注释

注释

[1]新自由主义（neoliberalism），主张维护个人自由，反对国家和政府对经济的不必要干预，强调自由市场的重要性。——译者注（本书页下注若无特殊说明，均为译者注）

[2]http://www.beatlesebooks.com/eleanor-rigby, accessed 11 May 2018.

[3]反建制情绪（anti-establishment sentiment），在20世纪60年代的美国，“反建制”成为流行词，指的是成长条件相对优越的年轻群体看到社会存在诸多不合理之处，便开始质询“建制”。

[4]K.D.M. Snell, ‘The rise of living alone and loneliness in history’, Social History, 42 (2017), pp. 2—28.

[5]I. Kar-Purkayastha, ‘An epidemic of loneliness’, The Lancet, 376 (2010), pp. 2114—15; E. White, ‘The loneliness epidemic’, Daily Mail, 28 July 2011.

[6]J. Bingham, ‘Britain: The loneliness capital of Europe’, Daily Telegraph, 18 June 2014.

[7]以下为参考性的样本，all accessed 12 May 2018: ‘Loneliness a key concern for thousands of children’, NSPCC, 18 June 2017: https://www.nspcc.org.uk/what-we-do/news-opinion/lonelinesskey-concern-thousands-children; S. Marsh, ‘Teenagers on loneliness: “We want to talk to our parents. We need their guidance” ’, The Guardian, 8 April 2017: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/apr/08/teenagers-loneliness-social-media-isolation-parents-attention; A. Packham, ‘More than 90% of mums feel lonely after having children and many don't confide in their partner’, Huffington Post, 7 March 2017: https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/mums-feel-lonely-afterbirth_uk_58bec088e4b09ab537d6bdf9; L. Hodgkinson, ‘Living alone after divorce can feel like liberation. But trust me, it turns into aching loneliness’, Daily Mail, 4 July 2012: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2168926/Living-divorce-feel-like-liberation-But-trust-turnsaching-loneliness.html; R. Vitelli, ‘Grief, loneliness and losing a spouse’, Psychology Today, 16 March 2015: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/media-spotlight/201503/grief-loneliness-and-losing-spouse。

[8]BBC News, 17 January 2018: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-42708507, accessed 1 May 2018.

[9]https://www.jocoxloneliness.org, accessed 12 May 2018.

[10]https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-46057548, accessed 1 April 2019.

[11]https://www.jocoxloneliness.org, accessed 1 December 2017.

[12]https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/nov/23/thomas-mairslow-burning-hatred-led-to-jo-cox-murder, accessed 1 June 2018.

[13]https: //www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-murder-idUSKBN13I190.

[14]G. Monbiot, ‘Neoliberalism is creating loneliness: That's what's wrenching society apart’, The Guardian, 12 October 2016: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/oct/12/neoliberalism-creatingloneliness-wrenching-society-apart, accessed 1 July 2017.

[15]L.C. Hawkley and J.T. Cacioppo, ‘Loneliness and pathways to disease’, Brain, Behaviour and Immunity, 17 (2003), pp. 98—105.

[16]https://www.nhs.uk/news/mental-health/loneliness-increases-riskof-premature-death, accessed 3 June 2018.

[17]安慰性进食（comfort eating），指有些人在产生了负面情绪之后，为了改善心情，通过食物来舒缓情绪。

[18]L. Andersson, ‘Loneliness research and interventions: A review of the literature’, Ageing ＆amp; Mental Health, 2 (1998), pp. 264—74, 265.

[19]UCLA孤独量表，一种使用最广泛的孤独量表，由加州大学洛杉矶分校的鲁塞尔等人于1978年首次发布，于1980年及1996年修订，用于检验被调查者的人际关系质量。

[20]https://public.psych.iastate.edu/ccutrona/uclalone.htm, accessed 4 June 2018.

[21]K.D.M. Snell, ‘The rise of living alone’.

[22]D.E. Christie, ‘The work of loneliness: Solitude, emptiness and compassion’, Anglican Theological Review, 88 (2006), pp. 25—46.

[23]奥利维亚·莱恩，生于1977年，英国非虚构作家，代表作为《沿河而行：一部关于河流的历史之书》《回声泉之旅：文人与酒的爱恨情仇》《孤独的城市》，作品多探究“孤独”主题。

[24]O. Laing, The lonely city: Adventures in the art of being alone (New York: Macmillan, 2016).

[25]P. Ekman, ‘Are there basic emotions?’, Psychological Review, 99 (1992), pp. 550—3.

[26]R. Plutchik and H. Kellerman, Biological foundations of emotion (Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1986); R. Plutchik, ‘A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion’, Theories of Emotion, 1 (1980), pp. 197—219.

[27]我与托马斯·狄克逊、科林·琼斯、罗德里·海沃德、埃琳娜·卡雷拉共同创办的伦敦玛丽皇后大学情感史研究中心是英国第一家这类机构。该中心培养了新一代情感史专家，大量跨学科的情感史文献也在这里诞生。

[28]J.J. Gross, Handbook of emotion regulation (New York: Guilford Press, 2007); J. Plamper, The history of emotions: An introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015); B. Rosenwein and R. Cristiani, What is the history of emotions? (Cambridge, UK; Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2018).

[29]L.F. Barrett, How emotions are made: The secret life of the brain (London: Macmillan, 2017).

[30]D. Konstan, The emotions of the ancient Greeks (Toronto; London: University of Toronto Press, 2006).

[31]液体论哲学，一般被视为西方“幽默”概念的源头，可以追溯至古希腊“医学之父”希波克拉底的“液体”概念。该学说认为，人体内流动着四种体液—血液、黏液、黄胆汁和黑胆汁，体液平衡是生命健康的关键。人的精神活动和躯体活动会彼此影响，身体内和身体外的环境也会相互联系，相互影响。

[32]F. Bound Alberti, This mortal coil: The human body in history and culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).

[33]P.T. James, ‘Obesity: The worldwide epidemic’, Clinics in Dermatology, 22 (2004), pp. 276—80.

[34]C.E. Moustakas, Loneliness (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1961), preface.

[35]G. Monbiot, ‘Neoliberalism: The ideology at the root of all our problems’, The Guardian, 15 April 2016: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/15/neoliberalism-ideology-problem-george-monbiot.

[36]ACEVO, Coming in from the cold: Why we need to talk about loneliness among our young people (London, 2015).

[37]J.M. Szczuka, M. Jessica, and N.C. Krämer, ‘Not only the lonely—how men explicitly and implicitly evaluate the attractiveness of sex robots in comparison to the attractiveness of women, and personal characteristics influencing this evaluation’, Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 1 (2017), p. 3.

[38]千禧一代，指20世纪90年代初期出生、21世纪初进入成人期的一代。（也有人认为指的是2000年之后出生的一代，本书应为前者。）该词源于1991年威廉·施特劳斯和尼尔·豪出版的《代际》一书，书中阐述了社会时代阶层理论：通过重复周期可以观察美国历史，这个周期大约是八十年，也就是一个人一生的长度；每八十年有四个时期，约二十年一个周期，以情感为特征区分，分别是高潮、觉醒、瓦解和危机。这种理论后来被称为“施特劳斯—豪代际理论”。

[39]S.E. Caplan, ‘Relations among loneliness, social anxiety, and problematic internet use’, CyberPsychology ＆amp; Behaviour, 10 (2007), pp. 234—42.

[40]C. Rubenstein, P. Shaver, and L. Anne Peplau, ‘Loneliness’, Human Nature, 2 (1979), pp. 58—65.

[41]浪漫主义时期，18世纪晚期至19世纪初期，欧洲的艺术家、诗人、作家、音乐家、政治家、哲学家等反对启蒙理性，追求人类情感的想象力、激情和艺术人性价值。但关于浪漫主义的详细定义，直到20世纪也一直是文学史和思想史领域争论的主题。

[42]拜伦式的英雄，指和英国诗人拜伦及其笔下人物（例如抒情长诗《恰尔德·哈洛尔德游记》中的哈洛尔德）一样的人，“高傲、情绪多变、愤世嫉俗、个性叛逆，内心悲观痛苦、忧郁孤独，找不到出路”。

[43]S.R. Alterovitz and G.A. Mendelsohn, ‘Relationship goals of middleaged, young-old, and old-old internet daters: An analysis of online personal ads’, Journal of Ageing Studies, 27 (2013), pp. 159—65.

[44]J.D. DeLamater and M. Sill, ‘Sexual desire in later life’, Journal of Sex Research, 42 (2005), pp. 138—49.

[45]S. Matt, Homesickness: An American history (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

[46]R.L. Allen and H. Oshagan, ‘The UCLA Loneliness Scale’, Personality and Individual Differences, 19 (1995), pp. 185—95.

[47]Tom Ambrose, Heroes and exiles: Gay icons through the ages (London: New Holland, 2010).

[48]L.A. Jackson et al., ‘Gender and the internet: Women communicating and men searching’, Sex Roles, 44 (2001), pp. 363—79.

[49]T. Scharf, ‘Social exclusion of older people in deprived urban communities of England’, European Journal of Ageing, 2 (2005), pp. 76—87.

[50]霍华德·休斯（1905—1976），美国企业家、飞行员、电影制片人、导演、演员。十九岁时成为休斯工具公司的董事长，二十一岁进军好莱坞成为电影公司董事长兼导演。二十七岁成立休斯飞机公司，曾驾驶自己设计的飞机创造世界飞行纪录。四十五岁选择隐居，七十一岁时在自己的私人飞机中逝世。

[51]Bound Alberti, This mortal coil.

[52]威廉·华兹华斯（1770—1850），英国浪漫主义诗人，与柯勒律治合作发表的《抒情歌谣集》（1798）宣告了浪漫主义新诗的诞生。华兹华斯尤其擅长描摹人类情感与自然的关系，表达人之为人的孤独感，例如我们熟知的《我好似一朵流云独自漫游》等。本书的第九章对于浪漫主义时期的孤独观有进一步的阐释。

[53]弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫（1882—1941），英国作家。她认为写作要摒弃物质的表象，在对自然和生命本质的探求中定格人类“存在”的“瞬间”，触探生命的哲理。

[54]梅·萨藤（1912—1995），享有国际声誉的美国诗人、小说家。她的创作母题大多与人的爱、孤独、同性情感、自然、自我否定等有关。著有《独居日记》《海边小屋》《过去的痛》。

[55]V.A. Lykes and M. Kemmelmeier, ‘What predicts loneliness? Cultural difference between individualistic and collectivistic societies in Europe’, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45 (2014), pp. 468—90.

[56]H. Barakat, ‘The Arab family and the challenge of social transformation’, in H. Moghissi (ed.), Women and Islam: Critical concepts in sociology, vol. II: Social conditions, obstacles and prospects (Abingdon: Routledge, 2005), pp. 145—65.感谢阿比盖尔·艾伯蒂协助翻译。

[57]见2018年由帕梅拉·考特领导的英国经济与社会研究理事会（ESRC）关于孤独的战略思考文件中提供的证据，我为该文件的形成做出了贡献。

[58]F. Bound [Alberti], ‘Writing the self? Love and the letter in England, c. 1660—c. 1760’, Literature and History, 11 (2002), pp. 1—19.

[59]H. Lee, Virginia Woolf (New York: Knopf, 1997).

[60]Bound [Alberti], ‘Writing the self ?’

[61]原文为：an［sic］one;an oneliness,or loneliness,a single or singlenesss。

[62]A. Worsley, ‘Ophelia's loneliness’, ELH, 82 (2015), pp. 521—51.

[63]塞缪尔·约翰逊（1709—1784），英国作家、文学评论家和诗人。他历时九年编成《英语大词典》（1755）。在这部词典之前，英国仅有冷僻词或新词的汇编，约翰逊从文学著作中搜罗素材，选出例词例句，开创了英语词典学的新阶段。

[64]F. Kaba et al., ‘Solitary confinement and risk of self-harm among jail inmates’, American Journal of Public Health, 104 (2014), pp. 442—7. See: http://www.wilson.com/en-us/volleyball/balls/outdoor-volleyball/cast-away-volleyball, accessed 31 January 2018.

[65]S. Johnson, A dictionary of the English language (London: W. Strahan, 1755).

[66]许多国家习惯于将卢梭归于“法国思想家”之列。其实卢梭生于日内瓦，父母均为日内瓦公民。卢梭早年因生活拮据离开日内瓦，成名后返回日内瓦定居，后又因批评新教教义和政界人士被日内瓦议会剥夺了日内瓦公民权。日内瓦人对卢梭个人、思想、作品的论战一直持续至今。然而，无论是自主离开还是遭受驱赶，卢梭始终以“日内瓦公民”自称。

[67]M. Raillard, ‘Courting wisdom: Silence, solitude and friendship in eighteenth-century Spain’, Vanderbilt e-journal of Luso-Hispanic Studies, 10 (2016), pp. 80—9.

[68]G. Campbell, The hermit in the garden: From imperial Rome to ornamental gnome (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013); B. Taylor, Mary Wollstonecraft and the feminist imagination (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).

[69]C.R. Long and J.R. Averill, ‘Solitude: An exploration of benefits of being alone’, Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 33 (2003), pp. 21—44.

