/序曲/
[1] Donald E.Brown, Hierarchy, History, and Human Nature: The Social Origins of Historical Consciousness (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1988), 19—72; Yi-Fu Tuan, “Realism and Fantasy in Art, History, and Geography,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 80, no.3 (1990): 435—446.
[2] Jacques Barzun, Classic, Romantic, and Modern (Garden City,NJ: Anchor Books, 1961), 15; Charles E.Larmore, The Romantic Legacy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); Jean Pierrot, The Decadent Imagination, 1880—1900 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).
[3] Arnold J.Toynbee, Civilization on Trial (New York: Oxford University Press, 1948), 55; Arnold J.Toynbee, A Study in History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972), 70—72.
/1 两极化价值/
[4] Otto von Simson, The Gothic Cathedral: Origins of Gothic Architecture and the Medieval Concept of Order (New York: Pantheon Books, 1962), 3—4.
[5] Erwin Panofsky, Abbot Suger on the Abbey Church of St.Denis and Its Art Treasures (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1946), 63,65.
[6] 同上书，132。
[7] Kenneth J.Gergen, “The Significance of Skin Color in Human Relations,” Daedalus, Spring 1967, 397—399.
[8] Cedric Watts, Conrad’s “Heart of Darkness”: A Critical and Contextual Discussion (Milan: Mursia International, 1977), 7, 9—10;reproduced in Harold Bloom, ed., Joseph Conrad’s “Heart of Darkness”and “The Secret Sharer” (New York: Chelsea House, 1996), 56.
[9] Paul Wheatley, The Pivot of the Four Quarters (Chicago: Aldine,1971); James Dougherty, The Fivesquare City: The City in the Religious Imagination (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1980).
[10] Vincent Scully, Jr., The Earth, the Temple, and the Gods: Greek Sacred Architecture (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962).
[11] George Orwell, Down and Out in Paris and London (London:Secker & Warburg, 1951), 21.
[12] Leonard Barkan, Nature’s Work of Art (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975), 12—13.
[13] 同上书，132。
[14] Gaston Bachelard, La Poètique de l’espace (Paris: Presse Universitaire de Paris, 1958), 35, 41; George Steiner, “The Language Animal,” Encounter, August 1969, 17.
[15] Yi-Fu Tuan, “Foreword,” in Kenneth Olwig, Landscape, Nature,and the Body Politic (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2002),xii—xiii.
[16] Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Garden City, NY:Doubleday/Anchor, 1959), 155—223.
[17] J.H.Hexter, “The Education of the Aristocracy in the Renaissance,” Reappraisals in History (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1962).
[18] John M.Hoberman, Darwin’s Athletes (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997).
/2 地球及其自然环境/
[19] Hendrik Willem van Loon, Van Loon’s Geography (New York:Simon & Schuster, 1932), 3.
[20] C.S.Lewis, The Discarded Image (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964), 96—99.
[21] 尤其是，C.S.Lewis的科幻三部曲Out of the Silent Planet(London: Pan, 1938)，Perelandra (London: Pan, 1943)和That Hideous Strength (London: Pan, 1945)。
[22] 译文出自《莎士比亚全集》（第一卷），莎士比亚著，朱生豪等译，译林出版社2016年版。——译注
[23] Blaise Pascal, Pensées, 206.
[24] Science 248 (June 15, 1990): 1308.
[25] Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning, 1605, First Book, I,3.见They Stand Together: The Letters of C.S.Lewis to Arthur Greeves,1914—1963, ed.Walter Hooper (New York: Macmillan, 1979), 322—323.
[26] Marjorie Hope Nicolson, Mountain Gloom and Mountain Glory(New York: Norton, 1962).
[27] Yi-Fu Tuan, The Hydrological Cycle and the Wisdom of God(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1968).
[28] Julio Caro Baroja, The World of Witches (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 238.
[29] Veronica Della Dora, Imagining Mount Athos (Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press, 2011), 113.
[30] Gavin Rylandsde Beer, Early Travellers in the Alps (London:Sidgwick & Jackson, 1930), 89—90.
[31] Jeremy Bernstein, Ascent: Of the Invention of Mountain Climbing and Its Practice (New York: Random House, 1965), 49—50.
