參考書目
Chapter 1
1. If you are not familiar with such an image, take a moment to Google “cat lion mirror,” and you will not be disappointed.
Chapter 2
1. Adam Galinsky and Maurice Schweitzer, Friend & Foe: When to Cooperate, When to Compete, and How to Succeed at Both (New York: Penguin Random House, 2015).
2. Alfie Kohn, Published by Rewards: The Trouble with Gold Stars, Incentive Plan, A’s Praise, and Other Bribes (Boston: Houghton Mifflin,1999).
3. Haleh Yazdi, “Intrinsically motivated,” Usable Knowledge, September 11, 2016, http://www.gse.harvard.edu/news/uk/16/09/intrinsically-motivated.
4. Robert Fulghum, All I Really Need to Know I Learned in Kindergarten (New York: Penguin Random House,1986).
5. Yi Luo, Simon B. Eickhoff, Sébastien Hétu, and Chunliang Feng, “Social comparsion in the brain: a coordinate-based meta- analysis of functional brain imaging studies on the downward an upward comparisons,” Human Brain Mapping 39, no. 1(January 2018): pp. 440-458, http://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23854
6. “West Germany’s 1954 World Cup win may have been drug-fuelled, says study,” The Guardian, October 27, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/oct/27/west-germany-1954-drugs-study.
7. Rob Hughes, “Doping study throws shadow over Germany’s success,” New York Times, August 6, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/07/sports/soccer/Doping-Study-Throws-Shadow-Over-Germanys-Success.html.
8. Figure 9.1 shows an algorithm for generating a ranked list.
9. Stanley Smith Stevens, “On the theory of scales of measurement,” Science 103, no. 2684(June 1964): pp. 677-680, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/103/2684/677.
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13. Robert Kaplan, The Nothing That Is: A Natural History of Zero (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
14. Amir D. Aczel, Finding Zero: A Mathematician’s Odyssey to Uncover the Origins of Numbers (New York: Macmillan, 2015)
15. Hannah Devlin, “Much ado about nothing: ancient Indian text contains earliest zero symbol,” The Guardian, September 13, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/sep/14/much-ado-about-nothing-ancient-indian-text-contains-earliest-zero-symbol.
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25. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMQj7YZ9eOU.
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27. “Warren Buffett’s 5/25 rule will help you focus on the things that really matter,” Constant Renewal, accessed February 10, 2019, https://constantrenewal.com/5-25-rule/.
28. Bryan D. Jones and Frank R. Baumgartner, The Politics of Attention: How Government Prioritizes Problems (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
29. Julie Compton, “Forget to-do lists: use a might-do list to work smarter,” NBC News, April 11, 2017, https://www.nbcnews.com/better/careers/do-list-don-twork-use-might-do-list-work-n744831.
30. Brent DiCrescenzo and Adam Selzer, “The 17 most notorious mobsters from Chicago,” TimeOut, March 4, 2015, https://www.timeout.com/chicago/things-to-do/the-17-most-notorious-mobsters-from-chicago.
31. James Surowiechi, The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies and Nations (New York: Doubleday, 2004)
32. Jan Lorenz, Heiko Rauhut, Frank Schweitzer, and Dirk Helbing, “How social influence can undermine the wisdom of crowd effect,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108, no.22(May 2011):pp.9020-9025, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1008636108.
33. Scott E. Page, The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007).
34. Mirta Galesic, Daniel Barkoczi, and Konstantinos Katsikopoulos, “Smaller crowds outperform larger crowds and individuals in realistic task conditions,” Decision 5, no.1 (JANUARY 2018): PP. 1-15, https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dec0000059
Chapter 3
1. https://amboselibaboons.nd.edu/
2. Eric Bonabeau, Guy Theraulaz, and Jean-Louis Deneubourg, “Dominance orders in animal societies: The self-organization hypothesis revisited,” Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 61, no.4 (July 1999): pp.727-757, https://doi.org/10.1006/bulm.1999.0108.
3. Mathias Franz, Emily McLean, Jenny Tung, Jeanne Altmann and Susan C. Alberts, “Self-organizing dominance hierarchies in a wild primate population,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1814 (September 2015), http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1512.