[70]比格的一只鞋现存牛津的阿什莫尔博物馆：http://britisharchaeology. ashmus.ox.ac.uk/highlights/dinton-hermits-shoes.html, accessed 16 October 2018。

[71]F. Bound Alberti, This mortal coil: The human body in history and culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).

[72]L. Gowing, Common bodies: Women, sex and reproduction in seventeenth-century England (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003).

[73]B. Taylor, Mary Wollstonecraft and the feminist imagination (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 212.

[74]L. Lipking, Abandoned women and poetic tradition (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1988); Bound [Alberti], ‘Writing the self’.

[75]F. Bound Alberti, Matters of the heart: History, medicine, emotion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).

[76]R. Burton, The anatomy of melancholy, 1621 (Philadelphia, PA: J.W. Moore, 1857), p. iv.

[77]D.E. Shuttleton, ‘The medical consultation letters of Dr William Cullen’, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 45 (2015), pp. 188—9.

[78]M. Louis-Courvoisier and S. Pilloud, ‘Consulting by letter in the eighteenth century: Mediating the patient's view?’, in W. de Blécourt and C. Usborne (eds), Cultural approaches to the history of medicine (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 71—8.

[79]W. Buchan, Domestic medicine: Or, the family physician (Edinburgh: Balfour, Auld and Smellie, 1769).

[80]Taylor, Mary Wollstonecraft.

[81]Cullen Project (1777 and 1779), http://www.cullenproject.ac.uk, docs ID 4087 and 4509.

[82]J. de Jong-Gierveld, ‘A review of loneliness: Concept and definitions, determinants and consequences’, Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 8 (1998), pp. 73—80.

[83]J. Mullan, Sentiment and sociability: The language of feeling in the eighteenth century (Oxford: Clarendon, 1988).

[84]W.M. Reddy, The navigation of feeling: Framework for a history of emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

[85]G.J. Barker-Benfield, The culture of sensibility: Sex and society in eighteenth-century Britain (Chicago, IL; London: University of Chicago Press, 1992).

[86]L. Klein, ‘Politeness and the interpretation of the British eighteenth century’, The Historical Journal, 45 (2002), pp. 869—98.

[87]J. Addison, Selections from the Spectator, edited by J.H. Lobban (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952), p. 173.

[88]L.P. Agnew, Outward, visible propriety: Stoic philosophy and eighteenth-century British rhetorics (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2008); A. Pope, An essay on man: Epistle III (London: Printed for J. Wilford, 1733).

[89]G.S. Rousseau, ‘Nerves, spirits and fibres: Towards defining the origins of sensibility’, Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture, 3 (1976), pp. 137—57.

[90]我意识到“个人”这个概念本身就有问题，它依据历史情况而定。我感兴趣的是，其他历史学家会以何种方式来讨论这个概念，因为“个人”这个概念不只与“孤独”有关，还与“社会性”、“归属”和“自我”等相关的状态有关。然而这里所阐述的个人主义是18—21世纪种种社会力量的结果，正如加拿大哲学家查尔斯·泰勒针对“内向的转折”的讨论，被认为是现代对于个人身份理性、世俗化阐述的核心。C. Taylor, Sources of the self: Making of the modern identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).

[91]K.D.M. Snell, ‘Agenda for the historical study of loneliness and lone living’, Open Psychology Journal, 8 (2015), pp. 61—70 and ‘The rise of living alone and loneliness in history’, Social History, 42 (2017), pp. 2—28.

[92]R. Stivers, Shades of loneliness: Pathologies of a technological society (Lanham, MD; Oxford: Rowman ＆amp; Littlefield, 2004), p. 11.

[93]O. Laing, The lonely city: Adventures in the art of being alone (London: Canongate, 2017).

[94]G.Beer, Darwin's plots: Evolutionary narrative in Darwin, George Eliot and nineteenth-century fiction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

[95]H.C. Sheth et al., ‘Anxiety disorders in ancient Indian literature’, Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 52 (2010), pp. 289—91; M.-G. Lallemand, ‘On the proper use of curiosity: Madeleine de Scudéry's Célinte’, in L. Cottegnies et al. (eds), Women and curiosity in early modern England and France (Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill, 2016), pp. 107—22.

[96]《帕梅拉》，被誉为英国文学史上第一部现代小说，出版后在全国掀起了“帕梅拉热”。作品讲述了一名年轻的女仆拒绝少东家的种种威逼利诱，坚守自己的贞洁，最终让主人为自己的美德打动，正式娶她为妻的故事。作者塞缪尔·理查森的小说多关注婚姻道德的主题，多以女仆或中产阶级女性为主人公，擅长描写人物情感和心理，被认为开创了英国家庭小说的新范式。

[97]R. Gooding, ‘Pamela, Shamela and the politics of the Pamela vogue’, Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 7 (1995), pp. 109—30.

[98]《远大前程》中的郝薇香小姐是一位上层阶级女性，她疯狂地爱上了温培森，却不知道对方在意的是她的财产。结婚当晚即被抛弃，因无法接受这样的打击，她从此过上了痛苦不堪的生活。

[99]A. Borunda, ‘Mechanical metaphor and the emotive in Charles Dickens’ Hard Times ’, The Victorian, 3 (2015), pp. 2—10.

[100]I.R. Morus, ‘ “The nervous system of Britain”: Space, time and the electric telegraph in the Victorian age’, British Journal for the History of Science, 33 (2000), pp. 455—75.

[101]1900年，弗洛伊德刚出版《梦的解析》后，十八岁的女孩多拉在父亲的陪同下前来咨询。一开始弗洛伊德将其诊断为癔病，并以性起因及其在梦中的象征为依据对其进行分析治疗。但十一周后，多拉突然中断治疗，这推翻了弗洛伊德原先的理论。两周后，他以多拉为案例撰写了一份病理报告，开启了对心理双性恋的阐释。他分析了多拉在大师画廊的一次经验：她孤身一人，面对拉斐尔的《西斯廷圣母》，全神贯注、默默崇拜两个小时之久。弗洛伊德问她为什么那幅画让她如此着迷，她找不到清晰的理由，只是说“圣母玛利亚”。“多拉的隐喻”于是成为弗洛伊德思考女性“认同未婚生子的圣母，寻找脱离交换家庭、繁殖后代的心理”的起点。

[102]L. Spira and A.K. Richards, ‘On being lonely, socially isolated and single: A multi-perspective approach’, Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, 20 (2003), pp. 3—21; S. Freud, The problem of anxiety, 1916—1917 ( New York: Norton, 1936 ), pp. 392—411.

[103]M. Seeman, ‘On the meaning of alienation’, American Sociological Review, 24 (1959), pp. 783—91; É. Durkheim, The elementary forms of the religious life, K.E. Fields, trans. (New York: Free Press, 1996).

[104]W. Schirmer and D. Michailakis, ‘The lost Gemeinschaft : How people working with the elderly explain loneliness’, Journal of Ageing Studies, 33 (2015), pp. 1—10.

[105]L.P. Hemming, Heidegger's atheism: The refusal of a theological voice (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2002); M. Heidegger, Basic problems of phenomenology, S.M. Campbell, trans. (New York: Bloomsbury, 2013); L. Svendsen, A philosophy of loneliness, K. Pierce, trans. ( London: Reaktion, 2017).

[106]J.-P. Sartre, No exit (New York: Caedmon, 1968).

[107]M. Weber, The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism, T. Parsons, trans. ( London: HarperCollins, 1991).

[108]C.T. Burris et al., ‘ “What a friend...” Loneliness as a motivator of intrinsic religion’, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, (1994), pp. 326—34, 326.

[109]C. Taylor, A secular age (Cambridge, MA; London: Belknap, 2007).

[110]J. Brewer, The pleasures of the imagination: English culture in the eighteenth century (London: Harper Collins, 1997); R.J. Harnish and K.R. Bridges, ‘Mall haul videos: Self-presentational motives and the role of selfmonitoring’, Psychology ＆amp; Marketing, 33 (2016), pp. 113—24.

[111]J.T. Cacioppo et al., ‘Alone in the crowd: The structure and spread of loneliness in a large social network’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97 (2009), pp. 977—91.

[112]S. Plath, The unabridged journals of Sylvia Plath, 1950—1962, edited by K.V. Kukil ( New York: Anchor, 2000), p. 31. 感谢费伯、哈珀·柯林斯和企鹅出版社准许我在本章中引用西尔维娅·普拉斯的作品。

[113]S. Plath, Letters of Sylvia Plath, volume I: 1940—1956, edited by P.K. Steinberg and K.V. Kukil ( London: Faber ＆amp; Faber, 2017) and Letters of Sylvia Plath, volume 2: 1956—1963 (London: Faber and Faber, 2018).

[114]O. Blair, ‘Sylvia Plath's daughter criticises feminist activists who blamed her death on father Ted Hughes’, The Independent, 4 October 2015: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/sylvia-plaths-daughtercriticises-feminist-activists-who-blamed-her-death-on-father-tedhughes-a6679051.html, accessed 4 October 2018 and D. Kean, ‘Unseen Sylvia Plath letters claim domestic abuse by Ted Hughes’, The Guardian, 11 April 2007: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/apr/11/unseensylvia-plath-letters-claim-domestic-abuse-by-ted-hughes, accessed 4 October 2018.

[115]A. Wilson, Mad girl's love song: Sylvia Plath and life before Ted (London: Simon and Schuster, 2013), p. 313.

[116]Wilson, Mad girl's love song.

[117]俄耳甫斯与欧律狄克的爱情故事是希腊神话中感天动地的一段，妻子欧律狄克被毒蛇夺取性命后，俄耳甫斯在爱神的帮助下前往冥府解救妻子，但最终解救成功需要满足两个条件：第一是在返程途中，他不能回头看妻子；第二是此戒令不可外泄。结果在回程路上，俄耳甫斯回头看了妻子一眼，导致妻子再次死去。他在冥河的河岸边游荡了七天七夜，七弦琴无法打开地狱之门，他只能孤单地回到人间。

[118]好莱坞明星伊丽莎白·泰勒和理查德·伯顿的爱情故事曾轰动世界，被称为“世纪之恋”。两人在拍摄《埃及艳后》期间擦出情感的火花，其时理查德已婚。婚外情持续两年后，两人各自离开伴侣，正式结婚。此后，争吵，分合，结婚，离婚，两人的感情纠缠了二十二年之久。用理查德的话说：“我们爱得太激烈，最终两个人都精疲力竭了。”伊丽莎白说：“自最初罗马的那段时光开始，我们就一直疯狂、强烈地爱着对方。我们曾度过一段美好时光，但那远远不够。”

[119]有关奥托·普拉斯和奥里莉亚·肖伯早期关系的讨论，见Wilson, Mad girl's love song, chapter 1。

[120]http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2yzhfv4DvqVp5nZyxBD8G23/who-feels-lonely-the-results-of-the-world-s-largest-loneliness-study, accessed 18 October 2018.

[121]Plath, Unabridged journals, p. 33.

[122]Plath, Letters, p. 14.

[123]8 September 1947 in Plath, Letters, p. 107.

[124]‘I AM A SMITH GIRL NOW’: 28 September 1950 in Plath, Letters, p. 180. 原文为大写。

[125]24 September 1950 in Letters, pp. 173—4.

[126]2 October 1950 in Letters, p. 185.

[127]E.F. Perese and M. Wolf, ‘Combating loneliness among persons with severe mental illness: Social network interventions’ characteristics, effectiveness and applicability’, Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 26 (2005), pp. 591—609.

[128]14 November 1950 in Letters, p. 223.

[129]7 January 1951 in Letters, p. 255.

[130]29 January 1951 in Letters, p. 268.

[131]S. Plath, Letters, volume 2, letter to Aurelia, 10 December 1956, p. 27.

[132]《17》，美国的一本少女杂志，创刊于1944年，如今依然走在流行最前线。

[133]19 November 1950 in Letters, p. 227.

[134]12 January 1951 in Letters, p. 259.

[135]10 December 1950 in Letters, p. 244.

[136]7 January 1951 in Letters, p. 254.

[137]7 January 1951 in Letters, p. 255.

[138]12 January 1951 in Letters, p. 258.

[139]13 January 1951 in Letters, p. 260.

[140]例如，letter to Marcia B. Stern, 8 July 1952 in Letters, p. 464。

[141]J.T. Cacioppo, J.H. Fowler, and N.A. Christakis, ‘Alone in the crowd: The structure and spread of loneliness in a large social network’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97 (2009), pp. 977—91.

[142]Plath, Unabridged journals, p. 29.

[143]M.J. Bernstein and H.M. Claypool, ‘Social exclusion and pain sensitivity: Why exclusion sometimes hurts and sometimes numbs’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38 (2012), pp. 185—96.

[144]Plath, Unabridged journals, p. 30.

[145]Plath, Unabridged journals, p. 26.

[146]Plath, Unabridged journals, p. 33.

[147]Plath, Unabridged journals, p. 149.

[148]莎拉·蒂斯黛尔（1884—1933），美国诗人，1933年因服用过量安眠药自杀身亡。

[149]C. Millard, ‘Making the cut: The production of “self-harm” in post-1945 Anglo-Saxon psychiatry’, History of the Human Sciences, 26 (2013), pp. 126—50.