[32] Rüdiger Safranski, Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), 39—40.
[33] Ray Müller, director, The Wonderful, Horrible Life of Leni Riefenstahl (1993).
[34] W.H.Auden, The Enchafèd Flood: Three Critical Essays on the Romantic Spirit (New York: Vintage Books, 1967); George Wilson Knight, The Shakespearian Tempest (Oxford: Oxford University Press,1932).
[35] 译文出自《莎士比亚全集》（第三卷），莎士比亚著，朱生豪等译，译林出版社2016年版。——译注
[36] Edgar Allan Poe, “A Descent into the Maelstrom,” in Great Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997),233.
[37] 译文出自《爱伦·坡短篇小说集》，爱伦·坡著，陈良延等译，人民文学出版社2015年版。——译注
[38] 译文出自《海底两万里》，儒勒·凡尔纳著，沈国华、钱培鑫、曹德明译，译林出版社2018年版。——译注
[39] 同上。——译注
[40] Jules Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea, transl.H.Frith (London: Dent; Rutland, VT: C.E.Tuttle, 1992), 1, 215, 258—260.
[41] 同上书，49—53。
[42] Walter Lord, A Night to Remember (New York: Henry Holt,1955), 24—25, 169.
[43] James Hamilton-Paterson, The Great Deep: The Sea and Its Thresholds (New York: Random House, 1992), 191.
[44] Colin M.Turnbull, “The Mbuti Pygmies of the Congo,” in James L.Gibbs, ed., Peoples of Africa (New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston,1965), 308—309.
[45] Colin M.Turnbull, Wayward Servants (London: Eyre &Spottiswoode, 1965), 19—21.
[46] Mary Douglas, “The Lele of the Kasai,” in Daryll Forde, ed.,African Worlds: Studies in the Cosmological Ideas and Social Values of African Peoples (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), 4—7.
[47] Michael Williams, Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003).
[48] 引自Keith Thomas, Man and the Natural World: A History of the Modern Sensibility (New York: Pantheon Books, 1983), 194。
[49] Bruno Bettelheim, The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales (New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1976), 66.
[50] Alex Shoumatoff, “Amazon: Dispatches from the Men’s Hut,”Outside, July—August 1973, 65—66.
[51] Harold Evans, ed., Men in the Tropics: A Colonial Anthology(London: William Hodge, 1949), 28.
[52] 同上。
[53] Robert Pattison, The Triumph of Vulgarity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); Hillel Schwartz, Making Noise: From Babel to the Big Bang and Beyond (Brooklyn, NY: Zone Books, 2011).
[54] Evans, Men in the Tropics, 17—18.
[55] Robert Pogue Harrison, Forests: The Shadow of Civilization(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 6.
[56] David Hawkes, Ch’u Tz’u: The Songs of the South (Boston:Beacon Paperback, 1962), 119—120.
[57] Lydie Dupont, “The Human Factor,” Science 335 (March 9,2012): 1180—1181.
[58] Simon Romero, “Once Hidden by Forest, Carvings in Land Attest to Amazon’s Lost World: A Scholarly and Environmental Reappraisal,”New York Times, January 15, 2012, 6.
[59] Joseph R.Levenson and Franz Schurmann, China: An Interpretive History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969),113.
[60] André Gide, Travels in the Congo (New York: Modern Age Books, 1937), 174.
[61] 同上书，111—112, 140; Marianna Torgovnick, Primitive Passions:Men, Women, and the Quest for Ecstasy (New York: Knopf, 1996),15—17.
[62] 译文出自《黑暗的心》，约瑟夫·康拉德著，黄雨石译，人民文学出版社2018年版。——译注
[63] Harold Bloom, Joseph Conrad’ s “Heart of Darkness” and “The Secret Sharer” (New York: Chelsea House, 1996), 58—59; 亦见Chinua Achebe, “An Image of Africa,” Massachusetts Review 18, no.4 (Winter 1977): 783—785.
[64] Bloom, Joseph Conrad’ s “Heart of Darkness” and “The Secret Sharer,” 61; Walter J.Ong, “Truth in Conrad’s Darkness,” Mosaic 11,no.1 (Fall 1977): 152—155.
