火星地球化并不一定就是创造一个新的火星。人们可以把这个过程看作古老火星的回归。流动的水又流了回来,或者是古老的火星焕发了新的生命。这也正是许多火星倡导者的意见分歧之处。如果火星上有生命,就必须仔细检查。如果火星生命类似我们的生命树,基于核糖核酸(RNA)和脱氧核糖核酸(DNA),那么它们很可能与地球生命相关——要么是很久以前火星在地球上播种的生命,要么相反。如果我们是同一棵生命之树,那么就没有任何伦理上的理由来解释为什么地球上的生命不能在火星上繁衍。但如果火星上的生命是完全不同的东西,如果火星生命代表了另一种或独立的起源,那么像克里斯托弗·麦凯这样的火星地球化鼓吹者就会辩称,人类有义务远程培育火星上的生命,并与其完全隔离。事实上,我想,这就是麦凯与祖布林……还有我分道扬镳的地方。你是怎么想的?
预测到21世纪30年代,中国和美国将展开一场全面的太空竞赛;首次由中国或美国领导的任务将在21世纪40年代出现;21世纪50年代,多国将在火星上永久存在,包括部分旅游业;21世纪80年代,第一次尝试非政府主导的殖民;到22世纪50年代,蓝藻、地衣、真菌和简单植物可以在火星上自然生长;到23世纪,火星将达到冰岛的温度,并具有适宜居住的气压。
[1] “NASA’s Journey to Mars:Pioneering Next Steps in Space Exploration,” NASA NP-2015-08-2018-HQ,October 2015,https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/journey-to-mars-next-steps-20151008_508.pdf.
[2] George W.Bush,“A Renewed Spirit of Discovery:The President’s Vision for U.S.Space Exploration,” White House fact sheet,January 2004,https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps72574/renewed_spirit.pdf.
[3] John M.Logsdon,“Ten Presidents and NASA,” in 50th Magazine—50 Years of Exploration and Discovery,NASA(2008),https://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/10presidents.html.
[4] Kenneth Chang,“NASA Budgets for a Trip to the Moon,but Not While Trump Is President,” New York Times,February 12,2018,A13;Donald Trump,“Presidential Memorandum on Reinvigorating America’s Human Space Exploration Program,” US Presidential Memorandum,December 11,2017,https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-reinvigorating-americas-human-space-exploration-program;Jeff Foust,“Space Force?Create a‘Space Guard’Instead,Some Argue,” Space News,May 31,2018,http://spacenews.com/space-force-create-a-space-guard-instead-some-argue.
[5] Associated Press,“Moon Landing a Big Waste,Says Barry,” Tuscaloosa News,September 21,1963,8.
[6] Charles D.Hunt and Michel O.Vanpelt,“Comparing NASA and ESA Cost Estimating Methods for Human Missions to Mars,”26th International Society of Parametric Analysts Conference,Frascati,Italy,May 10-12,2004,https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20040075697.pdf.
[7] Irene Klotz,“NASA Looking to Mine Water on the Moon and Mars,” Space News,January 28,2014,https://spacenews.com/39307nasa-planning-for-mission-to-mine-water-on-the-moon.
[8] Gerald B.Sanders and William E.Larson,“Progress Made in Lunar In Situ Resource Utilization under NASA’s Exploration Technology and Development Program,” Journal of Aerospace Engineering 26(2013),doi:10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000208.
[9] MOXIE搭载“毅力号”火星探测器于2020年7月30日升空前往火星,并于北京时间2021年2月19日成功安全着陆。——译注
[10] 储存气体是一个更复杂的问题,需要很重的储箱,这意味着航天器的质量会更大,除非它们能在火星上用当地材料制造出来。
[11] Laurie Chen,“China’s Mars Base Plan Revealed... and Covering 95,000 sq km,There’s Certainly Plenty of Space,” South China Morning Post,September 7,2017,https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2110051/there-price-mars-chinas-red-planet-simulator-set-cost-us61.
[12] Thor Hogan,“Lessons Learned from the Space Exploration Initiative,” NASA History Division,News & Notes 24,no.4(November 2007).