[150]A. Stravynski and R. Boyer, ‘Loneliness in relation to suicide ideation and parasuicide: A population-wide study’, Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 31 (2001), pp. 32—40.

[151]Plath, Unabridged journals, pp. 150—1.

[152]Plath, Unabridged journals, p. 150.

[153]S. Plath, Letters home: Correspondence, 1950—1963, edited with a commentary by Aurelia Schober Plath ( London: Faber and Faber, 1999), p. 124; discussion in Wilson, Mad girl's love song, p. 264.

[154]见普拉斯的心理分析师肯尼斯·泰罗特森的讨论： Wilson, Mad girl's love song, p. 265。

[155]Wilson, Mad girl's love song, pp. 285—6.

[156]与克里斯·米勒德的私人谈话，2017。

[157]28 December 1953 in Letters, p. 654.

[158]Plath, Unabridged journals, pp. 186—7.

[159]O. Sletta et al., ‘Peer relations, loneliness, and self-perceptions in schoolaged children’, British Journal of Educational Psychology, 66 (1996), pp. 431—45.

[160]Wilson, Mad girl's love song, p. 287.

[161]25 December 1953 in Letters, p. 652.

[162]28 December 1953 in Letters, p. 657.

[163]Wilson, Mad girl's love song, p. 291.

[164]Wilson, Mad girl's love song, p. 302.

[165]后来随着普拉斯的作家身份更为著名，她的几篇论文在她过世后出版。这里的参考文献来自大英图书馆的一份副本：Sylvia Plath, The magic mirror: A study of the double in two of Dostoevsky's novels (Llanwddyn, Powys: Embers Handpress, 1989)。

[166]Plath, The magic mirror, p. 12.

[167]Plath, The magic mirror, p. 13.

[168]Plath, Unabridged journals, p. 30.

[169]Plath, Unabridged journals, p. 147.

[170]H. Sweeting and P. West, ‘Being different: Correlates of the experience of teasing and bullying at age 11’, Research Papers in Education, 16 (2001), pp. 225—46.

[171]Plath, Unabridged journals, p. 187.

[172]Plath, Unabridged journals, p. 199.

[173]Wilson, Mad girl's love song, p. 300.

[174]24 February 1956 in Letters, p. 113.

[175]Plath, Unabridged journals, p. 21.

[176]Plath, Unabridged journals, p. 25.

[177]Plath, Unabridged journals, p. 211.

[178]4 May 1956 in Letters, p. 1185.

[179]A. Van Gennep, The rites of passage (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013).

[180]9 October 1956 in Letters, p. 1293.

[181]Plath, Unabridged journals, p. 51.

[182]C. Waddell, ‘Creativity and mental illness: Is there a link?’, The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43 (1998), pp. 166—72.

[183]L.A. Baker and R.E. Emery, ‘When every relationship is above average: Perceptions and expectations of divorce at the time of marriage’, Law and human behavior, 17 (1993), p. 439.

[184]The symposium of Plato, translated by B. Jowett (1968), available online at: http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/symposium.html, accessed 15 February 2018.

[185]译文引自《柏拉图对话集》，王太庆译，商务印书馆2004年版，第310页。

[186]Aristophanes in The symposium of Plato.

[187]莎士比亚的悲剧《麦克白》于1606年首次演出，讲述了苏格兰将军麦克白从战场凯旋途中，听信了三女巫的预言—他有朝一日会成为苏格兰国王，出于野心和妻子的怂恿，麦克白杀了国王邓肯，自立为王。然而，麦克白很快沦为暴君，众叛亲离，兵败被杀，他的妻子也因精神分裂而死。

[188]Aristophanes in The symposium of Plato.

[189]译文引自《柏拉图对话集》，王太庆译，商务印书馆2004年版，第310页。

[190]译文参考《柏拉图对话集》，王太庆译，商务印书馆2004年版，第310页；《柏拉图文艺对话集》，朱光潜译，人民文学出版社1963年版，第242页。

[191]C. Darwin, On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life (London: John Murray, 1859). 有关进化生物学和心理学的进一步讨论，及其对于现代约会模式的意义，见C. Ryan and C. Jethá, Sex at dawn: The prehistoric origins of modern sexuality (New York: Harper, 2010)。

[192]G. Claeys, ‘The “survival of the fittest” and the origins of Social Darwinism’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 61 (2000), pp. 223—40, 223.

[193]J. Speake, The Oxford dictionary of proverbs (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 104; J. Lyly, The anatomy of wit: editio princeps, 1579: Euphues and his England, ed. E. Arber (London: Edward Arber, 1868); J.E. Mahon, ‘All's fair in love and war? Machiavelli and Ang Lee's “Ride with the Devil” ’, in R. Apr, A. Barkman, and N. King (eds), The philosophy of Ang Lee (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2013), pp. 265—90.

[194]Letter to a young lady in Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Letters, conversations and recollections of S.T. Coleridge, vol. 2 (London: Edward Moxon, Dover Street, 1836), pp. 89—90.

[195]Letter to a Young Lady, p. 91.

[196]D. Vaisey, The diary of Thomas Turner, 1754—1765 ( East Hoathly: CTR Publishing, 1994), p. 229. 参见本书第四章对托马斯·特纳日记的讨论，以及他在何种语境下这样谈论他的妻子。

[197]Letter to a young lady, p. 93.

[198]Letter to a young lady, p. 90.

[199]F. Bound [Alberti], ‘An “uncivill” culture: Marital violence and domestic politics in York, c. 1660—c.1760’, in M. Hallett and J. Rendall (eds), Eighteenth-century York: Culture, space and society (York: Borthwick Institute, 2003).

[200]F. Bound Alberti, Matters of the heart: History, medicine, emotion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).

[201]1978年，十九岁的凯特·布什发布首张单曲《呼啸山庄》，连续四周位列英国单曲排行榜之首，凯特·布什也因此成为第一位凭借自创歌曲荣登英国歌曲排行榜的女性艺术家。生于1958年的凯特·布什是英国独立音乐界的传奇前卫摇滚歌手，以独特大胆的演唱、风格各异的舞台装扮（女巫、精灵和殿下），以及神经质和具有非凡想象力的表演闻名。

[202]M.R. Watson, ‘ “Wuthering Heights” and the critics’, The Trollopian, 3 (1949), pp. 243—63.

[203]D. Punter and G. Byron, The gothic, vol. 10 (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004).

[204]J. Bhattacharyya, Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights (New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers ＆amp; Dist, 2006), p. 67.

[205]S.R. Gorsky, ‘ “I'll cry myself sick”: Illness in Wuthering Heights’, Literature and Medicine, 18 (1999), pp. 173—91.

[206]S. R. Gorsky, Femininity to feminism: Women and literature in the nineteenth century (New York; Toronto: Macmillan, 1992), p. 44.

[207]有关拜伦式英雄在19世纪的起源的讨论，见A. Stein, The Byronic hero in film, fiction and television (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2009), pp. 10—11。

[208]S. Wooton, Byronic heroes in nineteenth-century women's writing and screen adaptation (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).

[209]Cited in Stein, The Byronic hero, p. 27.

[210]A. Ben-Ze'ev and R. Goussinsky, In the name of love: Romantic ideology and its victims (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).

[211]L. Kokkola, ‘Sparkling vampires: Valorizing self-harming behavior in Stephenie Meyer's Twilight series’, Bookbird: A Journal of International Children's Literature, 49 (2011), pp. 33—46; J. Taylor, ‘Romance and the female gaze obscuring gendered violence in the Twilight saga’, Feminist Media Studies, 14 (2014), pp. 388—402.

[212]S. Meyer, Eclipse (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 2007), e.g. pp. 50, 123, 519.

[213]Meyer, Eclipse, p. 265.

[214]Meyer, Eclipse, p. 265.

[215]Meyer, Eclipse, p. 517.

[216]布里吉特·琼斯，《BJ单身日记》中的女主角，生活在伦敦西区，是一位三十二岁的单身女性。该影片改编自海伦·费尔丁的同名英国小说，讲述了相貌平平、生活平淡无奇的琼斯寻找真命天子的故事。

[217]A. McRobbie, ‘Notes on post-feminism and popular culture: Bridget Jones and the new gender regime’, in A. Harris (ed.), All about the girl: Culture, power and identity (Abingdon: Routledge, 2004), pp. 3—14.

[218]自杀协议，指两人或多人相约一起自杀，一般发生在夫妻或恋人、家庭成员或朋友、共同犯罪的同伙之间。

[219]A. Ford, The soulmate secret (HarperCollins e-books, 2014); C. Ozawa-de Silva, ‘Too lonely to die alone: Internet suicide pacts and existential suffering in Japan’, Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 324 (2008), pp. 516—51; L. TerKeurst, Uninvited: Living loved when you feel less than, left out, and lonely (Nashville, TN: Nelson Books, 2016).

[220]瓦莱丽·沃克黛，卡迪夫大学社会学系的教授，聚焦于性别与阶层的文化研究。她曾出版《爹爹的女孩》一书，探究诸如电视、电影、广告、歌曲等流行文化，以及家庭教育是如何塑造了小女孩娇弱、顺服、任人摆弄的形象，揭示了我们的文化对于小女孩无处不在的凝视，以及这种凝视背后蕴含的政治及情色含义。

[221]V. Walkerdine, ‘Some day my prince will come: Young girls and the preparation for adolescent sexuality’, in A. McRobbie and M. Nava (eds), Gender and generation: Youth questions (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1984), pp. 162—84.

[222]C. Rubenstein, P. Shaver, and L.A. Peplau, ‘Loneliness’, Human Nature 2 (1979), pp. 58—65.

[223]M. Pinquart, ‘Loneliness in married, widowed, divorced and nevermarried adults’, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20 (2003), pp. 31—53; K.L. Olson and E.H. Wong, ‘Loneliness in marriage’, Family Therapy, 28 (2001), p. 105.

[224]一个过时但仍相关的研究，见P. Parmelee and C. Werner, ‘Lonely losers: Stereotypes of single dwellers’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4 (1978), pp. 292—5。

[225]K. Lahad, ‘ “Am I asking for too much?”: The selective single woman as a new social problem’, Women's Studies International Forum, 40 (2013), pp. 23—32.

[226]C. Shipman, ‘The anomalous position of the unmarried woman’, The American Review, 190 (1909), pp. 338—46.

[227]英国伦敦政治经济学院社会学教授凯瑟琳·哈金认为，除了三大公认的资本——经济资本、文化资本、社会资本—之外，性感资本有可能会成为人类的第四种个人资产。她认为性感资本包含美貌、性吸引力、个性、社交能力等综合实力，而成功人士则擅长利用这种资本。

[228]C. Hakim, ‘Erotic capital’, European Sociological Review, 26 (2010), pp. 499—518.

[229]http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-43881931, accessed 25 May 2018; J. Katz and V. Tirone, ‘From the agency line to the picket line: Neoliberal ideals, sexual realities, and arguments about abortion in the US’, Sex Roles, 73 (2015), pp. 311—18.

[230]M. Griffiths, ‘Excessive Internet use: Implications for sexual behavior’, CyberPsychology ＆amp; Behavior, 3 (2000), pp. 537—52.

[231]J. Ward, ‘Swiping, matching, chatting: Self-presentation and selfdisclosure on mobile dating apps’, Human IT: Journal for Information Technology Studies as a Human Science, 13 (2016), pp. 81—95.

[232]老年英国（Age UK），英国一家针对老年群体设立的慈善机构，成立于2009年。

[233]“老年英国”（Age UK）的广告见：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FALlh-aluEg, accessed 18 September 2018。

[234]J. Pritchard, “I REALLY CRIED”: 在真人秀《电视机》中，琼恩·伯尼考夫披露了在丈夫里昂突然离世后，她第一次在没有他陪伴的情况下看这个节目的心碎时刻。The Sun, 10 September 2018: https://www.thesun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/7218092/june-bernicoff-leongogglebox-tears-empty-chair, accessed 18 September 2018.

[235]M. Hegge and C. Fischer, ‘Grief responses of senior and elderly widows: Practice implications’, Journal of Gerontological Nursing , 26 (2000), pp. 35—43.

[236]A. Barbato and H.J. Irwin, ‘Major therapeutic systems and the bereaved client’, Australian Psychologist, 27 (1992), pp. 22—7.

[237]X. Zhou et al., ‘Counteracting loneliness: On the restorative function of nostalgia’, Psychological Science, 19 (2008), pp. 1023—9.

[238]Zhou et al., ‘Counteracting loneliness’, p. 1023.

[239]http://www.opentohope.com/lonely-not-powerful-enough-word-todescribe-widowhood, accessed 12 October 2017.

[240]D.K. van den Hoonaard, The widowed self: The older woman's journey through widowhood (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2000).

[241]S. Cavallo and L. Warner, Widowhood in medieval and early modern Europe (Harlow, UK; New York: Longman, 1999).

[242]Van den Hoonaard, The widowed self, p. 38.

[243]阴谋喜剧，也称情节喜剧，靠复杂的策略和阴谋推动情节发展，常采用荒谬、滑稽的幽默作为情节。

[244]P. de Larivey, The widow (La veuve), translated by Catherine E. Campbell (Ottawa: Dovehouse Editions, 1992).