[65] 在“沙漠”和“冰”两部分，我引用了我的论文 “Desert and Ice: Ambivalent Aesthetics,” in Salim Kemal and Ivan Gaskell, eds.,Landscape, Natural Beauty, and the Arts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 139—157。
[66] John Leighly, “Dry Climates: Their Nature and Distribution,”Desert Research, Proceedings International Symposium, Research Council of Israel, special publication no.2 (Jerusalem, 1953).
[67] James Hutton, “The Theory of Earth,” Royal Society of Edinburgh 1, part 2 (1788): 62.
[68] Ralph C.Morris, “The Notion of a Great American Desert East of the Rockies,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 13 (1926): 190—200.
[69] J.H.L.Cumpston, The Inland Sea and the Great River: The Story of Australian Exploration (Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1964).
[70] R.C.Zaehner, The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism (New York: Putnam, 1961), 36—40.
[71] George H.Williams, Wilderness and Paradise in Christian Thought (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1962), 11—18.
[72] J.H.Simpson, Journal of a Military Reconnaissance from Santa Fé, New Mexico, to the Navajo Country (Philadelphia: Lippincott,1852), 32.
[73] W.H.Mackean, Christian Monasticism in Egypt(London:SPCK,1920), 135—137.
[74] John Cassian, Conferences 9 and 19, trans.Edgar C.S.Gibson,in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (2nd series; New York, 1984), vol.11.
[75] Raymond B.Blakney, Meister Eckhart: A Modern Translation(New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1941), 200—201.
[76] Norman Douglas, Experiments (New York: McBride, 1925),19—20.
[77] Richard Trench, Arabian Travellers: The European Discovery of Arabia (Topsfield, MA: Salem House, 1986), 213.
[78] Robert Payne, Lawrence of Arabia: A Triumph (London: Robert Hale, 1966), 45.
[79] T.E.Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Garden City, NY:Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1935), 40.
[80] Payne, Lawrence of Arabia, 116.
[81] Jeffrey Meyers, The Wounded Spirit: T.E.Lawrence’s Seven Pillars of Wisdom (New York: St.Martin’s Press, 1989), 126; 转引自Ernest Thurtle, T.E.Lawrence, by His Friends, 355。
[82] Michael A.Anderegg, “Lawrence of Arabia: The Man, the Myth,the Movie,” in Laurence Goldstein, ed., Seasonal Performances: A Michigan Quarterly Review Reader (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991), 124.
[83] Yi-Fu Tuan, “Ambiguity in Attitudes toward Environment,”Annals of the Association of American Geographers 63, no.4 (1973):416—417.
[84] John K.Wright, “The Open Polar Sea,” Geographical Review 43(1953): 338—365.
[85] Francis Spufford, I May Be Some Time: Ice and the English Imagination (New York: St.Martin’s Press, 1997); Chauncey C.Loomis, “The Arctic Sublime,” in Ulrich Camillus Knoepflmacher and G.B.Tennyson, eds., Nature and the Victorian Imagination (Berkeley:University of California Press, 1977), 95—112.
[86] Edward Shackleton, Nansen the Explorer (London: Witherby,1959).
[87] Liv Nansen Hoyer, Nansen: A Family Portrait (London:Longmans, 1957), 48—49, 79.
[88] Fridtjof Nansen, Farthest North: Being the Record of a Voyage of Exploration of the Ship “Fram,” 1893—1896 (New York: Harper &Brothers, 1897), vol.1, 81.
[89] 同上书，vol.2, 446。
[90] Fridtjof Nansen, The First Crossing of Greenland (London:Longman’s, 1892), 297.
[91] Christopher Ralling, Shackleton: His Antarctic Writings (London:British Broadcasting Corporation, 1983), 29.
[92] 同上书，79。
[93] Nansen, Farthest North, vol.2, 446—447; First Crossing, 313.
[94] Nansen, Farthest North, vol.2, 41.
[95] 同上书，vol.2, 440。
[96] Richard E.Byrd, Alone (first published in 1938; Los Angeles:Tarcher, n.d.), 3—4.
[97] Richard E.Byrd, Discovery (New York: Putnam’s, 1935), 167.
[98] Byrd, Alone, 178—179.