4. Elizabeth Hobson and Simon DeDeo, “Social Feedback and the Emergence of Rank in Animal Society,” PLoS Computational Biology 11, no. 9 (September 2015) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004411.
5. Jon Maner, “Dominance and Prestige: A Tale of Two Hierarchies,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 26, no. 6 (November 2017): pp.526-531, https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417714323.
6. Hemant Kakkar and Niro Sivanathan, “When the appeal of a dominant leader is greater than a prestige leader,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114, no. 26 (June 2017): pp.6734-6739, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617711114.
7. Niro Sivanathan and Hemant Kakkar, “Explaining the Global Rise of ’Dominance’ Leadership,” Scientific American, November 14, 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/explaining-the-global-rise-of-ldquo-dominance-rdquo-leadership/.
8. Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975).
9. Jerome H. Barkow, Lede Cosmides, and John Tooby, eds., The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and Generation of Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1922).
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11. Eric A. Smith, “Why do good hunters have higher reproductive success?,” Human Nature 15, no. 4(December 2004): pp. 342-363, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12110-004-1013-9.
12. Martin A. Nowak & Karl Sigmund, “Evolution of indirect reciprocity,” Nature 437, (October 2005): pp. 1291-1298, https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04131.
13. Anna Zafeiris and Tamás Vicsek, Why We Live in Hierarchies? A Quantitative Treatise (Berlin: Springer, 2018).
14. Peter Turchin and Sergey Gavrilet, “Evolution of Complex Hierarchical Societies,” Social Evolution and History 8, no.2 (September 2009): pp. 167-198, http://www.socionauki.ru/journal/files/seh/2009_2/evolution_of_complex_hierarchical_societies.pdf.
15. Jung-Kyoo Choi and Samuel Bowles, “The Coevolution of Parochial Altruism and War,” Science 318, no. 5850 (October 2007): pp. 636-640, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/318/5850/636.
16. Thank you to Byran D. Jones for making this point clear.
17. “Aztec Social Structure,” Jamail Center for Legal Research at Texas Law, accessed February 10, 2019, https://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/aztec-and-maya-law/aztec-social-structure.
18. “Pyramid of Feudal Hierarchy,” Hierarchy Structure, accessed February 10, 2019, https://www.hierarchystructure.com/pyramid-of-feudal-hierarchy/.
19. “Toge-ther, we will rule history!”, Hello World Civ, April 12, 2016, https://helloworldciv.squarespace.com/blog/toga-ther-we-will-rule-history.
20. Mami Suzuki, “Bowing in Japan: everything you’ve ever wanted to know about how to bow, and how not to bow, in japan,” Tofogu, https://www.tofugu.com/japan/bowing-in-japan/.
21. Arnold K. Ho, Jim Sidanius, Nour Kteily, Jennifer Sheehy-Skeffington, Felicia Pratto, Kristin E. Henkel, Rob Foels, Andrew L Stewart, “The nature of social dominance orientation: Theorizing and measuring preferences for intergroup inequality using the new SDO7 scale,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 109, no. 6 (December 2015): pp. 1003-1028, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26479362/.
22. Caroline F. Zink, Yunxia Tong, Qiang Chen, Danielle S. Bassett, Jason L. Stein, and Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, “Know your place: neural processing of social hierarchy in humans,” Neuron 58, no. 2 (April 2008): pp. 273-283, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18439411/.
23. Dharshan Kumaran, Andrea Banino, Charles Blundell, Demis Hassabis and Peter Dayan, “Computations Underlying Social Hierarchy Learning: Distinct Neural Mechanisms for Updating and Representing Self-Relevant Information,” Neuron 92, no.5 (December 2016): pp. 1135-1147, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5158095/.
24. Bebhinn Donnelly-Lazarov, Neurolaw and Responsibility for Action: Concepts, Crimes, and Courts (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2018).
25. Barry Wellman, “Physical Place and Cyberplace: The Rise of Personalized Networking,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 25, no.2 (June 2001): pp. 227-252, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00309.
26. Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2000).