[245]见the widow of Zarephath, 1 Kings 17.10—24，以及the discussion in R.A. Anselment, ‘Katherine Austen and the widow's might’, Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies, 5 (2005), 5—25。

[246]S. Mendelson and P. Crawford, Women in early modern England, 1550—1720 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).

[247]T. Fuller, The holy and the profane states (Boston, MA, 1864), pp. 52—3, discussed in M. Macdonald, Mystical bedlam: Madness, anxiety and healing in seventeenth-century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 77.

[248]Anselment, ‘Katherine Austen’, p. 8.

[249]Anselment, ‘Katherine Austen’, p. 18.

[250]D. Vaisey, The diary of Thomas Turner, 1754—1765 (East Hoathly: CTR Publishing, 1994), p. xviii. 所有引文均摘自这个版本。

[251]Vaisey, Diary, xxi.

[252]Vaisey, Diary, 30 August 1755, p. 13.

[253]Vaisey, Diary, 10 February 1756, p. 28.

[254]Vaisey, Diary, 22 February 1756, p. 31.

[255]Vaisey, Diary, 24 June 1758, p. 155.

[256]Vaisey, Diary, 5 April 1759, p. 180.

[257]Vaisey, Diary, 3 October 1760, p. 212.

[258]Vaisey, Diary, 28 May 1760, p. 205.

[259]Vaisey, Diary, p. 213.

[260]E. Gibson, Trust in God, the best remedy against fears of all kinds: designed by way of spiritual comfort, to such unhappy persons as are subject to MELANCHOLY FEARS, and to others who are at any time under anxiety and dejection of mind upon just and reasonable fears of some approaching evil, sixth edition (London: E. Owen, 1752).

[261]Gibson, Trust in God, p. 8.

[262]Vaisey, Diary, p. 228.

[263]Vaisey, Diary, 27 June 1761, p. 229.

[264]N. Rowe, The royal convert: A tragedy (London: Jacob Tonson, 1714), p. 35.

[265]F. Bound [Alberti], ‘Writing the self? Love and the letter in England, c. 1660—c. 1760’, Literature ＆amp; History, 1 (2002), pp. 1—19.

[266]Vaisey, Diary, 14 June 1761, p. 227.

[267]Vaisey, Diary, 27 June 1761, p. 230.

[268]Vaisey, Diary, 1 July 1761, p. 230.

[269]R. Sparić et al., ‘Hysterectomy throughout history’, Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica, 58 (2011), pp. 9—14.

[270]F. Bound [Alberti], ‘An “angry and malicious mind”: Narratives of slander at the Church Courts of York, c.1660—c.1760’, History Workshop Journal, 56 (2003), pp. 59—77.

[271]Vaisey, Diary, 1 July 1761, pp. 230—1.

[272]Vaisey, Diary, 17 January 1762, p. 243.

[273]Vaisey, Diary, 16 October 1762, p. 259.

[274]Vaisey, Diary, 17 September 1762, p. 258.

[275]这是特纳最后一篇日记：p. 323。

[276]F. Bound [Alberti], ‘An “uncivill” culture: Marital violence and domestic politics in York, c. 1660—c. 1760’, in M. Hallett and J. Rendall (eds), Eighteenth-century York: Culture, space and society (York: Borthwick Institute, 2003).

[277]Vaisey, ‘Introduction’, in Diary, p. xx.

[278]M. Pavlíková, ‘Despair and alienation of modern man in society’, European Journal of Science and Theology, 11 (2015), pp. 191—200.

[279]S. Solicari, ‘Selling sentiment: The commodification of emotion in Victorian visual culture’, Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century, 4 (2007), pp. 1—21.

[280]C. Huff, ‘Private domains: Queen Victoria and Women's Diaries’, Auto/ Biography Studies, 1 (1988), pp. 46—52.

[281]C. Erickson, Her little majesty: The life of Queen Victoria (London: Robson Books, 1997), p. 56.

[282]D. Marshall, The life and times of Queen Victoria (London: Weidenfeld ＆amp; Nicolson, 1992), p. 27.

[283]C. Hibbert, Queen Victoria: A personal history (London: Harper Collins, 2000), p. 123.

[284]见H. Rappaport, Magnificent obsession: Victoria, Albert and the death that changed the monarchy (London: Windmill, 2012)。

[285]Hibbert, Queen Victoria, chapters 14—36.

[286]Hibbert, Queen Victoria, p. 299.

[287]H. Matthew and K. Reynolds (2004—09—23), Victoria (1819—1901), queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and empress of India. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, retrieved 20 March 2018 from http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-36652.

[288]参见Y.M. Ward, Censoring Queen Victoria: How two gentlemen edited a queen and created an icon (London: One World, 2014); Y.M. Ward, Unsuitable for publication: Editing Queen Victoria (Collingwood, Vic.: Black Inc, 2013)。

[289]从男爵，对从英国君主取得世袭“从男爵爵位”的人士的称呼，地位在男爵之下，骑士之上，以“爵士”为敬称，但不属于“骑士爵位”。

[290]塞尔兹尔水，德国生产的一种苏打水。

[291]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 4 December 1861. 这里提到的所有条目：retrieved 11 February 2018, can be found at: http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org。

[292]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 5 December 1861.

[293]Rappaport, Magnificent obsession, p. 80.

[294]Cited in Rappaport, Magnificent obsession, p. 81.

[295]Cited in Rappaport, Magnificent obsession, p. 82.

[296]爱丽丝公主，维多利亚女王和阿尔伯特亲王的次女，幼女比阿特丽斯公主的姐姐。

[297]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 1 January 1862.

[298]J. Baird, Victoria the queen: An intimate biography of the woman who ruled an empire (New York: Random House, 2016), p. 221.

[299]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 2 January 1862.

[300]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 6 January 1862.

[301]普绪克，希腊著名的神话人物，是一位国王的三个女儿中的小女儿。她外表和心灵美丽无双，全世界的人都来瞻仰她的美貌，以至于引起了美神阿佛洛狄忒（罗马神话中的维纳斯）的嫉妒。于是阿佛洛狄忒派出爱神厄洛斯（罗马神话中的丘比特），让他设法将普绪克嫁给凶残的野兽。不想厄洛斯最终爱上了普绪克。

[302]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 7 January 1862.

[303]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 20 January 1862.

[304]原文为法语：chef d'oeuvre。

[305]Queen Victoria's journal, 8; RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 15 January 1862.

[306]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 10 February 1862.

[307]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 18 January 1862.

[308]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 23 January 1862.

[309]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 1 February 1862; 3 February 1862.

[310]奥斯本宫，位于英国怀特岛考斯镇的前皇家宫殿，1845—1851年为维多利亚女王和阿尔伯特亲王夏季度假而修建，由英国著名建筑师，白金汉宫的设计者托马斯·邱比特主持建造，内部装饰由阿尔伯特亲王亲自设计。奥斯本宫是维多利亚女王一生钟爱的宅邸，她在这里颐养天年并在此过世。

[311]莱宁根的费奥多拉公主，第二代莱宁根亲王埃米希·卡尔唯一的女儿，母亲为萨克森—科堡—萨尔费尔德的维多利亚公主。父亲去世后，母亲改嫁给了英国的爱德华王子，两人生下了未来的维多利亚女王。历史上，费奥多拉公主不如维多利亚女王声名显赫，但在现今的欧洲王室中，瑞典国王卡尔十六世和西班牙国王费利佩六世都是她的后裔。

[312]D. Russell, L.A. Peplau, and M.L. Ferguson, ‘Developing a measure of loneliness’, Journal of Personality Assessment, 42 (1978), pp. 290—4; C. Vega et al., ‘Symptoms of anxiety and depression in childhood absence epilepsy’, Epilepsia, 52 (2011), pp. 70—4; S. Ueda and Y. Okawa, ‘The subjective dimension of functioning and disability: What is it and what is it for?’, Disability and Rehabilitation, 25 (2003), pp. 596—601.

[313]路易斯公主（1848—1939），维多利亚女王的四女儿，后嫁给英国阿盖尔九世公爵约翰·坎贝尔，丈夫是后来的加拿大总督，两人无子嗣。

[314]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 15 January 1862.

[315]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 21 January 1862.

[316]“每个人的（议会）演讲都饱含对阿尔伯特无尽的崇敬和赞赏”，维多利亚女王在2月7日的日记中写道，“饱含对我深切痛苦的同情！”

[317]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 23 January 1862.

[318]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 27 January 1862.

[319]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 2 February 1862.

[320]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 29 January 1862.

[321]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 31 December 1864.

[322]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 24 February 1866.

[323]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 11 July 1868.

[324]首版出版于1890年，详见http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_widowatwindsor1.htm。

[325]巴尔莫勒尔堡，位于阿伯丁郡，是维多利亚女王的私有住宅。1852年由阿尔伯特亲王购买，1853年，他隆重地为巴尔莫勒尔堡奠定了基石。因为这里是由苏格兰建筑师威廉·史密斯设计，融合了苏格兰复兴风格和德国建筑元素，丘陵林地的风景又让阿尔伯特亲王回忆起故乡图林根，所以这里作为夏日行宫，深受他的偏爱。

[326]利奥波德王子，奥尔巴尼公爵，全名为利奥波德·乔治·邓肯·阿尔伯特（1853—1884），是维多利亚女王和阿尔伯特亲王的第八个孩子，也是他们最小的儿子。因患有血友病，英年早逝。

[327]C. Dickens, Great expectations (London: Chapman and Hall, 1861).

[328]D. Lutz, Relics of death in Victorian literature and culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).

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[332]本章标题原文为INSTAGLUM，由Instagram（一款分享图片的社交应用）和glum（忧郁）两个词合成。

[333]法瑞尔，即法瑞尔—威廉姆斯，美国音乐制作人。他曾凭借为电影《神偷奶爸2》创作的主题曲《Happy》，获得奥斯卡“最佳原创歌曲奖”提名和第57届格莱美“最佳流行艺人奖”。

[334]R. Grenoble, ‘Distracted driver dies after posting on Facebook about the song “Happy”, taking selfies’, Huffington Post , 28 April 2014: https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/driver-dies-happy-song-facebook-_n_5223175?guccounter=1＆amp;guce_referrer_us=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8＆amp;guce_referrer_cs=EvR1NVWv5yUzi-ttXvYO5g, accessed 28 September 2018.

[335]C.A. Kahn et al., ‘Distracted driving, a major preventable cause of motor vehicle collisions: “Just hang up and drive” ’, Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 16 (2015), pp. 1033—6.

[336]A. Nassehi et al., ‘Surveying the relationship of Internet addiction with dependence on cell phone, depression, anxiety, and stress in collegians(Case study: Bam University of Medical Sciences)’, International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research, 7 (2016), pp. 2267—74.

[337]C.T. Barry et al., ‘Adolescent social media use and mental health from adolescent and parent perspectives’, Journal of Adolescence, 61 (2017), pp. 1840—8.

[338]Barry et al., ‘Adolescent social media use’, p. 1840.

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[343]Bolton et al., ‘Understanding Generation Y’, p. 249.

[344]P. Valkenburg and A.P. Schouten, ‘Friend networking sites and their relationship to adolescents’ well-being and social self-esteem’, Cyberpsychology ＆amp; Behavior, 9 (2006), pp. 584—90 (p. 585).

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[347]https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/articles/lonelinesswhatcharacteristicsandcircumstancesareassociatedwithfeelinglonely/2018-04-10, accessed 1 June 2018.

[348]http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2yzhfv4DvqVp5nZyxB D8G23/who-feels-lonely-the-results-of-the-world-s-largest-lonelinessstudy, accessed 2 October 2018.

[349]A.M. Manago and L. Vaughn, ‘Social media, friendship, and happiness in the millennial generation’, in M. Demir (ed.), Friendship and happiness across the life-span and cultures (Dordrecht: Springer, 2015), pp. 187—206: https://www.multivu.com/players/English/8294451-cigna-usloneliness-survey/docs/IndexReport_1524069371598-173525450.pdf, accessed 6 June 2018.

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[351]M. Corstjens and A. Umblijs, ‘The power of evil: The damage of negative social media strongly outweigh positive contributions’, Journal of Advertising Research, 52 (2012), pp. 433—49.

[352]C. Beaton, ‘Why millennials are lonely’, Forbes Magazine, 9 February 2017: https://www.forbes.com/sites/carolinebeaton/2017/02/09/whymillennials-are-lonely/#24e5e5407c35, accessed 1 June 2018.

[353]A. Muise, E. Christofides, and D. Desmarais, ‘More information than you ever wanted: Does Facebook bring out the green-eyed monster of jealousy?’, CyberPsychology ＆amp; Behavior, 12 (2009), pp. 441—4.

[354]Ryan and Xenos, ‘Who uses Facebook?’, p. 1842.

[355]M. Pittman and B. Reich, ‘Social media and loneliness: Why an Instagram picture may be worth more than a thousand Twitter words’, Computers in Human Behaviour, 62 (2016), pp. 155—67.

[356]R. Zhu et al., ‘Does online community participation foster risky financial behaviour?’, Journal of Marketing Research, 49 (2012), pp. 394—407.