[13] Thor Hogan,Mars Wars:The Rise and Fall of the Space Exploration Initiative(Washington,DC:NASA History Series SP-2007-4410,2007),2.
[14] 祖布林调整了这一计划,因为最近在火星上发现了大量的水,所以不必向火星运送氢气了。取而代之的是,我们从水中提取氢,而水可能就在脚下。
[15] Robert Zubrin,email correspondence,August 20,2018.
[16] 一项健康测试可能是让一名宇航员在太空生活6个月后再登上月球,看看他或她在0.16G下的表现如何,但我还没有听到任何关于这种可能性的讨论。
[17] Dai Shiba et al.,“Development of New Experimental Platform ‘MARS’—Multiple Artificial-Gravity Research System—To Elucidate the Impacts of Micro/Partial Gravity on Mice,” Scientific Reports 7(2017),doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10998-4.
[18] Michael J.Carlowicz and Ramon E.Lopez,Storms from the Sun(Washington,DC:Joseph Henry Press,2002),144.
[19] Carlowicz and Lopez,Storms,144.
[20] T.Troy McConaghy et al.,“Analysis of a Class of Earth-Mars Cycler Trajectories,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 41(2004):622-628,doi:10.2514/1.11939.
[21] 一辆跑车在2.74秒内从0加速到60英里/小时,将产生1G的加速力。
[22] George Schmidt et al.,“Nuclear Pulse Propulsion:Orion and Beyond,” 36th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit,July 16-19,2000,Huntsville,Alabama,https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000096503.
[23] Jeff Foust,“Review:Mars One:Humanity’s Next Great Adventure,” Space Review,March 14,2016,htp://www.thespacereview.com/article/2940/1.
[24] 电影《马戏之王》的原型,以擅长营销,夸大宣传著称。——译注
[25] NASA火星路线图“人类探索火星设计参考体系结构5.0”(Human Exploration of Mars Design Reference Architecture 5.0)于2009年首次发布,长达100页。其后续报告于2014年出版,长达500页。
[26] Bret G.Drake and Kevin D.Watts,eds.,“Human Exploration of Mars Design Reference Architecture 5.0,Addendum #2,” NASA/SP-2009-566-ADD2,NASA Headquarters,March 2014,https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/NASA-SP-2009-566-ADD2.pdf.
[27] 我待会儿再谈土豆。
[28] Donald M.Hassler et al.,“Mars’Surface Radiation Environment Measured with the Mars Science Laboratory’s Curiosity Rover,” Science 343(2014),doi:10.1126/science,1244797.
[29] 气压单位,简称为mb,1毫巴等于100帕。——译注
[30] 如果空气中只有15%~20%的氧气,你几乎无法在350毫巴的气压下呼吸,就像在地球上一样,但是100%的氧气可以确保呼吸舒适。
[31] 这些缩略词太生动了。如果想到处走走的话,你愿意穿EMU还是SAS?SAS看起来真飒,EMU看起来像笨鸟。
[32] Robert W.Moses and Dennis M.Bushnell,“Frontier In-Situ Resource Utilization for Enabling Sustained Human Presence on Mars,” NASA/TM-2016-219182,April 2016,https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20160005963.
[33] 现在你可以明白了。那个众所周知的杯子既不是半空,也不是半满,而是全满,因为另一半是空气。
[34] Tobias Owen et al.,“The Composition of the Atmosphere at the Surface of Mars,” Journal of Geophysical Research 82(1977):4635-4639,doi:10.1029/JS082i028p04635.
[35] Christopher McKay,private communication,July 22-23,2018.
[36] Christopher McKay et al.,“Utilizing Martian Resources for Life Support,” in Resources of Near-Earth Space,ed.John S.Lewis,Mildred Shapley Matthews,and Mary L.Guerrieri(Tucson:University of Arizona Press,1993),819-843.
[37] 1981年,克里斯托弗·麦凯与人合作组织了一场极具影响力的会议,会议名字叫“赶往火星”。1984年,会议记录以同样的名字出版,比罗伯特·祖布林出版同名著作《赶往火星》早12年。
[38] Alfonso F.Davila at al.,“Perchlorate on Mars:A Chemical Hazard and a Resource for Humans,” International Journal of Astrobiology 12(2013):321-325.