27. Niall Ferguson, The Square and the Tower: Networks and Power, from the Freemasons to Facebook (New York: Penguin Random House, 2018).
28. Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt, How Democracies Die (New York: Penguin Random House, 2018).
29. David Van Reybrouck, Against Elections: The Case for Democracy (New York: Penguin Random House, 2017).
30. Joseph A. Califano, Jr., Our Damaged Democracy: We the People Must Act (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2018).
31. Yascha Mounk, The People vs. Democracy: Why Our Freedom Is in Danger and How to Save It (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018).
32. “Current partisan gerrymandering cases,” Brennan Center for Justice, April 26, 2017, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/court-cases/current-partisan-gerrymandering-cases.
Chapter 4
1. “10 tallest buildings in the world,” World Atlas, February 10, 2019, https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-tallest-buildings-in-the-world.html.
2. “The most influential people of all time” Ranker, accessed February 10,2019, https://www.ranker.com/crowdranked-list/the-most-influential-people-of-all-time.
3. Amy Langville and Carl Meyer, Who’s #1?: The Science of Rating and Ranking (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012).
4. Andrzej Wierzbicki, “The problem of objective ranking: foundations, approaches and applications,” Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 3 (March 2008): pp. 15–23, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4968/788d7bb8570f92c6390fablef673f127a500.pdf.
5. Kenneth Arrow, Social Choice and Individual Values (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 1951).
6. Milton Friedman, Essays in Positive Economics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953).
7. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972).
8. Amartya Sen, Choice, Welfare, and Measurement (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).
9. Brian Christian and Tom Griffiths, Algorithms to Live By: The Computer Science of Human Decisions (New York: HarperCollins, 2016).
10. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, “Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk,” Econometrica 47, no. 2 (March 1979): pp. 263–292, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1914185.
11. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions (New York: HarperCollins, 2008).
12. Klaus Mathis and Ariel David Steffen, “From rational choice to behavioural economics: theoretical foundations, empirical findings and legal implications,” in European Perspectives on Behavioural Law and Economics, edited by Klaus Mathis (Berlin: Springer, 2016).
13. Eliza Thompson, “13 shark movies that will make you avoid the water forever,” April 10, 2018, https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/movies/a9605910/best-shark-movies/.
14. “Busiest political betting day in history’: bookmakers bet on Britain staying in EU,” The Telegraph, June 23, 2016, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/23/busiest-political-betting-day-in-history-bookmakers-bet-on-brita/
15. “How bookies blew the Brexit call,” MarketWatch, June 24, 2016, https://www.marketwatch.com/story/how-bookies-blew-the-brexit-call-2016-06-24.
16. Sir Francis Bacon, Novum Organum, ed. Joseph Devey (New York: P. F. Collier, 1902).
17. Jonas T. Kaplan, Sarah I. Gimbel, and Sam Harris, “Neural correlates of maintaining one’s political beliefs in the face of counterevidence,” Scientific Reports Volume 6, no. 39589 (December 2016), https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39589.
18. Hilaire Gomer, “Loss aversion bias in economics and decision making,” Capital, September 6, 2017, https://capital.com/loss-aversion-bias.
19. Ine Beyens, Eline Frison, and Steven Eggermont, “I don’t want to miss a thing: adolescents’ fear of missing out and its relationship to adolescents’ social needs, Facebook use, and Facebook-related stress,” Computers in Human Behavior 64, no. 11 (November 2016): pp. 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.083.
20. Marina Milyavskaya, Mark Saffran, Nora Hope, and Richard Koestner,”Fear of missing out: prevalence, dynamics, and consequences of experiencing FOMO,” Motivation and Emotion 42, no. 5 (October 2018): pp. 725-737, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-018-9683-5.
21. Barry Schwartz, “The tyranny of choice,” Scientific American Mind (December 2004), https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-tyranny-of-choice/.
22. Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008).
23. Pelle Hansen and Andreas Jespersen, “Nudge and the manipulation of choice: a framework for the responsible use of the nudge approach to behaviour change in public policy,” European Journal of Risk Regulation 4, no. 1 (January 2013): pp. 3–28, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1867299X00002762.