[357]H. Dittmar, ‘How do “body perfect” ideals in the media have a negative impact on body image and behaviors? Factors and processes related to self and identity’, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28 (2009), pp. 1—8; G.S. O'Keeffe and K. Clarke-Pearson. ‘The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families’, Pediatrics, 127 (2011), pp. 800—4.

[358]M.H. Immordino-Yang, J.A. Christodoulou, and V. Singh, V. ‘Rest is not idleness: Implications of the brain's default mode for human development and education’ Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7 (2012), pp. 352—64.

[359]M.A. Carskadon, ‘Sleep in adolescents: The perfect storm’, Pediatric Clinics, 58 (2011), pp. 637—47.

[360]J. Lewis and A. West, ‘ “Friending”: London-based undergraduates’ accounts of Facebook’, New Media ＆amp; Society, 11 (2009), pp. 1209—29.

[361]M.Z. Yao and Z.J. Zhong, ‘Loneliness, social contacts and Internet addiction: A cross-lagged panel study’, Computers in Human Behavior, 30 (2014), pp. 164—70; L.A. Jelenchick, J.C. Eickhoff, and M.A. Moreno, ‘ “Facebook depression?” Social networking site use and depression in older adolescents’, Journal of Adolescent Health, 52 (2013), pp. 128—30; Ryan and Xenos, ‘Who uses Facebook?’, pp. 1658—64.

[362]P. Seargeant and C. Tagg (eds), The language of social media: Identity and community on the internet (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), p. 5.

[363]A.D. Kramer, J.E. Guillory, and J.T. Hancock, ‘Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111 (2014), pp. 8788—90.

[364]L. Mehlum, ‘The internet, suicide, and suicide prevention’, Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 21 (2000), p. 186.

[365]“猎巫运动”发生在15世纪末至18世纪，其间大约有十万名左右“女巫”被处死。中世纪末期欧洲灾乱不断，社会秩序败坏，人们普遍不信任，遂将社会灾变归咎于女巫。而告密女巫不需要实质证据，告密可以获赏并免罪，因此肆意陷害层出不穷，很多举报者都是出于私仇。历史学家普遍认为猎巫与“道德恐慌”有关。

[366]G. Rosen, ‘Psychopathology in the social process: I. A study of the persecution of witches in Europe as a contribution to the understanding of mass delusions and psychic epidemics’, Journal of Health and Human Behavior, 1 (1960), pp. 200—11; G. Le Bon, The crowd (London: Routledge, 2017); W.R. Doherty, ‘The emotional contagion scale: A measure of individual differences’, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21 (1997), pp. 131—54.

[367]J.T. Cacioppo, J.H. Fowler, and N.A. Christakis, ‘Alone in the crowd: The structure and spread of loneliness in a large social network’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97 (2009), p. 977.

[368]约翰·卡乔波，社会神经学家、美国心理科学协会主席、芝加哥大学认知和社会神经系统科学中心主任、芝加哥大学心理学教授，对“孤独”问题做过长达十几年的深入研究。卡乔波所著的《孤独是可耻的：你我都需要社会联系》一书是最早说明孤独的传染机制的著作之一，该书从神经科学的角度解释了为什么社会性孤独会造成心脏、神经元到免疫系统等身体上的损害。

[369]弗莱明翰心脏研究，是由美国国家心脏、肺与血液研究所和波士顿大学共同参与的一项长期、持续的心血管研究。研究对象为美国马萨诸塞州弗莱明翰镇的居民。研究始于1948年，从一开始的五千二百零九名研究对象开始，至今已有其第三代子女参与进来。在此项研究之前，有关高血压、冠心病等流行病学的资料几乎为零。现在很多众所周知的心血管疾病影响因素（比如饮食、运动、药物等）都是基于这项研究得出的。

[370]三度分隔，原文为three degrees of separation，社会传播学理论中有“六度分隔理论”，认为最多通过六个人，一个人就能认识任何一个陌生人。

[371]L.A. Frakow, ‘Women and the telephone: The gendering of a communications technology’, in C. Kramarae (ed.), Technology and women's voices: Keeping in touch (Routledge ＆amp; Kegan Paul: New York and London, 1988), pp. 179—99, 179.

[372]J. Tacchi, K.R. Kitner, and K. Crawford, ‘Meaningful mobility: Gender, development and mobile phones’, Feminist Media Studies, 12 (2012), pp. 528—37.

[373]Cited in C.S. Fischer, America calling: A social history of the telephone to 1940 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992), p. 1.

[374]克劳德·S.费舍尔，美国加州大学伯克利分校社会学系教授，之前的研究方向为城市生活的社会心理学及社交网络。近年来的研究包括：早期电话在社交生活中的地位；个体在经历生命事件时，其联结与社交网络如何变革；等等。

[375]Fischer, America calling, p. 247.

[376]D.G. Krutka and J.P. Carpenter, ‘Why social media must have a place in schools’, Kappa Delta Pi Record, 52 (2016), pp. 6—10; J.K. Hammick and J.L. Moon, ‘Do shy people feel less communication apprehension online? The effects of virtual reality on the relationship between personality characteristics and communication outcomes’, Computers in Human Behavior, 33 (2014), pp. 302—10; M. Indian and R. Grieve, ‘When Facebook is easier than face-to-face: Social support derived from Facebook in socially anxious individuals’, Personality and Individual Differences, 59 (2014), pp. 102—6; C.L. Ventola, ‘Social media and health care professionals: Benefits, risks, and best practices’, Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 39 (2014), pp. 491—9; V. Burholt et al., ‘A social model of loneliness: The roles of disability, social resources, and cognitive impairment’, The Gerontologist, 57 (2016), pp. 1020—30.

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[378]J.E. Katz, R.E. Rice, and P. Aspden, ‘The Internet, 1995—2000: Access, civic involvement, and social interaction’, American Behavioural Scientist, 45 (2001), pp. 405—19.

[379]J.L. Clark, S.B. Algoe, and M.C. Green, ‘Social network sites and wellbeing: The role of social connection’, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21 (2017), pp. 32—7.

[380]Clark, Algoe, and Green, ‘Social network sites’.

[381]B. Anderson, Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (London: Verso, 1991).

[382]M.C. Benigni, K. Joseph, and K.M. Carley, ‘Online extremism and the communities that sustain it: Detecting the ISIS supporting community on Twitter’, PLoS ONE , 12 (2017), e0181405: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181405, accessed 2 October 2018.

[383]霍华德·莱茵戈德，生于1947年，作家、编辑、学者，《全球评论》《千年全球名录》编辑，“虚拟社区”概念的提出者。著有《虚拟社区》（1993，最早将互联网视为一种值得关注的社会和文化环境）以及《聪明暴民》（2002）等书。在斯坦福大学、加州大学伯克利分校等高校开办“莱茵戈德大学”，讲授媒介教育课程。

[384]H. Rheingold, Virtual community: Finding connection in a computerised world (London: Secker and Warburg, 1994), introduction.

[385]Reddit，美国的社交新闻网站，口号是“提前于新闻发生，来自互联网的声音”。2005年由弗吉尼亚大学毕业生史蒂夫·霍夫曼和室友阿里克西斯·奥汉尼安创建。用户可浏览网站，也可发布原创内容，其他用户可对发的帖进行投票、评论、互动，形成线上社区。网站会根据票数推荐或不显示提交的内容。有人将其称为“美国版的天涯+贴吧”。

[386]https://www.reddit.com/r/The_Donald, accessed 2 October 2018.

[387]Rheingold, Virtual community; B. Wellman, Networks in the global village: Life in contemporary communities (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999).

[388]J. Ronson, So you've been publicly shamed (New York: Riverhead Books, 2015).

[389]J. van Dijck, The culture of creativity: A critical history of social media (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2014), p. 14.

[390]Van Dijck, The culture of creativity, p. 11.

[391]内城，通常指经济条件差、治安环境差的城市贫民聚居区。

[392]Laing, The lonely city.

[393]M. Ratto and M. Boler (eds), DIY citizenship: Critical making and social media (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014), introduction.

[394]乌特勒支大学，创办于1636年，是荷兰最好的公立研究型大学之一，也是欧洲最古老的大学之一。

[395]Van Dijck, The culture of creativity, pp. 112, 144.

[396]R. Yuqing et al., ‘Building member attachment in online communities: Applying theories of group identity and interpersonal bonds’, MIS Quarterly, 36 (2012), pp. 841—64, 843.

[397]R. Yuqing et al., ‘Building member attachment’, p. 843.

[398]Oxford English Dictionary online, accessed 3 June 2018.

[399]‘Report on the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 Presidential election’, by Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, vol. III, p. 4: ‘Executive summary to volume I and volume II. RUSSIAN “ACTIVE MEASURES” SOCIAL MEDIA CAMPAIGN’, pp. 24—6, U.S. Operations Through Facebook.

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[404]Y. Ren, R. Kraut, and S. Kiesler, ‘Applying common identity and bond theory to design of online communities’, Organization Studies, 28 (2007), pp. 377—408.

[405]K.J. Miller et al., ‘Effectiveness and feasibility of virtual reality and gaming system use at home by older adults for enabling physical activity to improve health-related domains: A systematic review’, Age and Ageing, 43 (2013), pp. 188—95; A. Gallace, In touch with the future: The sense of touch from cognitive neuroscience to virtual reality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).

[406]“超级国王”，英国超长支卷烟市场的领导品牌，由英国帝国烟草公司生产。世界范围的分销系统使得该产品成为帝国烟草销售范围最广的品牌。

[407]富美家，一家生产美耐板的国际公司，1913年在美国俄亥俄州辛辛那提市成立。

[408]在上一章，作者提到了在社交媒体上，“孤独能以高达三度分隔的范围拓展”。社会传播学理论中有“六度分隔理论”，认为一个人和陌生人之间间隔的人不会超过六个。照此推论，如果一个人因失智而丢失的社会关系越多，那么这个人想要联系他人就越难，就需要更多帮助他/她解释和沟通的中间人。

[409]T.J. Holwerda et al., ‘Feelings of loneliness, but not social isolation, predict dementia onset: Results from the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL)’, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 85 (2012), pp. 135—42; R.S. Wilson et al., ‘Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease’, Archives of General Psychiatry, 64 (2007), pp. 234—40; W. Moyle et al., ‘Dementia and loneliness: An Australian perspective’, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20 (2011), pp. 1445—53.

[410]K. Holmén and H. Furukawa, ‘Loneliness, health and social network among elderly people: A follow-up study’, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 35 (2002), pp. 261—74.

[411]原文为：metaphor made flesh。《圣经·约翰福音》：“The word was made flesh”，意即“道成肉身”，意思是上帝将自己的意志塑造进人的肉体。

[412]与凯伦·布鲁尔的私人谈话，纽约大学，2018年。

[413]C. Harrefors, S. Sävenstedt, and K. Axelsson, ‘Elderly people's perceptions of how they want to be cared for: An interview study with healthy elderly couples in northern Sweden’, Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 23 (2009), pp. 353—60.

[414]F. Shaw, ‘Is the ageing population the problem it is made out to be?’, Foresight, 4 (2002), pp. 4—11.

[415]E. Shanas et al., Old people in three industrialised societies (London: Routledge, 2017), p. 2.

[416]A. Rokach et al., ‘Cancer patients, their caregivers and coping with loneliness’, Psychology, Health ＆amp; Medicine, 18 (2013), pp. 135—44; A. Rokach, ‘Loneliness in cancer and multiple sclerosis patients’, Psychological Reports, 94 (2004), pp. 637—48.

[417]D. Mintz, ‘What's in a word: The distancing function of language in medicine’, Journal of Medical Humanities, 13 (1992), pp. 223—33; M. Rosedale, ‘Survivor loneliness of women following breast cancer’, Oncology Nursing Forum, 36 (2009), pp. 175—83.

[418]NHS Choices（www.nhs.uk），英国国民健康服务体系（NHS）的官方网站，自2007年开始运营，目前已成为英国健康领域浏览量最大的网站。2015年，网站的浏览量达五亿多人次。

[419]https://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/women60-plus/Pages/Loneliness-inolder-people.aspx, accessed 8 March 2018.

[420]https://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/women60-plus/Pages/Loneliness-inolder-people.aspx, accessed 8 March 2018.

[421]N.R. Nicholson, ‘A review of social isolation: An important but underassessed condition in older adults’, Journal of Primary Prevention, 33 (2012), pp. 137—52.

[422]K. Windle, J. Francis, and C. Coomber, ‘Preventing loneliness and social isolation: Interventions and outcomes’, Social Care Institute for Excellence, 39 (2011); S. Kinsella and F. Murray, ‘Older people and social isolation: A review of the evidence’, Wirral Council Business and Public Health Intelligence Team (2015), pp. 1—16.

[423]Cited in M. Glauber and M.D. Day, ‘The unmet need for care: Vulnerability among older adults’, Carsey Research, 98 (Spring 2016): https://carsey.unh.edu/publication/vulnerability-older-adults, accessed 8 June 2018.

[424]K. Walters, S. Iliffe, and M Orrell, ‘An exploration of help-seeking behaviour in older people with unmet needs’, Family Practice, 18 (2001), pp. 277—82.

[425]Walters, Iliffe, and Orrell, ‘An exploration of help-seeking behaviour’.