[39] Edward Guinan,private communication,231st Meeting of the American Astronomical Society,Washington,DC,January 8,2018.
[40] Christopher Wanjek,“Ground Control to‘The Martian’:Good Luck with Them Potatoes,” Live Science,October 9,2015,https://www.livescience.com/52438-the-martian-potatoes-health-effects.html.
[41] Alexandra Witze,“There’s Water on Mars!Signs of Buried Lake Tantalize Scientists,” Nature 560(2018):13-14,doi:10.1038/d41586-018-05795-6.
[42] 对许多人来说,这是一个双重发现:存在液态水,以及存在意大利航天局。
[43] Robert Zubrin,The Case for Mars:The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must(New York:Free Press,2011),187-232.
[44] Zubrin,Case for Mars,246-247.
[45] Adam E.Jakus et al.,“Robust and Elastic Lunar and Martian Structures from 3D-Printed Regolith Inks,” Scientific Reports 7(2017),doi:10.1038/srep44931.
[46] 苏联的“火星3号”重1200千克,据说已经实现了软着陆,但探测器在14秒后出现了故障。
[47] William Harwood,“Curiosity Relies on Untried‘Sky Crane’for Descent to Mars,” CBS News,July 30,2012,http://www.cbsnews.com/network/news/space/home/spacenews/files/msl_preview_landing.html.
[48] Kasandra Brabaw,“MIT Team Wins Mars City Design Contest for‘Redwood Forest’Idea,” Space,November 25,2017,https://www.space.com/38881-mit-team-wins-mars-city-design-competition.html.
[49] William J.Rowe,“The Case for an All-Female Crew to Mars,” Journal of Men’s Health & Gender 1(2004):341-344,doi:10.1016/j.jmhg.2004.09.006.
[50] 对于计划在21世纪40年代完成的任务来说,大多数候选人在本书出版的时候可能还是孩子。
[51] Lauren Blackwell Landon at al.,“Selecting Astronauts for Long-Duration Exploration Missions:A Retrospective Review and Considerations for Team Performance and Functioning,” NASA TM-2016-219283,December 1,2016.
[52] Freeman Dyson,Disturbing the Universe(New York:Harper & Row,1979),118-126.
[53] 迈克尔·杨(Michael Young)由于“发现控制昼夜节律的分子机制”,同他人一起获得了2017年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。在一次采访中他告诉我,每日相差41分钟实际上可能很难克服,累积起来游客一周与地球的不同步就会达到约5小时。我觉得这令人难以置信,但我还没得过诺贝尔奖。
[54] 分别为十分之一天、百分之一天、千分之一天、万分之一天、百万分之一天。——译注
[55] 同样的,我们也可以在火星上采用基于12的计数方式,即十二进制。5个最基本的分数(½,⅓,⅔,¼,¾)换算成十二进制的小数很简单,分别是(0.6,0.4,0.8,0.3,0.9)。这样将⅓换算成小数时,就不会出现0.3333333……的无限循环。
[56] NSF 〇PP Budget Request to Congress FY2019,https://www.nsf.gov/about/budget/fy2019/pdf/30_fy2019.pdf.
[57] Scott Solomon,“The Martians Are Coming—and They’re Human” Nautilus,October 27,2016,http://nautil.us/issue/41/selection/the-martians-are-comingand-theyre-human.
[58] Bruce M.Jakosky and Christopher S.Edwards,“Inventory of CO2 Available for Terraforming Mars,” Nature Astronomy 2(2018):634-639,doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0529-6.
[59] Partha P.Bera et al.,“Design Strategies to Minimize the Radiative Efficiency of Global Warming Molecules,” PNAS 107(2010):9049-9054,doi:10.1073/pnas.0913590107.
[60] Zubrin,Case for Mars,269-270.
[61] Margarita M.Marinova et al.,“Radiative-Convective Model of Warming Mars with Artificial Greenhouse Gases,” Journal of Geophysical Research 110(2005),doi:10.1029/2004JE002306.