AO：审计局（Audit Office），伦敦
BL：大英图书馆（British Library），伦敦
CO：殖民地部（Colonial Office）文件
FO：外交部（Foreign Office）文件
JCAF：约翰·克拉克森，《赴非任务》（John Clarkson, “Mission to Africa”）
JCAM：约翰·克拉克森，《赴美任务》（John Clarkson, “Mission to America”）
GRO：格洛斯特郡档案馆（Gloucestershire Record Office）
NMM：国家航海博物馆，格林尼治（National Maritime Museum, Greenwich）
NYHS：纽约历史学会（New-York Historical Society）
NYPL：纽约公共图书馆（New York Public Library）
PANB：新不伦瑞克公共档案馆（Public Archive of New Brunswick）
PANS：新斯科舍公共档案馆（Public Archive of Nova Scotia）
PRO：公共档案馆，伦敦（Public Record Office, London）
SRO：什罗普郡档案馆（Shropshire Record Office）
“英国·自由”的希望1. 英国·自由是1791年向约翰·克拉克森海军上尉联名请愿的普雷斯顿居民之一；当时，克拉克森正在组织船队，准备把黑人保皇党送到塞拉利昂，但目的不是让他们与邻里分开，而是想让他们一起去新殖民地生活。见克拉克森日志的手稿副本，vol. I, “Mission to America” (JCAM), NYHS Library。
2. 有关英国·自由的土地分配情况，见PANS, vol. 370, 1784。See also James W. St G. Walker, The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone 1783–1870 (New York, 1976), p. 29.
3. 对于普雷斯顿的情况，见克拉克森1791年10月11日的日志记录：“由于土地贫瘠，他们的处境非常恶劣，除了靠地吃饭，他们别无其他维生手段。”
4. Graham Russell Hodges, Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey 1613–1863 (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and London, 1999), p. 89.
5. Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1961), p. 173; 贝尔致盖伊·卡尔顿爵士的信，7th June 1783, Carleton Papers, NYPL。
6. David Walker (ed. Herbert Aptheker), “One Continual Cry,” David Walker's Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World 1829–1830 (New York, 1965), p. 106.
7. Frederick Douglass, 4th July 1852, in Sidney Kaplan and Emma Nogrady Kaplan, The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution, revised edition (Amherst, Mass., 1989), p.277.
8. Quarles, op. cit., pp. 51–52.
9. 有关奴隶制和独立战争的经典著作，依然是David Brion Davis所著的The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution 1770–1823 (Ithaca, New York, 1973)。更近期的作品，见Ira Berlin的变革性著作，尤其是Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves (Cambridge, Mass., 2003)，详见第三章，pp. 129–57。
10. Ibid., p. 115; Theodore G. Tappert and John W. Doberstein (trans.), The Journals of Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, 3 vols. (Philadelphia, 1942–58), III, p. 106.
11. Quoted in Elizabeth A. Fenn, Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775–1782 (New York, 2001), p. 55. See W. W. Abbot and Dorothy Twohig (eds.), The Papers of George Washington, 39 vols. (Charlottesville, Virginia, 1983–), Series 2, pp. 64, 66.
12. Walker, op. cit., pp. 3, 12.
13. 见Gary Nash为Quarles 著作新版所写序言，op. cit.; Sylvia R. Frey, Water from the Rock:Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age (Princeton, New Jersey, 1991), p. 211。
14. 拉尔夫·亨利的主人（以及亨利·华盛顿的主人）的身份、两人逃亡的年份，《黑人名册》中均有记录；名册在1783年起草于纽约（NYPL现存拷贝），后由Graham Russell Hodges编辑整理成The Black Loyalist Directory: African Americans in Exile after the American Revolution (New York and London, 1996), p. 196（以下简称BLD）。哈里森、米德尔顿等人的逃跑奴隶的姓名和逃跑日期，也同样能在其中找到。
15. Ibid., p. 11. 1783年春，亚伯拉罕·马利安登上了“淑女冒险号”，前往新不伦瑞克的圣约翰。
16. 新斯科舍谢尔本县宗谱学会现存一份人员名册，其中也记录了亨利·华盛顿在伯奇镇拥有一块城镇地皮和四十英亩土地。
17. 见Gary Nash为Quarles 著作新版所写序言，op. cit., p. xix。
18. 见Gary Nash精彩而愤怒的描述，“Thomas Peters: Millwright, Soldier and Deliverer”，收录于David Sweet and Gary B. Nash (eds.), Struggle and Survival in Colonial America (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1981), pp. 69–85。