24. William Gehrlein, Condorcet’s Paradox (Berlin: Springer, 2006)
25. Marianne Freiberger, “Electoral impossibilities,” +Plus Magazine, April 9, 2010, https://plus.maths.org/content/os/latestnews/jan-apr10/election/index.
26. Ibid.
27. John Barrow, “Outer space: how to rig an election”, +Plus Magazine, March 1, 2008, https://plus.maths.org/content/outer-space-how-rig-election.
28. Justin Wise, “Maine votes to keep ranked-choice voting system,” The Hill, June 13, 2018, https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/392045-maine-votes-to-keep-ranked-choice-voting-system.
29. “Rules governing the administration of elections determined by ranked choice voting,” Maine Department of the Secretary of State, accessed February 10, 2019, https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/upcoming/pdf/250rcvnew.pdf.
30. Michel Balinski and Rida Laraki, Majority Judgment: Measuring, Ranking, and Electing (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010).
31. Ibid.
32. Shlomo Naeh and Uzi Segal, “The Talmud on transitivity,” Boston College Working Papers in Economics 687 (Boston College, 2008), https://ideas.repec.org/p/boc/bocoec/687.html.
33. Barak Medina, Shlomo Naeh, and Uzi Segal, “Ranking ranking rules,” Review of Law & Economics 9, no. 1 (2013): pp. 73-96, https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/cas_sites/economics/pdf/Uzi-papers/201320rle20medina20naeh20ranking.pdf.
34. Amir Salihefendic, “How Reddit ranking algorithms work,” Medium, December 8, 2015, https://medium.com/hacking-and-gonzo/how-redditranking-algorithms-work-ef111e33d0d9.
35. Gourab Ghoshal and Albert-László Barabási, “Ranking stability and super-stable nodes in complex networks,” Nature Communications 2 no. 394 (July 2011), https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1396.
36. Albert Lázló Barabási and Réka Albert, “Emergence of scaling in random networks,” Science 286, no. 5439 (October 1999): pp. 509-512, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/286/5439/509.
Chapter 5
1. David Dunning, “We are all confident idiots,” Pacific Standard, October 27, 2014, https://psmag.com/social-justice/confident-idiots-92793.
2. Justin Kruger and David Dunning, “Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77, no. 6 (December 1999): pp. 1121-1134, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10626367.
3. Elemér Lábos, “A dezinformatika alapvonalai,” Valóság 37, no. 5 (1999): pp. 46-67 [in Hungarian].
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdnH19KsVVc.
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_UvfESHUjI.
6. William Poundstone, “The Dunning-Kruger president,” Psychology Today, January 21, 2017). https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/head-in-the-cloud/201701/the-dunning-kruger-president.
7. David Brooks, “When the world is led by a child,” New York Times, May 15, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/opinion/trump-classified-data.html.
8. Michael Wolff, Fire and Fury (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2018).
9. Thank you to Slava Osaulenko for his excellent lecture during his visit to Kalamazoo.
10. Alex Altman, “No president has spread fear like Donald Trump,” Time, February 9, 2017, http://time.com/4665755/donald-trump-fear/.
11. Marc Santora, “Orban campaigns on fear, with Hungary’s democracy at stake,” New York Times, April 7, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/07/world/europe/hungary-viktor-orban-election.html.
12. George W. Bush, “Address to the Joint Session of Congress,” September 20, 2001, http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/09/20/gen.bush.transcript./
13. Andrew Clark, “Murdoch’s Wall Street shuffle,” The Guardian, June 22, 2008, https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/jun/23/wallstreetjournal.newscorporation.
14. Nemil Dalal, “Today’s biggest threat to democracy isn’t fake news—it’s selective facts,” Quartz, November 16, 2017, https://qz.com/1130094/todays-biggest-threat-to-democracy-isnt-fake-news-its-selective-facts/.
15. Robert Ensor, The Era of Violence, vol. 12, The New Cambridge Modern History, ed. David Thomson (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1960).
16. George Orwell, Animal Farm (London: Secker & Warburg, 1945).
17. Tom Stafford, “How liars create the illusion of truth,” BBC, October 26, 2016, http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20161026-how-liars-create-the-illusion-of-truth.