[426]Commission for Social Care Inspection, Cutting the cake fairly: CSCI review of eligibility criteria for social care (London: CSCI, 2008), discussed in A. Vlachantoni et al., ‘Measuring unmet need for social care amongst older people’, Population Trends, 145 (2011), pp. 60—76.

[427]Vlachantoni et al., ‘Measuring unmet need’.

[428]Vlachantoni et al., ‘Measuring unmet need’.

[429]B. Simmonds, Ageing and the crisis in health and social care (London: Polity, forthcoming).

[430]J.M. Montepare and M.E. Lachman, ‘ “You're only as old as you feel”: Self-perceptions of age, fears of ageing, and life satisfaction from adolescence to old age’, Psychology and Ageing, 4 (1989), pp. 73—8.

[431]H. Yallop, Age and identity in eighteenth-century England (London: Routledge, 2016); P. Laslett, A fresh map of life: The emergence of the Third Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991); P. Thane, Old age in English history: Past experiences, present issues (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).

[432]Yallop, Age and identity.

[433]帕特·桑恩，生于1942年，伦敦国王学院教授、英国学术院院士，曾担任英国皇家历史学会副主席、社会史学会主席。她的研究领域主要为现代英国社会史，涉及老龄化问题、妇女儿童史、福利制度史等方面。著有《分裂的王国》《英国历史上的老年问题》等书。

[434]J. Carper, Stop aging now! The ultimate plan for staying young and reversing the aging process (London: HarperCollins, 1995).

[435]哈丽雅特·马蒂诺（1802—1876），英国作家、翻译家、社会学发展早期的思想家之一。著有《美国社会》（1837），书中提及了社会阶层的区分以及性别与种族等社会因素；以小说形式写成了畅销书《政治经济学图解》，意在普及和阐述自由放任资本主义的原则。她曾于1853年翻译出版了两卷本的《孔德的实证哲学》。她也是最早研究婚姻、儿童、宗教生活和种族关系问题的社会学家。

[436]诺里奇，英国英格兰东部城市，诺福克郡的首府。

[437]Thane, Old age in English history, p. 299.

[438]Thane, Old age in English history, p. 300.

[439]见，例如，C.F. Karlsen, The devil in the shape of a woman: Witchcraft in colonial New England (New York: Vintage, 1989)。

[440]F. Bound Alberti, This mortal coil: The human body in history and culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), introduction.

[441]“装嫩”，原文为“mutton dressed as lamb”，直译为“羊肉打扮成了羔羊”，指扮嫩的女性。

[442]A. Vickery, ‘Mutton dressed as lamb? Fashioning age in Georgian England’, Journal of British Studies, 52 (2013), pp. 858—86.

[443]有关传记的介绍，见A. Janssens, ‘The rise and decline of the male breadwinner family? An overview of the debate’, International Review of Social History, 42 (1997), pp. 1—23。

[444]P. Sharpe, Adapting to capitalism: Working women in the English economy, 1700—1850 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000).

[445]圈地运动之后英国大批农民丧失土地，成为失业贫民，社会不稳定因素激增。1601年，英国王室通过了新法案《伊丽莎白济贫法》，规定治安法官有权以教区为单位管理济贫事宜、征收及核发济贫税；年老和丧失劳动能力的人在家中接受救济；贫困儿童在指定的人家寄养，到一定年龄之后送去做学徒；流浪者被关进监狱或送入教养院。该法律的基本原则就是，让没有工作能力的人（孤儿、无人赡养的老人、身体残疾的人）得到救济或赡养，让有劳动能力的人得到工作。这是英国第一部济贫法，也被认为是世界上最早的社会保障法。

[446]L.A. Botelho, Old age and the English poor law, 1500—1700 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2004), p. 137.

[447]经济个人主义，指每个人都应被允许做出自己的经济决定，反对由国家或社会共同体加以干涉；支持个人拥有财产自由，反对由国家或群体加以安排。

[448]L.H. Lees, The solidarities of strangers: The English poor laws and the people, 1700—1948 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 116.

[449]Yallop, Age and identity, introduction.

[450]一个过时但仍然有用的讨论，见J. Roebuck, ‘When does old age begin? The evolution of the English definition’, Journal of Social History, 12 (1979), pp. 416—28。

[451]20世纪70年代初，西方国家处在社会大动荡、经济停滞和衰退的时期，女性主义、民权和反战等构成了这一时期社会运动的主流。在这种背景下，“女性议题”进入地理学领域，逐渐形成了女性主义地理学。1984年，英国出版了第一本性别地理学的教科书《地理学与性别》，确立了男性与女性在空间行为上的差异。女性主义地理学的核心议题是空间、地方以何种方式体现在不同社会的性别分异结构中。格伦达·劳斯的主要研究领域就是与女性老龄化相关的地理学。

[452]沉默的一代，指出生于20世纪20年代中期至40年代初期的一代人。由于经济大萧条和二战造成的低生育率，这一代人口锐减。“沉默的一代”一词1951年于《时代周刊》上首次出现。这代人发现：伟大的梦想都已实现，巨大的财富都已到手，他们对自由主义感到乏味，大学校园里也不再有愤怒的青年，社会上也没有亟需解决的难题；他们急切地想要融入社会秩序，因而日复一日努力工作，对周遭的一切保持沉默；既传统又拥有双重道德标准。（参考［美］威廉·曼彻斯特：《光荣与梦想3》，四川外国语大学翻译学院翻译组译，中信出版社2015年版。）

[453]S.L. Gatto and S.H. Tak, ‘Computer, internet, and e-mail use among older adults: Benefits and barriers’, Educational Gerontology, 22 (2008), pp. 800—11.

[454]G.M. Jones, ‘Elderly people and domestic crime: Reflections on ageism, sexism, victimology’, The British Journal of Criminology, 27 (1987), pp. 191—201.

[455]J. de Jong-Gierveld, F. Kamphuis, and P. Dykstra, ‘Old and lonely?’, Comprehensive Gerentology, 1 (1987), pp. 13—17.

[456]Shanas et al., Old people, p. 3.

[457]C. Victor, S. Scambler, and J. Bond, ‘Social exclusion and social isolation’, in C. Victor, S. Scambler, and J. Bond (eds), The social world of older people: Understanding loneliness and social isolation in later life (Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2009), pp. 168—200.

[458]见我的博文， http://the-history-girls.blogspot.com/2018/08/thelifeline-of-libraries-in-age-of.html, accessed 3 April 2019。

[459]中心论坛（Centre Forum），英国一家独立智库，旨在通过基于证据的研究影响全国性的辩论和政策制定。

[460]J. Kempton and S. Tomlin, Ageing alone: Loneliness and the ‘oldest old’ (London: CentreForum, 2014), p. 7.

[461]https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/fran-whittakerwood/the-rise-ofthe-silver-su_b_16255428.html?guccounter=1, accessed 30 May 2018.

[462]H. Song et al., ‘Does Facebook make you lonely? A meta analysis’, Computers in Human Behavior, 36 (2014), pp. 446—52.

[463]布莱恩·比尔斯顿，被称作“推特上的桂冠诗人”，是一位叼着烟斗的神秘人物。因为不在媒体上露面，公众对他所知甚少。出版有诗集《你赶上了回家的末班车》《某人的日记》。在《难民》一诗中，他写到了世人对难民的偏见，这首诗从后往前读会产生不一样的效果，详见https://brianbilston.com/2016/03/23/refugees/comment-page-2/。

[464]这首诗倒着读和正着读的意思不一样，表达的含义取决于读法。见https://brianbilston.com/2016/03/23/refugees, accessed 1 June 2018。

[465]兰开斯特，英国英格兰西北部的一个滨海城市。

[466]https://ec.europa.eu/echo/refugee-crisis, accessed 4 April 2019.

[467]A. Nickerson et al., ‘Emotion dysregulation mediates the relationship between trauma exposure, post-migration living difficulties and psychological outcomes in traumatized refugees’, Journal of Affective Disorders, 173 (2015), pp. 185—92.

[468]以下引用摘自Oxford English Dictionary Online, ‘homelessness’, accessed 1 October 2017。

[469]L. Woodbridge, ‘The neglected soldier as vagrant, revenger, tyrant slayer in early modern England’, in A.L. Beier and P.R. Ocobock (eds), Cast out: Vagrancy and homelessness in global and historical perspective (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2008), pp. 64—87.

[470]J. Taylor, The eighth wonder of the world, or Coriats escape from his supposed drowning (London: Nicholas Okes, 1613), n.p.

[471]塞缪尔·马登（1686—1765），爱尔兰作家，都柏林皇家学会创办人。1729年，他创作的悲剧《特米斯托克利斯》在伦敦首演大获成功，这也是他首次以作家身份在公众面前亮相。

[472]http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1977/48/contents/enacted.

[473]J. Henley, ‘The homelessness crisis in England: A perfect storm’, The Guardian, 25 June 2018: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/jun/25/homelessness-crisis-england-perfect-storm, accessed 29 May 2018.

[474]S. Madden, Themistocles, the lover of his country, a tragedy (London: R. King, 1729), p. 2.

[475]Henley, ‘The homelessness crisis’.

[476]F.S. Wiggins, The monthly repository and library of entertaining knowledge, vol. 1 (New York: Francis Wiggins, 1831), p. 27.

[477]流浪者基金会（Shelter），英国住房慈善组织，在英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰为无家可归者或住房条件恶劣的人寻找住房，或为他们提供改善住房条件的建议。

[478]危机救助（Crisis），英国非营利性质的流浪者救助平台，旨在为无家可归者提供生活上的帮助，同时协助流浪者脱离流浪生活，让他们拥有一技之长，独立生活。

[479]https://www.crisis.org.uk/ending-homelessness/homelessnessknowledge-hub, accessed 29 May 2018.

[480]T.S. Dowse, The brain and the nerves: Their ailments and their exhaustion (London; Paris; Madrid: Baillière, Tindal and Cox, 1884), p. 134. See also M. Gijswijt-Hofstra and R. Porter, Cultures of neurasthenia from Beard to the First World War (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2001).

[481]‘Homelessness in Canada: Past, Present, Future’, keynote address at Growing Home: Housing and Homelessness in Canada University of Calgary, 18 February 2009.

[482]A. Rokach, ‘Loneliness of the marginalized’, Open Journal of Depression, 3 (2014), pp. 147—53.

[483]A. Bloom, ‘Review essay: Toward a history of homelessness’, Journal of Urban History, 31 (2005), pp. 907—17.

[484]英国于2011年颁布了《福利制度改革法案》，政府将整合、统一发放个人和家庭所得种类繁多的补助、津贴和救济金，如果失业者不申请就业或拒绝政府提供的就业机会，那么三个月内不得领取每周六十五英镑的救济金。这是一项承诺帮助失业者再就业的法案，拒绝工作、靠领救济金度日的失业者将会面临处罚。这也是英国政府六十年来最大的福利改革方案，帮助英国政府在四年中减少福利支出约五十五亿英镑。但也有批评声音说，政府一方面缩减福利支出，一方面强迫穷人和失业者找工作，只会让他们的处境更艰难。

[485]Rokach, ‘Loneliness of the marginalized’, p. 148.

[486]J. Sandford, Cathy come home (London: Marion Boyars, 2002); K. Loach, Cathy come home (BBC Television, 16 November 1966).

[487]A. Rokach, ‘Private lives in public places: Loneliness of the homeless’, Social Indicators Research, 72 (2005), pp. 99—114.

[488]http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1977/48/contents/enacted, accessed 4 April 2019; D. Paget, ‘ “Cathy come home” and “accuracy” in British Television Drama’, New Theatre Quarterly, 15 (1999), pp. 75—90.

[489]Rokach, ‘Private lives in public places’, p. 103.

[490]A. Tomas and H. Dittmar, ‘The experience of homeless women: An exploration of housing histories and the meaning of home’, Housing Studies, 10 (1995), pp. 493—515.

[491]N. Myers, ‘Environmental refugees: A growing phenomenon of the 21st century’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 357 (2002), pp. 609—13.

[492]T. Piacentini, ‘Refugee solidarity in the everyday’, Soundings: A Journal of Politics and Culture, 64 (2016), pp. 57—61.

[493]P.J.M. Strijk, B. van Meijel, and C.J. Gamel, ‘Health and social needs of traumatized refugees and asylum seekers: An exploratory study’, Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 47 (2011), pp. 48—55.

[494]Strijk, van Meijel, and Gamel, ‘Health and social needs’.

[495]Strijk, van Meijel, and Gamel, ‘Health and social needs’.

[496]J. Strong et al., ‘Health status and health needs of older refugees from Syria in Lebanon’, Conflict and Health, 9 (2015), pp. 8—10: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-014-0029-y.

[497]E. Gruffydd and J. Randle, ‘Alzheimer's disease and the psychosocial burden for caregivers’, Community Practitioner, 79 (2006), pp. 15—18.

[498]G.C. Wenger, ‘Elderly carers: The need for appropriate intervention’, Ageing ＆amp; Society, 10 (1990), pp. 197—219.

[499]Strong et al., ‘Health status and health needs’, p. 8.

[500]https://schloss-post.com/objects-of-solitude, accessed 1 July 2017.