19. PRO AO 12/99 86.
20. Benjamin Woods Labaree, The Boston Tea Party (Oxford, 1964), p. 10.
21. James Otis, The Rights of the British Colonist Asserted and Proved (Boston, New England, nd), pp. 43–44; see also T. K. Hunter, Publishing Freedom, Winning Arguments: Somerset, Natural Rights and Massachusetts Freedom Cases, 1772–1836, Ph. D. dissertation (Columbia University, 2003). 我非常感谢Dr. Hunter允许我引用其论文内容。
22. Virginia Gazette, 30th September 1773; ibid., 30th June 1774; Gerald W. Mullin, Flight and Rebellion: Slave Resistance in Eighteenth Century Virginia (New York, 1972) p. 131.
23. Hunter, op. cit., chapter 2, fn 6.
24. 从安东尼·贝内泽与格兰维尔·夏普在1772—1773年间的通信中可知，贝内泽认为，富兰克林就算不是彻底的废奴主义者，也是个全心全意、积极反对奴隶贸易的人。鉴于富兰克林一直都对奴隶贸易的非法性和非道德性表示出强烈的愤慨，贝内泽当然有理由这么认为。但事实证明，在反对奴隶贸易的立场方面，富兰克林与其费城同胞本杰明·拉什并不一致，在提出当下就得进行的深远改革时，他要谨慎许多。See Sharp Papers, NYHS.
25. Benjamin Franklin, “A Conversation on Slavery” in J. A. Leo Lemay (ed.), Writings (The Library of America, 1987), pp. 646–53.
26. Ibid.; Hunter, op. cit., chapter 2, p. 25.
27. 帕特里克·亨利的信件，由安东尼·贝内泽抄录并寄给了人在伦敦的格兰维尔·夏普。该信现存于NYHS的夏普手稿藏品中。
28. Charles Francis Adams, Familiar Letters of John Adams and His Wife Abigail Adams (New York, 1876), pp. 41–42; Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, p. 5.
29. 所有这些请愿书和文章，都引自Kaplan and Kaplan, op. cit., pp. 11–13。
30. Gerald W. Mullin, op. cit., p. 131; Virginia Gazette, 30th September 1773.
31. Ibid.; Virginia Gazette, 30th June 1774.
32. William Henry Drayton, “Some Fugitive Thoughts on a letter signed Freeman Addressed to the Deputies assembled in the High Court of Congress in Philadelphia. By a Black Settler” (Philadelphia, 1774), cited in Hodges, op. cit., Root and Branch, p. 136.
第一章1. 惊人的是，近代并没有人为格兰维尔·夏普作传。不过，Prince Hoare所著的The Memoirs of Granville Sharp Esq. Composed from his own Manuscripts, 2 vols. (London, 1828)，全面介绍了他的废奴运动信仰以及参与斯特朗、萨默塞特案的经历。E. C. P. Lascelles所著的Granville Sharp and the Freedom of Slaves in England (Oxford, 1928)可作为补充读物，而David Brion Davis的权威著作The Problem of Slavery in the Age of the American Revolution (Ithaca, New York, 1975), pp. 386–402，也有极富见地的介绍。斯特朗、海拉斯、刘易斯、萨默塞特案的细节，均来自夏普自己的手稿、信札、日志，以及他在王座法院所作的庭审记录，见Sharp Papers, NYHS。
2. Hoare, op.cit., I, pp. 119 ff; II, Appendix VI, p. xix; 有关夏普一家的音乐会及约翰·佐法尼所绘画作，见John Kerslake, “A Note on Zoffany's ‘Sharp Family,’” Burlington Magazine, 20, no. 908 (November 1978), pp. 752–54; 另见伦敦国家肖像美术馆的约翰·佐法尼展览目录册(London, 1976), nos. 87–88。
3. 伦敦或者说英国当时到底有多少黑人，依旧存在争论。萨默塞特案期间，据说英国可能有多达一万四千或一万五千名黑人，但考虑到给出这一数字的人警告说，如果萨默塞特获得有利判决，那么将会有大量黑人离开服务行业，导致贫民救济税增加，因此其可信性值得怀疑。Norma Myers所著的Reconstructing the Black Past: Blacks in Britain 1780–1830 (London and Portland, Oregon, 1996), especially pp. 18–37，根据受洗记录给出了一个较为保守的估计，但所有在伦敦的黑人不可能都受洗，所以这个估计可能有些谨慎过头。
4. Sharp Papers, NYHS.
5. Ibid.
6. Hoare, op. cit., I, pp. 49–50; p. 61; see also Gretchen Holbrook Gerzina, Black London: Life Before Emancipation (New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1985), p. 97; David Dabydeen, Hogarth's Blacks (Manchester, 1987).