18. “George Clooney talks sustainability at Nespresso,” 3BD Media, September 11, 2017, https://3blmedia.com/News/George-Clooney-Talks-Sustainability-Nespresso.
19. Cass Sunstein, “The Future of Free Speech,” The Little Magazine (March-April 2001), http://www.littlemag.com/mar-apr01/cass.html.
20. Zeynep Tufekçi, “It’s the (democracy-poisoning) golden age of free speech,” Wired, January 16, 2018, https://www.wired.com/story/free-speech-issue-tech-turmoil-new-censorship/.
21. Hannah Arendt, “Truth and politics,” New Yorker, February 25, 1967, http://www.hannaharendtcenter.org/truth-in-politics-hannah-arendt/.
22. Ibid., 23.
23. Ibid., 24
24. Cass Sunstein, Republic.com 2.0 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009).
25. “The most manipulative characters in film,” Ranker, accessed July 16, 2018, https://www.ranker.com/list/most-manipulative-movie-characters/anncasano.
26. “Who are some of the most manipulative leaders in history?”, Quora, accessed February 10, 2019, https://www.quora.com/Who-are-some-of-the-most-manipulative-leaders-in-history.
27. Michael Bratton, Boniface Dulani, and Eldred Masunungure, “Detecting manipulation in authoritarian elections: survey-based methods in Zimbabwe,” Electoral Studies 42 (June 2016): pp. 10-21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2016.01.006.
28. H. James Harrington, quoted in CIO Enterprise, September 15, 1999.
29. Donald Campbell, “Assessing the impact of planned social change,” Evaluation and Program Planning 2, no. 1 (1979): pp. 67-90, https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7189(79)90048-X.
30. C. A. E. Goodhart, Monetary Theory and Practice: The UK Experience (Berlin: Springer, 1975).
31. Paul Craig Roberts and Katharine LaFollette, Meltdown: Inside the Soviet Economy (Washington, DC: The Cato Institute, 1990).
32. Jerry Muller, The Tyranny of Metrics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018).
33. Robert Merton, The Sociology of Science (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973).
34. “To him who hath shall be given and from him who hath not, shall be take away even what he hath,” from the parable of the three servants.
35. Richard Münch and Len Ole Schäfer, “Rankings, diversity, and the power of renewal in science: a comparison between Germany, the UK, and the US,” European Journal of Education 49, no. 1 (March 2014): pp. 60–76, https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12065.
36. Leanna Garfield, “13 cities that are starting to ban cars,” Business Insider, June 1, 2018, https://www.businessinsider.com/cities-going-car-free-ban-2017-8.
37. “The minute you start to measure is the minute it starts to go wrong,” mmitII, July 6, 2012, https://mmitii.mattballantine.com/2012/07/06/the-minute-you-start-to-measure-is-the-minute-it-starts-to-go-wrong/.
38. Max Nisen, “Why GE had to kill its annual performance reviews after more than three decades,” Quartz, August 13, 2015, https://qz.com/428813/ge-performance-review-strategy-shift.
39. “Performance development at GE (PD@GE),” Fast Company, accessed February 10, 2019, https://www.fastcompany.com/product/performance-development.
40. Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976).
41. Amy Graff, “Yahoo slapped with lawsuit for gender discrimination against men,” SF Gate, February 28, 2018, https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Yahoo-lawsuit-Marissa-Mayer-discrimination-men-9926263.php/.
42. “History of Equifax, Inc.,” Funding Universe, accessed February 10, 2019, http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/equifax-inc-history/.
43. “What’s in my FICO scores,” myFICO, accessed February 10, 2019, https://www.myfico.com/credit-education/whats-in-your-credit-score.
44. Andrew Ferguson, The Rise of Big Data Policing: Surveillance, Race, and the Future of Law Enforcement (New York: NYU Press, 2017).
45. Indrė Žliobaitė, “Fairness-aware machine learning: a perspective,” arXiv, August 2, 2017, https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.00754v1.
46. Mark Kear, “Playing the credit score game: algorithms, ’positive’ data, and the personification of financial objects,” Economy and Society 46, no. 3-4 (2017): pp. 346-368, https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2017.1412642.