[501]C. Buse, D. Martin, and S. Nettleton, ‘Conceptualising “materialities of care”: Making visible mundane material culture in health and social care contexts’, Sociology of Health and Illness, 40 (2018), pp. 243—55, 244.

[502]A. Pechurina, Material cultures, migrations, and identities: What the eye cannot see (Dordrecht: Springer, 2016).

[503]S.H. Dudley, Materialising exile: Material culture and embodied experience among Karenni refugees in Thailand (New York; Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2010).

[504]门诺派，当代新教中的一个派别，16世纪创办于荷兰，因创建者门诺·西门斯而得名。曾因信仰差异而遭到罗马天主教国家的迫害，被迫流亡到玻利维亚、加拿大、墨西哥等国。

[505]M. Epp, ‘ “The dumpling in my soup was lonely just like me”: Food in the memories of Mennonite women refugees’, Women's History Review, 25 (2016), pp. 365—81.

[506]J.T. Cacioppo and W. Patrick, Loneliness: Human nature and the need for social connection (New York: W.W. Norton ＆amp; Company, 2008).

[507]戴维·布莱恩，生于1973年，美国著名幻觉魔术师。2003年9月5日—10月19日，他将自己吊在伦敦泰晤士河畔的玻璃箱中，仅靠喝水度过了四十四天。

[508]http://www.contemporaryartsociety.org/news/friday-dispatch-news/daria-martin-hunger-artist-maureen-paley-london, accessed 1 February 2019.

[509]F. Bound Alberti, This mortal coil: The human body in history and culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).

[510]M.A. Bauer et al., ‘Cuing consumerism: Situational materialism undermines personal and social well-being’, Psychological Science, 23 (2012), pp. 517—23.

[511]T. Kasser et al., ‘Materialistic values: Their causes and consequences’, Psychology and Consumer Culture: The Struggle for a Good Life in a Materialistic World, 1 (2004), pp. 11—28.

[512]L. Van Boven, M.C. Campbell, and T. Gilovich, ‘Stigmatizing materialism: On stereotypes and impressions of materialistic and experiential pursuits’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36 (2010), pp. 551—63.

[513]R. Pieters, ‘Bidirectional dynamics of materialism and loneliness: Not just a vicious cycle’, Journal of Consumer Research, 40 (2013), pp. 615—31.

[514]R.M. Ryan and E.L. Deci, ‘Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development and well-being’, American Psychologist, 555 (2000), pp. 68—78.

[515]亚历山大·蒲柏（1688—1744），英国诗人、文学批评家，启蒙运动时期新古典主义的诗人代表，著有讽刺长诗《夺发记》（1712）、《愚人志》（1742）、哲理诗《道德论》（1731—1735）。蒲柏原本计划写一部关于人、自然和社会的鸿篇巨制，后只完成了《人论》的部分。《人论》由四篇信札体长诗组成，分别探讨了人在宇宙中的位置、人的本性与处境、人的社会关系以及人的幸福问题。

[516]A. Pope, Essay on man (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016), with introduction by Tom Jones, pp. lxxvii, 61, 72.

[517]例如，N. Epley et al., ‘Creating social connection through inferential reproduction: Loneliness and perceived agency in gadgets, gods, and greyhounds’, Psychological Science, 19 (2008), pp. 114—20。

[518]L.A. Keefer et al., ‘Attachment to objects as compensation for close others’ perceived unreliability’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48 (2012), pp. 912—17.

[519]R.W. Belk, G. Güliz, and S. Askegaard, ‘The fire of desire: A multisited inquiry into consumer passion’, Journal of Consumer Research, 30 (2003), pp. 326—51.

[520]Belk, Güliz, and Askegaard, ‘The fire of desire’.

[521]Y.K. Kim, J. Kang, and M. Kim, ‘The relationships among family and social interaction, loneliness, mall shopping motivation, and mall spending of older consumers’, Psychology ＆amp; Marketing, 22 (2005), pp. 995—1015.

[522]R.L. Rubenstein, ‘The significance of personal objects to older people’, Journal of Ageing Studies, 1 (1987), pp. 225—38.

[523]Rubenstein, ‘The significance of personal objects’, p. 229.

[524]Rubenstein, ‘The significance of personal objects’, p. 236.

[525]J. Fast, Body language (New York: M. Evans, 1970, repr. 2002), pp. 7—8.

[526]Fast, Body language, p. 7.

[527]亨利赛艇日（Henley's Regetta），又称皇家亨利赛艇日，是每年初夏在英格兰泰晤士河畔亨利镇的泰晤士河河面上举办的赛艇活动，始于1839年。亨利赛艇日于每年7月的第一个周末（周三到周日）举行，在一英里长的河面上竞速。该活动也是英国社交季节的重要活动之一，对参加人员的着装有着严格要求。

[528]阿斯科特，英国英格兰东伯克郡的一座小镇，位于温莎以南六英里，以皇家赛马场而闻名。

[529]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 3 June 1862.

[530]Cited in H. Rappaport, Magnificent obsession: Victoria, Albert and the death that changed monarchy (London: Windmill Books, 2012), p. 136.

[531]Rappaport, Magnificent obsession, pp. 136—7.

[532]Rappaport, Magnificent obsession, p. 184.

[533]Queen Victoria's journal, RA VIC/MAIN/WVJ, 22 February 1864.

[534]Cited in H. Rappaport, Magnificent obsession, p. 184.

[535]F. Bound [Alberti], ‘An “uncivill” culture: Marital violence and domestic politics in York, c. 1660—c. 1760’, in M. Hallett and J. Rendall (eds), Eighteenth-century York: Culture, space and society (York: Borthwick Institute, 2003).

[536]S. Downes, S. Holloway, and S. Randles, Feeling things: Objects and emotions through history (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).

[537]O. Riis and L. Woodhead, A sociology of religious emotion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).

[538]Riis and Woodhead, A sociology of religious emotion, p. 61.

[539]M.R. Banks and W.A. Banks, ‘The effects of animal-assisted therapy on loneliness in an elderly population in long-term facilities’, The Journals of Gerontology, 57 (2002), pp. 428—32.

[540]M.R. Banks et al., ‘Animal-assisted therapy and loneliness in nursing homes: Use of robotic versus living dogs’, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 9 (2008), pp. 173—7.

[541]J. Heathcote, ‘Paws for thought: Involving animals in care’, Nursing and Residential Care, 12 (2010), pp. 145—8.

[542]F. Bound Alberti, This mortal coil.

[543]诡异的是，这句口号出自1977年被犹他州行刑队处决的、被定罪的杀手加里·吉尔莫尔，这个杀手的遗言是：“让我们动手吧。” （Let's do it.）参见Jeremy W. Peters, ‘The birth of “Just do it” and other magic words’, New York Times, 19 August 2009: https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/20/business/media/20adco.html, accessed 8 June 2018。

[544]J.T. Cacioppo and W. Patrick, Loneliness: Human nature and the need for social connection (New York: W.W. Norton, 2009): http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/opinion/sunday/the-chill-of-loneliness.html?_r=1, accessed 9 March 2018.

[545]对抗疗法医学，指现代医学中采取针对疾病本身的成因直接对抗、移除，使用药物的活性成分或物理操作（手术）等方法治疗疾病或伤势，例如以抗生素消灭病菌，用手术切除肿瘤，或是用放射线杀死癌细胞，以人造血管代替栓塞的血管等。由顺势疗法的创始人塞缪尔·哈内曼在1810年首先提出。

[546]Bound Alberti, This mortal coil, introduction.

[547]L. Blair, ‘Loneliness isn't inevitable: A guide to making new friends as an adult’, The Guardian, 30 April 2018: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/apr/30/how-to-make-new-friends-adult-lonelyleap-of-faith, accessed 8 April 2019.

[548]T. Duffey, ‘Saying goodbye’, Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 1 (2005), pp. 287—95.

[549]A. Beetz et al., ‘Psychosocial and psychophysiological effects of human-animal interactions: The possible role of oxytocin’, Frontiers in Psychology, 3 (2012), p. 234.

[550]S. Sussman, Substance and behavioural addictions: Concepts, causes and cures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), p. 4.

[551]J.T. Cacioppo and L.C. Hawkley, ‘Loneliness’, in M.R. Leary and R.H. Hoyle (eds), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (New York: Guilford Press, 2009), pp. 227—40, abstract.

[552]https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/tips-for-everydayliving/loneliness/#.WvQenyPMzVo, accessed 9 May 2017.

[553]弗里达·弗洛姆—赖克曼（1889—1957），美籍德裔心理分析师和心理治疗师，被视为应用心理分析治疗精神疾病的先驱之一，也是新精神分析学的代表人物。

[554]F. Fromm-Reichmann, ‘Loneliness’, Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes, 22 (1959), pp. 1—15, discussed in W.G. Bennis et al., Interpersonal dynamics: Essays and readings on human interaction (London: Dorsey Press; Irwin-Dorsey International, 1973), p. 131.

[555]J.A. Bargh and I. Shalev, ‘The substitutability of physical and social warmth in daily life’, Emotion, 12 (2012), pp. 154—62.

[556]B. Bruce and W.S. Agras, ‘Binge eating in females: A populationbased investigation’, International Journal of Eating Disorders, 12 (1992), pp. 365—73.

[557]J.F. Schumaker et al., ‘Experience of loneliness by obese individuals’, Psychological Reports, 57 (1985), pp. 1147—54.

[558]T.P. Chithambo and S.J. Huey, ‘Black/white differences in perceived weight and attractiveness among overweight women’, Journal of Obesity, 2013: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/320326; K.J. Flynn and M. Fitzgibbon, ‘Body images and obesity risk among black females: A review of the literature’, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 20 (1998), pp. 13—24.

[559]T. Matthews et al., ‘Sleeping with one eye open: Loneliness and sleep quality in young adults’, Psychological Medicine, 47 (2017), pp. 2177—86.

[560]I.S. Whitaker et al., ‘Hirudo medicinalis: Ancient origins of, and trends in the use of medicinal leeches throughout history’, British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 42 (2004), pp. 133—7; J.M. Hyson, ‘Leech therapy: A history’, Journal of the History of Dentistry, 53 (2005), pp. 25—7.

[561]C. Sengoopta, The most secret quintessence of life: Sex, glands, and hormones, 1850—1950 (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2006).

[562]认知行为疗法（cognitive behavioural therapy，简称CBT），指通过改变患者对某些人、事或自我的看法和态度等不合理的认知问题来治疗他们的心理问题，是20世纪60年代由A.T.贝克发展出的一种短程、认知取向的心理疗法，主要针对抑郁症、焦虑症等心理疾病和不合理认知导致的心理问题。

[563]“男人棚屋”运动，据英国《每日邮报》2012年12月1日报道，在英国，越来越多的人会选择棚屋作为家以外的居住地。《英国医学杂志》的研究显示，独居在花园掩映下的棚屋有助于降低血压，有益健康。“男人棚屋”最早出现在澳大利亚，后来在英国也渐渐盛行起来。

[564]唐卡斯特，英国南约克郡的一个城市。

[565]https://www.ageuk.org.uk/doncaster/our-services/circles-for-independence-in-later-life and https://www.ageuk.org.uk/services/in-your-area/men-in-sheds, accessed 8 April 2019; F. Bound Alberti, ‘Loneliness is a modern illness of the body, not just the mind’, The Guardian, 1 November 2018: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/nov/01/loneliness-illness-body-mind-epidemic, accessed 8 April 2019.

[566]L. Bickerdike et al., ‘Social prescribing: Less rhetoric and more reality. A systematic review of the evidence’, British Medical Journal Open, 7 (2017), e013384.

[567]J.L. Hillman, Clinical perspectives on elderly sexuality (New York; London: Springer, 2011), introduction.

[568]F. Bound Alberti, ‘From the big five to emotional clusters: In search of meaning in the history of emotions’, submitted to Emotion Review, 2019.

[569]B. Pease and A. Pease, The definitive book of body language: The hidden meaning behind people's gestures and expressions (London: Orion, 2005).

[570]W.L. Gardner et al., ‘On the outside looking in: Loneliness and social monitoring’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31 (2005), pp. 1549—60.

[571]K. Thomas, ‘Introduction’, in J. Bremmer and H. Roodenburg (eds), A cultural history of gesture: From antiquity to the present day (Utrecht: Polity Press, 1991), pp. 1—14, 2.

[572]感谢萨拉·内特尔顿分享她和她同事们的研究，尤其是以下成果：C. Bus, D. Martin, and S. Nettleton, ‘Conceptualising “materialities of care”: Making visible mundane material culture in health and social care contexts’, Sociology of Health and Illness, 40 (2018), pp. 243—55。

[573]例如，J. Davidson, M.M. Smith, and L. Bondi (eds), Emotional geographies (Farnham: Ashgate, 2012)。

[574]M. MacDonald, Mystical bedlam: Madness, anxiety and healing in seventeenth-century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).

[575]F. Bound [Alberti], ‘An “uncivill” culture’.

[576]F. Murphy, ‘Loneliness: A challenge for nurses caring for older people’, Nursing Older People, 18 (2006), pp. 22—5.

[577]M.M.S. Lima and A.P. Vieira, ‘Ballroom dance as therapy for the elderly in Brazil’, American Journal of Dance Therapy, 29 (2007), pp. 129—42.