[99] 同上书，25，73—74。
[100] 同上书，85。
[101] 同上书，138—139。
/间奏：健全却平凡/
[102] S.N.Kramer, The Sumerians (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), 263.
[103] 关于莎士比亚戏剧中“典范生活”的观念，见Lionel Trilling,Sincerity and Authenticity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972), 39。
/3 城市/
本章根据我发表在《地理评论》杂志第68期中的《城市：其与自然的距离》一文修改而成。感谢美国地理学会允许我把相关内容收录本书中。发表于《地理评论》杂志的原文可见：Yi-Fu Tuan, “The City: Its Distance from Nature,” Geographical Review 68, no.1(1978): 1—12。
[104] Edouard Biot, Le Tcheou Li (Paris, 1851), vol.2, 554—555.
[105] Arthur F.Wright, The Sui Dynasty: The Unification of China,A.D.581—617 (New York: Knopf, 1978), 87—88; Arthur F.Wright,“Symbolism and Function: Reflections on Ch’ang-an and Other Great Cities,” Journal of Asian Studies 24, no.4 (1965): 667—669.
[106] Edward H.Schafer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand (Berkeley:University of California Press, 1963), 15.
[107] 关于城市的部分参见我的论文“The City: Its Distance from Nature,” Geographical Review 68, no.1 (1978): 1—12.; A.Leo Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 115—116。
[108] Etienne Balazs, Chinese Civilization and Bureaucracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964), 68; Ping-ti Ho, “Lo-yang, A.D.495—534: A Study of Physical and Socio-Economic Planning of a Metropolitan Area,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 26 (1966):52—101; reference on 69 and 81.
[109] Howard Saalman, Medieval Cities (New York: Braziller, 1968),24—25, 40.
[110] Dana Carleton Munro and George C.Sellery, Medieval Civilization (New York: Century, 1910), 362—363; translated from Karl Lamprecht, Deutsche Geschichte (Berlin: R.Gaertners, 1896), vol.4,211—217.
[111] Norman G.Brett-James, The Growth of Stuart London (London:George Allen & Unwin, 1935), 27—28; Richard Cobb, The Police and the People: French Popular Protest, 1789—1820 (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 223.
[112] H.J.Dyos and Michael Wolff, “The Way We Live Now,” in H.J.Dyos and Michael Wolff, eds., The Victorian City: Images and Realities(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971), vol.2, 893—907, 参考899。
[113] Conrad Gill, History of Birmingham (London: Oxford University Press, 1952), vol.1, 123—124.
[114] Robert E.Dickinson, The West European City (London:Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961), 259.
[115] Martin H.Krieger, “What’s Wrong with Plastic Trees?” Science 179 (1973): 446—455.
[116] Meyer Berger, “Roof top Gardeners Bring Forth Blossoms High Above a City of Stone and Steel,” New York Times, April 23, 1958;reprinted in Anselm L.Strauss, The American City: A Sourcebook of Urban Imagery (Chicago: Aldine, 1968), 385—386; David Owen, “Green Manhattan,” New Yorker, October 18, 2004, 111—123.
[117] Jennifer Cockrall-King, Food and the City: Urban Agriculture and the New Food Revolution (Amherst, MA: Prometheus, 2012).
[118] Wolfram Eberhard, Conquerors and Rulers: Social Forces in Medieval China (Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1965), 35—36.
[119] Lewis Mumford, The City in History (New York: Harcourt, Brace& World, 1961), 128.
[120] Ludwig Friedländer, Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1968), vol.2, 193.
[121] Gene A.Brucker, Renaissance Florence (New York: Wiley,1969), 44.
[122] 同上书，43。
[123] Horace Sutton, “Cities in Winter [Introduction],” Saturday Review, January 8, 1977, 11.
[124] Richard Eder, “NewYork,” Saturday Review, January 8, 1977, 25—28.
[125] Jérôme Carcopino, Daily Life in Ancient Rome (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940), 47.
[126] Friedländer, Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire,13.
[127] Jacques Gernet, Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250—1276 (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1962), 36.
[128] Leon Bernard, The Emerging City: Paris in the Age of Louis XIV(Durham: Duke University Press, 1970), 161—166.
[129] Walter Besant, London in the Eighteenth Century (London: Adam& Charles Black, 1903), 91—93.