47. John von Neumann, “Can we survive technology?,” Fortune (June 1955), http://fortune.com/2013/01/13/can-we-survive-technology/Rankinggames.
Chapter 6
1. Mathew S. Isaac and Robert M. Schindler, “The top-ten effect: consumers’ subjective categorization of ranked lists,” Journal of Consumer Research 40, no. 6 (April 2014): pp. 1181–1202, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674546.
2. Mathew S. Isaac, Aaron R. Brough, and Kent Grayson, “Is top 10 better than top 9? The role of expectations in consumer response to imprecise rank claims,” Journal of Marketing Research 53, no. 3 (June 2016): pp. 338-353, https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.14.0379
3. Carl Kořistka, Der höhere polytechnische Unterricht in Deutschland, der Schweiz, in Frankreich, Belgien und England. Gotha, 1863.
4. James Cattell, American Men of Science: A Biographical Dictionary (New York: Science Press, 1906).
5. For further analysis, see Ellen Hazelkorn, Ranking and the Reshaping of Higher Education: The Battle for World-Class Excellence (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).
6. Wendy Espeland and Michael Sauder, Engines of Anxiety: Academic Rankings, Reputation, and Accountability (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2016).
7. Hazelkorn, Ranking and the Reshaping.
8. https://www.umultirank.org/.
9. Wendy Espeland and Michael Sauder, “Rankings and reactivity: how public measures recreate social worlds,” American Journal of Sociology 113, no. 1 (July 2007): pp. 1-40, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/517897.
10. Ibid., 6.
11. Bryan Jones and Frank Baumgartner, The Politics of Attention: How Government Prioritizes Problems (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
12. Alexander Cooley and Jack Snyder, Ranking the World: Grading States as a Tool of Global Governance (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016).
13. Giorgio Touburg and Ruut Veenhoven, “Mental health care and average happiness: strong effect in developed nations,” Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research 42, no. 4 (July 2015): pp. 394-404, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25091049.
14. Zoltan Rihmer, Xenia Gonda, Balazs Kapitany, and Peter Dome, “Suicide in Hungary: epidemiological and clinical perspectives,” Annals of General Psychiatry 12, no. 21(2013), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3698008/.
15. Betsey Stevenson and Justin Wolfers, “Economic growth and subjective well-being: reassessing the Easterlin paradox,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Papers, no. 14282 (2008), https://www.nber.org/papers/w14282.
16. Joseph Nguyen, “What are the benefits of credit ratings?”, Investopedia, March 6, 2018, https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/09/benefits-of-credit-ratings.asp
17. Denise Finney, “A brief history of credit rating agencies,” Investopedia, June 4, 2018, http://www.investopedia.com/articles/bonds/09/history-credit-rating-agencies.asp
18. “Who rates the credit rating agencies?”, Quora, accessed February 10, 2019, https://www.quora.com/Who-rates-the-credit-rating-agencies
19. Michael Lewis, The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2011).
20. Patrick Bolton, Xavier Freixas, and Joel Shapiro, “The credit ratings game,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Papers, no. 14712 (February 2009), https://www.nber.org/papers/w14712.
21. Alice M. Rivlin and John B. Soroushian, “Credit rating agency re-form is incomplete,” Brookings Institution, March 6, 2017,
https://www.brookings.edu/research/credit-rating-agency-reform-is-incomplete/.
22. Aaron Klein, “No, Dodd-Frank was neither repealed nor gutted. Here’s what really happened,” Brookings Institution, May 25, 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/research/no-dodd-frank-was-neither-repealed-nor-gutted-heres-what-really-happened/.
23. “The credit rating controversy,” Council on Foreign Relations, February 19, 2015, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/credit-rating-controversy
24. “What is grand corruption and how can we stop it?”, Transparency International, September 21, 2016, https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/what_is_grand_corruption_and_how_can_we_stop_it.
25. Miriam Goldman and Lucio Picci, “Proposal for a new measure of corruption, and tests using Italian data,” Economics & Politics 17, no. 1 (March 2005): pp. 37–75, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2005.00146.X.
