33 aircraft,116
X-37 aircraft,116,134,137
X-43 aircraft,131
X-class flare,84
xenon,339
XPRIZE,154
X-rays,78-83
Yuegong-1(Lunar Palace 1),155,197
Yutu rover,154
zero gravity,67-68
zero-one-infinity rule,282
Zubrin,Robert:and artificial gravity,78,236;on ingenuity and Mars settlement,269-270;and Mars Direct plan,223,232-234,241-242,248-249;and Mars Society,226-227;on skills needed for Mars,266
Zylon,140,269