[130] William T.O’Dea, The Social History of Lighting (London:Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958), 98; Gill, History of Birmingham, 157;Matthew Luckiesh, Artifcial Light: Its Influence upon Civilization (New York: Century, 1920), 158.
[131] Oscar G.Brockett, History of the Theatre (Boston: Allyn &Bacon,1977), 201, 297.
[132] Elizabeth Hardwick, A View of My Own (New York: Noonday Press, 1962), 150.
[133] 关于照明的新书：A.Roger Ekirch, At Day’s Close: Night in Times Past (New York: Norton, 2004); Craig Koslofsky, Evening’s Empire: A History of the Night in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010)。
[134] Carcopino, Daily Life in Ancient Rome, 39—40.
[135] Rosalind H.Williams, Notes on the Underground (Cambridge:MIT Press, 1990), 82.
[136] 同上书, 98—99。
[137] Plato, Phaedrus 230d.
[138] George Steiner, “The City under Attack,” in Robert Boyers and Peggy Boyers, eds., The Salmagundi Reader (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983), 3—4.
[139] William Wordsworth, “Composed upon Westminster Bridge,September 3, 1802,” Selected Poems (London: Penguin, 1994), 170.
[140] Ada Louise Huxtable, “The Crisis in Architecture,” New York Review of Books 27, no.1 (1980): 29.
[141] Notes and Comments, New Yorker, July 27, 1981, 26.
[142] Letters of Charles Lamb, ed.Ernest Rhys (London: Everyman’s Library, 1909), vol.1, 177—178.
[143] Anthony Burgess, New York Times Magazine, October 29, 1972.
[144] Gertrude Himmelfarb, “The Culture of Poverty,” in Dyos and Wolff, The Victorian City, 725.
[145] 引自Philip Collins, “Dickens and London,” in Dyos and Wolff,The Victorian City, 540.
[146] 同上。
[147] Arthur Conan Doyle, “The Adventure of the Empty House,” in The Complete Sherlock Holmes (Garden City, NY.: Doubleday, c.1930),492.
[148] Robert Douglas-Fairhurst, “Are We in a New Dickensian Age?”Oxford Today 24, no.2 (2012): 32—34.
[149] John Pemble, “Gaslight and Fog,” London Review of Books 34,no.2 (January 26, 2012): 21—22.
[150] Doyle, “The Naval Treaty,” in The Complete Sherlock Holmes,456—457; 亦见 Yi-Fu Tuan, “The Landscapes of Sherlock Holmes,” Baker Street Miscellanea 45 (Spring 1984): 1—10。
/4 人类/
[151] Camille Paglia, Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson (New York: Vintage Books, 1991), 55—57.
[152] 同上书，69。
[153] George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four (first published in 1949;London: Compact Books, 1993), 228—229.
[154] 译文出自《一九八四》，乔治·奥威尔著，董乐山译，上海译文出版社2011年版。——译注
[155] George Orwell, The Road to Wigan Pier (New York: Berkley Edition, 1961), 130.
[156] George Woodstock, The Crystal Spirit: A Study of George Orwell(New York: Schocken Books, 1984), 110.
[157] Robert H.Frank, Passions within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions (New York: Norton, 1988), 212.
[158] Tim Jeal, Explorers of the Nile: The Triumph and Tragedy of a Great Victorian Adventure (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011), 5.
[159] 同上书，18—19。
[160] Apsley Cherry-Garrard, The Worst Journey in the World (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1989), 284, 286.
[161] 同上书，284—285。
[162] 同上书，249。
[163] 同上书，626。
[164] Christian Bobin, The Secret of Francis of Assisi: A Meditation(Boston: Shambhala, 1997), 31.
[165] 引自 Edward A.Armstrong, Saint Francis: Nature Mystic (Berkeley:University of California Press, 1973), 170。
[166] Julien Green, God’s Fool: The Life and Times of Francis of Assisi(San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1985), 74.
[167] Robert Coles, Dorothy Day: A Radical Devotion (Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley, 1987), xviii.
/终曲/
[168] Martha C.Nussbaum, “Love and Vision: Iris Murdochon Eros and the Individual,” in Maria Antonaccio and William Schweiker, eds., Iris Murdoch and the Search for Human Goodness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 51—52.