26. Mihály Fazekas, István János Tóth, and Lawrence Peter King, “Anatomy of grand corruption: a composite corruption risk index based on objective data,” Corruption Research Center Budapest Working Papers, no. 2(September 2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2331980.
27. Chikizie Omeje, “Who influenced Nigeria’s ranking in TI’s corruption perceptions index 2017?”, International Center for Investigative Reporting, February 27, 2018, https://www.icirnigeria.org/data-who-influenced-nigerias-ranking-in-tis-corruption-perceptions-index-2017/.
28. Mlada Bukovansky, “Corruption rankings: constructing and contesting the global anti-corruption agenda,” in Ranking the World. Grading States as a Tool of Global Governance, edited by Alexander Cooley and Jack Snyder (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press 2016).
29. Staffan Andersson and Paul M. Heywood, “The politics of perception: use and abuse of Transparency International’s approach to measuring corruption,” Political Studies 57, no. 4 (December 2009): pp. 746-767, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2008.00758.x.
30. “Freedom in the world 2018: methodology,” Freedom House, accessed February 10, 2019, https://freedomhouse.org/report/methodology-freedom-world-2018.
31. Ibid.
32. Bjørn Høyland, Karl Moene, and Fredrik Willumsen, “The tyranny of in-ternational index rankings,” Journal of Development Economics 97, no. 1 (January 2012): pp. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.01.007.
Chapter 7
1. See also the movie Bad Reputation.
2. See the excellent book Gloria Origgi, Reputation: What It Is and Why It Matters (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018).
3. https://www.facebook.com/officialbaddiewinkle/photos/a.763814027069824/1010775902373634/?type=3&theater
4. Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books,1984).
5. Martin A. Nowak and Karl Sigmund, “Evolution of indirect reciprocity,” Nature 437, (October 2005): pp. 1291-1298, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04131.
6. Eszter Hargittai, “Confronting the Myth of the ’Digital Native,” ’Chronicle of Higher Education, April 21, 2014, https://www.chronicle.com/article/Confronting-the-Myth-of-the/145949.
7. Susan Gunelius, “10 ways to successfully build your online reputation,” Forbes, December 13, 2010, https://www.forbes.com/sites/work-in-progress/2010/12/13/10-ways-to-successfully-build-youronline-reputation/?sh=a0b6ffa19408
8. “What is the digital reputation?”, Social Digital Mentors, accessed February 10, 2019, http://www.social-digital-mentors.eu/index.php/4-what-is-the-digital-reputation.
9. Elliott W. Montroll and Michael F. Shlesinger, “On 1/f noise and other distributions with long tails,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 79, no. 10 (May 1982): pp. 3380–3383, https://www.jstor.org/stable/12420.
10. Sidney Redner, “Citation statistics from 110 years of Physical Review,”. Physics Today 58, no.6(June 2005): p.49,https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1996475.
11. Eugene Garfield, “Citation indexes for science: a new dimension in documentation through association of ideas,” Science 122, no. 3159 (July 1955): pp. 108–111, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/122/3159/108.
12. Amy Qin, “Fraud scandals sap China’s dream of becoming a science superpower,” New York Times, October 13, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/13/world/asia/china-science-fraud-scandals.html.
13. Ben Martin, “Editors’ JIF-boosting stratagems: which are appropriate and which not?”, Research Policy 45, no. 1 (February 2016): pp. 1-7, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048733315001390?via%3Dihub
14. Wenya Huang, Peiling Wang, and Qiang Wu, “A correlation comparison between Altmetric attention scores and citations for six PLoS journals.” PLoS ONE 13, no. 4 (April 2018), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194962.
15. For the top 100 articles in 2017, see https://www.altmetric.com/top100/2017/.
16. Andras Schubert and Gabór Schubert, “All along the h-index-related literature: a guided tour,” in Springer Handbook of Science and Technology Indicators, edited by Wolfgang Glänzel, Henk F. Moed, Ulrich Schmoch, and Mike Thelwall (Berlin: Springer, 2018).
17. Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2008).