[578]V. Woolf, A writer's diary (London: Hogarth Press, 1954), 10 September 1928.

[579]见《世界抒情诗选：灰烬的光芒》，西川主编，飞白译，天津人民出版社2020年版。诗题为《我孤独地漫游，像一朵云》。

[580]O. Laing, The lonely city: Adventures in the art of being alone (London: Canongate, 2017).

[581]爱德华·霍珀（1882—1967），美国最重要的现实主义画家之一，以描绘寂寥的美国现代生活风景而闻名。他的画作捕捉到了现代社会“都市荒原”的场景，“霍珀式风格”通常指的就是这类疏离的氛围和人群中的孤独。

[582]L. Nocblin, ‘Edward Hopper and the imagery of alienation’, Art Journal, 41 (1981), pp. 136—41.

[583]W. Deresiewicz, ‘The end of solitude’, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 55 (2009), 6.

[584]F. Kermode, Romantic image (London: Routledge, 2002).

[585]见G. Russell and C. Tuite (eds), Romantic sociability: Social networks and literary culture in Britain, 1770—1840 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 4。

[586]威廉·布莱克（1757—1827），英国浪漫主义诗人、版画家，以神秘主义和富于想象力的诗歌为世人所知。“黑暗的撒旦工厂”（dark,satanic mills）引自威廉·布莱克的最后一部长诗《耶路撒冷》。生活在社会改良、工业革命、理性主义和神秘主义相互交织的时代，威廉·布莱克认为自己负有帮助英国建立一个以爱为基础的新社会秩序的使命，他将这个乌托邦称为“耶路撒冷”。

[587]W. Blake, Jerusalem (1804), foreword by Geoffrey Keynes (London: William Blake Trust, 1953).

[588]R.L. Brett and A.R. Jones (eds), Wordsworth and Coleridge: Lyrical ballads (London; New York: Routledge, 2005), introduction.

[589]S. Pile, ‘Emotions and affect in recent human geography’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 35 (2010), pp. 5—20.

[590]S. de Vries et al., ‘Streetscape greenery and health: Stress, social cohesion and physical activity as mediators’, Social Science ＆amp; Medicine, 94 (2013), pp. 26—33.

[591]V. Janković, Confronting the climate: British airs and the making of environmental medicine (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).

[592]S. McEathron, ‘Wordsworth, lyrical ballads, and the problem of peasant poetry’, Nineteenth Century Literature, 54 (1999), pp. 1—26.

[593]霍勒斯·沃波尔（1717—1797），英国作家，文中提到的《奥特朗托堡》以中世纪城堡为背景，首创了集神秘、恐怖、超自然元素于一体的哥特式小说风格。

[594]M. Wollstonecraft Shelley, Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus (1818 edition, Wisehouse Classics Kindle edition).

[595]Shelley, Frankenstein, p. 59.

[596]有关游荡的女性，见A. Keane, Women writers and the English nation in the 1790s: Romantic belongings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)。

[597]http://the-history-girls.blogspot.com/2017/12/the-heart-of-westminsterabbey-poets.html, accessed 1 June 2018.

[598]J.C. Kaufman (ed.), Creativity and mental illness (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).

[599]S. Cain, Quiet: The power of introverts in a world that can't stop talking (New York: Crown, 2012).

[600]有关弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的生平和作品，见H. Lee, Virginia Woolf (New York: A.A. Knopf, 1997)。

[601]布鲁姆斯伯里团体，英国20世纪初以“无限灵感，无限激情，无限才华”为理念的知识分子团体。成员包括作家爱·默·福斯特、弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫和她的画家姐姐凡妮莎·贝尔、历史学家里顿·斯特拉奇、经济学家约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯等人。在20世纪的中国，以徐志摩、闻一多、胡适、梁实秋、凌叔华为代表的“新月社”就是以布鲁姆斯伯里团体为模板建立的，主要活动方式是诗人、作家、历史学家、政治家等以沙龙的形式聚会、出版杂志、开办书店。

[602]Lee, Virginia Woolf, pp. 127, 754.

[603]A.V. Woolf, A room of one's own (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973).

[604]查尔斯顿指的是查尔斯顿农庄。据说伍尔夫常常会一早从位于路易斯镇的罗德梅尔的寓所蒙克之屋出发，步行穿过小河和南唐斯丘陵，走上七英里的路造访姐姐凡妮莎·贝尔的家。

[605]约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯（1883—1946），英国经济学家，因开创了经济学上的“凯恩斯革命”而称著于世，被后人称为“宏观经济学之父”。

[606]薇塔·萨克维尔·韦斯特（1892—1962），英国作家、诗人、园艺家。曾与伍尔夫有过一段情事，伍尔夫的小说《奥兰多》就是这段关系的产物，被薇塔的儿子奈吉尔·尼克尔森称作“文学艺术上最长、最动人的情书”。

[607]沃辛，英国南部沿海城市。

[608]Woolf, A writer's diary, 10 September 1929.

[609]Woolf, A writer's diary, 10 August 1940.

[610]Woolf, A writer's diary, 26 September 1920.

[611]V. Woolf, To the lighthouse (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 101.

[612]B. Mijuskovic, ‘Loneliness and time-consciousness’, Philosophy Today, 22 (1978), pp. 276—86.

[613]有关白日梦和暂时性的孤独，见R.A. Mar, M.F. Mason, and A. Litvack, ‘How daydreaming relates to life satisfaction, loneliness, and social support: The importance of gender and daydream content’, Consciousness and Cognition, 21 (2012), pp. 401—7。

[614]译文引自［英］弗吉尼亚·吴尔夫：《一间自己的房间》，贾辉丰译，人民文学出版社2013年版。

[615]Woolf, A room of one's own (London: Penguin, 2000), p. 66.

[616]Woolf, A writer's diary, 11 October 1929.

[617]谈到“上帝已死”，人们首先想到的是尼采的《查拉图斯特拉如是说》，尽管这个说法在他之前的作品中已出现过。

[618]译文参考自方思译本。［奥地利］里尔克：《时间之书》，方思译，精华印书馆1958年版。

[619]R.M. Rilke, Rilke and Andreas-Salomé: A love story in letters , trans. E. Snow and M. Winkler (New York; London: W.W. Norton, 2008), p. 248.

[620]M. Sarton, Journal of a solitude (London: The Women's Press, 1994), p. 23.

[621]伊普斯威奇，英国东部萨福克郡的一个城镇，位于奥尔韦尔河河口。

[622]M. Sarton, At seventy: A journal (South Yarmouth, MA: Curley, 1984).

[623]译文引自［美］梅·萨藤：《独居日记》，杨国华译，译林出版社2018年版。

[624]Sarton, Journal of a solitude, 18 September, p. 6.

[625]K. Kuyper and T. Fokkema, ‘Loneliness among older lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults: The role of minority stress’, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39 (2010), pp. 1171—80.

[626]M. Sullivan and J.S. Wodarski, ‘Social alienation in gay youth’, Journal of Human Behaviour in the Social Environment, 5 (2002), pp. 1—17.

[627]M. Bucholtz, ‘ “Why be normal?”: Language and identity practices in a community of nerd girls’, Language in Society, 28 (1999), pp. 203—23.

[628]J. Alexander, ‘Beyond identity: Queer values and community’, International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies, 4 (1999), pp. 293—314.

[629]M.-L. Bernadac, Louise Bourgeois: Destruction of the father reconstruction of the father: Writings and interviews 1923—1997 (London: Violette Editions, 1998), p. 132.

[630]K. Ball, ‘Who'd fuck an ableist?’, Disability Studies Quarterly, 15 (2002), pp. 166—72.

[631]L. Chittaro, and A. Vianello, ‘Evaluation of a mobile mindfulness app distributed through on-line stores: A 4-week study’, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 86 (2016), pp. 63—80; P. O'Morain, Mindfulness for worriers: Overcome everyday stress and anxiety (London: Yellow Kite, 2015).

[632]F. Braudel, On history, trans. S. Matthews (Chicago, IL; London: University of Chicago Press; Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982).

[633]R. Rorty, The linguistic turn: Essays in philosophical method (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1992); N.Z. Davies, Fiction in the archives: Pardon tales and their tellers in sixteenth-century France (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987); D. Sabean, Power in the blood: Popular culture and village discourse in early modern Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); R. Darnton, The great cat massacre and other episodes in French cultural history (New York: Basic Books, 1999).

[634]有关情感史主要理论的介绍，见J. Plamper, ‘The history of emotions: An interview with William Reddy, Barbara Rosenwein, and Peter Stearns’, History and Theory, 49 (2010), pp. 237—65。

[635]P.N. Stearns and C.Z. Stearns, ‘Emotionology: Clarifying the history of emotions and emotional standards’, The American Historical Review, 90 (1985), pp. 813—36; B. Rosenwein, Emotional communities in the early middle ages (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006); W.M. Reddy, The navigation of feeling: A framework for the history of emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

[636]S. Ahmed, The cultural politics of emotion (New York: Routledge, 2004), p. 9.

[637]https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt, accessed 1 June 2018.

[638]G.F. Koob, ‘The dark side of emotion: The addiction perspective’, European Journal of Pharmacology, 15 (2015), pp. 73—87.

[639]P. Bourdieu, Outline of a theory of practice, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), introduction.

[640]Bourdieu, Outline of a theory of practice, Part 1, The objective limits of objectivism.

[641]G. Claeys, ‘The “survival of the fittest” and the origins of Social Darwinism’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 61 (2000), pp. 223—40.

[642]R. Wright, The moral animal: Why we are, the way we are: The new science of evolutionary psychology (London: Vintage, 2010).

[643]R. Dawkins, The selfish gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989); W.R. Goldschmidt, The bridge to humanity: How affect hunger trumps the selfish gene (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).

[644]I.T. Berend, An economic history of twentieth-century Europe: Economic regimes from laissez-faire to globalization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016).

[645]将生物学作为一门学科来建构的女权主义作品提供了一种必要的解脱，即摆脱了科学建构中固有的（针对自然、“他者”、女性和少数族裔的）剥削叙事，并且就更为合作和更为多元化的方法提供了可能性。见V. Shiva, ‘Democratizing biology: Reinventing biology from a feminist, ecological and third world perspective’, in L. Birke and R. Hubbard (eds), Reinventing biology: Respect for life and the creation of knowledge (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1995), pp. 50—73。

[646]A. Lovejoy, The great chain of being: A study of the history of an idea (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970).

[647]G. Monbiot, ‘Neoliberalism is creating loneliness: That's what's wrenching society apart’, The Guardian, 12 October 2016: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/oct/12/neoliberalism-creatingloneliness-wrenching-society-apart, accessed 1 December 2017.

[648]D. Leshem, The origins of neoliberalism: Modelling the economy from Jesus to Foucault (Abingdon: Routledge, 2017).

[649]英国政治家、哲学家霍布斯于1651年出版了《利维坦》一书，原书名为《利维坦，或教会国家和市民国家的实质、形式和权力》。书中论述了对社会基础与政府合法性的观点，认为社会若要和平就必须有社会契约，社会契约的结果即有着绝对权力的“利维坦”，而只有利维坦国家强大的中央权威才能避免混乱和战争。

[650]英国思想家、哲学家洛克于1689—1690年出版了政治著作《政府论》，上篇驳斥了当时占统治地位的君权神授说和王位世袭论，下篇系统地阐述了公民政府的起源、范围和目的。《政府论》倡导有限权力的政府、天赋人权、自由、平等、私有财产神圣不可侵犯、法治、分权、人民主权等理念。

[651]1762年，卢梭出版了政治著作《社会契约论》，分四卷分别阐述了社会结构和社会契约、主权及其权利、政府及运作形式以及几种社会组织。卢梭认为社会契约为其他一切权利提供了基础，其核心是权力的转让，即一切人把一切权力转让给一切人；社会契约的结果是集强制权力与自由权力于一身的“公意”。

[652]B. Skyrms, Evolution of the social contract (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).

[653]Claeys, ‘The “survival of the fittest” ’.

[654]见M. Hawkins, Social Darwinism and European and American thought, 1860—1945: Nature as model and nature as threat (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997) 以及下文中的讨论， Claeys, ‘The “survival of the fittest” ’, p. 228。

[655]独立生活基金（Independent Living Fund，简称ILF），英国为帮助残疾人独立生活设立的补助项目，申请到这项补助的个人可以利用这笔钱支付或雇用他人在家中协助自己。

[656]https://venturebeat.com/2018/03/12/tim-berners-lee-we-need-a-legalor-regulatory-framework-to-save-the-web-from-dominant-techplatforms, accessed 1 June 2018.

[657]https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-45861468, accessed 16 October 2018.

[658]V. La Placa, A. McNaught, and A. Knight, ‘Discourse on wellbeing in research and practice’, International Journal of Wellbeing, 7 (2013), pp. 116—25.

[659]M. Harris and K.C. Richards, ‘The physiological and psychological effects of slow-stroke back massage and hand massage on relaxation in older people’, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19 (2010), pp. 917—26.

[660]B.S. Cronfalk, P. Strang, B.M. Ternestedt et al., ‘The existential experiences of receiving soft tissue massage in palliative home care: An intervention’, Support Care Cancer, 17 (2009), pp. 1203—11, 1208.

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