18. Albert-László Barabási, The Formula: The Universal Laws of Success (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2018).
19. Dashun Wang, Chaoming Song, and Albert-László Barabási, “Quantifying long-term scientific impact”, Science 342, no. 6154 (October 2013): pp.127-132, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/127.
20. George D. Birkhoff, Aesthetic Measure (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933).
21. David W. Galenson and Robert Jenson, “Careers and canvases: the rise of the market for modern art in the nineteenth century,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Papers, no. 9123 (August 2002), https://www.nber.org/papers/w9123.
22. Susan Stamberg, “Durand-Ruel: the art dealer who liked Impressionists before they were cool”, NPR, August 18, 2015, https://www.npr.org/2015/08/18/427190686/durand-ruel-the-art-dealer-who-liked-impressionistsbefore-they-were-cool.
23. Checked on October 28, 2018.
24. Federico Etro and Elena Stepanova, “Power-laws in art,” Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 506 (September 2018): pp.217-220,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378437118304813?via%3Dihub
25. Jens Beckert and Jörg Rössel, “Art and prices: reputation as a mechanism for reducing uncertainty in the art market,” Kolner Zeitschrift fur Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 56, no. 1 (2004): pp. 32-50.
26. Alessia Zorloni, The Economics of Contemporary Art: Markets, Strategies and Stardom (Berlin: Springer, 2013).
27. Cooper Smith, “Facebook users are uploading 350 million new photos each day,” Business Insider, September 18, 2013, https://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-350-million-photos-each-day-2013-9.
28. “Art history is exhibition history: the story behind ArtFacts.Net,” ArtFacts, September 14, 2018, https://blog.artfacts.net/art-history-is-exhibition-history-the-story-behind-artfacts-net/.
29. “Updated artist ranking for 2014 now online,” ArtFacts, April 5, 2014, https://artfacts.net/news/7738.
30. “Kader Attia,” The Falmouth Convention, accessed February 10, 2019, http://thefalmouthconvention.com/speakers-3/kader-attia.
31. Alex Lopez-Ortiz, “Why is there no Nobel in mathematics?”, University of Waterloo Math FAQ, February 23, 1998, https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~alopez-o/math-faq/node50.html.
32. Andrew Brown, “The ugly scandal that cancelled the Nobel prize,” The Guardian, July 17, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jul/17/the-ugly-scandal-that-cancelled-the-nobel-prize-in-literature.
33. Robert Epstein and Ronald E. Robertson, “The search engine manipulation effect (SEME) and its possible impact on the outcomes of elections,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 33 (August 2015): pp. E4512-E4521, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419828112.
34. Robert Epstein, Ronald E. Robertson, David Lazer, and Christo Wilson, “Suppressing the search engine manipulation effect (SEME),” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 1, no. 42 (November 2017): pp. 1-22, https://cbw.sh/static/pdf/epstein-2017-pacmhci.pdf.
Chapter 8
1. Stacy Wood, “Generation Z as consumers: trends and innovation,” Institute for Emerging Issues (2013), https://iei.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/GenZConsumers.pdf.
2. Carlos Gomez-Uribe and Neil Hunt, “The Netflix recommender system: algorithms, business value, and innovation,” ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems 6, no. 4 (January 2016), https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2843948.
3. Josef Adalian, “Inside the binge factory,” New York Magazine, June 11, 2018, https://www.vulture.com/2018/06/how-netflix-swallowed-tv-industry.html.
4. John Ferguson, “Hellish homeless hostel exposed by Daily Record is condemned as worse than ’Soviet gulag’ in Holyrood,” Daily Record, December 17, 2014, https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/hellish-homeless-hostel-exposed-daily-4829723.
5. https://www.eharmony.com/success/stories/.
6. “What is the best matching algorithm for dating?”, Quora, accessed February 10, 2019, https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-best-matching-algorithm-for-dating.
Chapter 9
1. Jonathan Swift quoted in Alan Krueger, “Economists try to explain why bubbles happen,” New York Times, April 28, 2005, https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/28/business/economists-try-to-explain-why-bubbles-happen.html.
2. Cathy O’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction (New York: Penguin Random House, 2016).