7. Sharp Papers, NYHS.
8. Ibid.; Hoare, op. cit., I, pp. 49–50.
第二章1. 关于夏普一家的音乐巡游，见Prince Hoare, The Memoirs of Granville Sharp Esq. Composed from his own Manuscripts, 2 vols. (London, 1828), I, pp. 215–17; E. C. P. Lascelles, Granville Sharp and the Freedom of Slaves in England (Oxford, 1928), pp. 119–26； 以及Sharp Papers, NYHS。他们还有一艘更大的船，名为“联邦号”，建造于1775年，长七十英尺，泊于富勒姆台阶。另有三艘船以夏普家的女人命名：“杰玛号”“玛丽号”“凯瑟琳号”（一条独木舟！）。
2. John Kerslake, “A Note on Zoffany's ‘Sharp Family,’” Burlington Magazine, 20, no. 908(November 1978), pp. 752–54; 另见伦敦国家肖像美术馆的约翰·佐法尼展览目录册(London, 1976), nos. 87–88。
3. Sharp Papers, NYHS, 有关托马斯·刘易斯案的手稿笔记本。
4. Sharp Papers, NYHS, ibid.
5. Lascelles, op. cit., p. 16, n. 1.
6. Thomas Clarkson, History of the Rise, Progress and Accomplishment of Abolition of the African Slave Trade by the British Parliament, 2 vols. (London, 1808; 1836年在美国出版时，更名为The Cabinet of Freedom), pp. 68–79.
7. Ibid., pp. 65–72.
8. Sharp Papers, NYHS，有关托马斯·刘易斯案的手稿笔记本。
9. 关于萨默塞特案的情况，见Thomas Jones Howell, A Complete Collection of State Trials, vol.20, 1771–72, “The Case of James Sommerset, a Negro...,” vol. 12, George III, 1771–72; and T. K. Hunter, Publishing Freedom, Winning Arguments: Somerset, Natural Rights and Massachusetts Freedom Cases, 1772–1836, Ph. D. dissertation (Columbia University, 2003)，尤其是第一和第五章。See also Edward Fiddes, “Lord Mansfield and the Somerset Case,” Law Quarterly Review, 50 (1934), pp. 509–10; Jerome Nadelhaft, “The Somerset Case and Slavery: Myth, Reality and Repercussions,” Journal of Negro History, LI (1966), pp.193–208; James Oldham, “New Light on Mansfield and Slavery,” Journal of British Studies, 27(January 1988), pp. 45–68; idem, The Mansfield Manuscripts and the Growth of English Law in the Eighteenth Century, 2 vols. (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1992).
10. Lascelles, op. cit., p. 30.
11. Hunter, op. cit., chapter 1, p. 32.
12. Hoare, op. cit., p. 119.
13. Ibid., p. 114.
14. Folarin Shyllon, Black Slaves in Britain (London, 1974).
15. 感谢Stella Tillyard提供这段有关威斯敏斯特厅的描述。
16. 曼斯菲尔德伯爵到底在这份总结中说了些什么，一直以来都无定论。根据历史文献中的版本，曼斯菲尔德伯爵主张，由于没有哪条惯例或古老习俗承认人可以成为他人财产，所以奴隶主对奴隶的权利要获得认可，那么议会就必须明确制定确确实实的法律来批准。这个版本可见于Capel Loft与1776年出版的Reports。但正如Jerome Nadelhaft首先指出的那样(op. cit., pp. 193–208), The Gentleman's Magazine大约在1772年的判决前刊登过一篇报道（也在1785年得到了曼斯菲尔德伯爵本人的证实），则给出了更为有限的版本：法官只讨论了奴隶主是否有权强迫奴隶离开英国。本书采用的版本来自夏普文件中由其抄写员誊抄的庭审笔记，且似乎证实了曼斯菲尔德伯爵的判决实际上较为保守的观点。否则在同一份总结中，曼斯菲尔德伯爵前面还坚定支持约克和塔尔伯特的说法，后面却来了一个非同寻常的态度大转弯，就说不通了。
17. Gretchen Holbrook Gerzina, “Black Loyalists in London after the American Revolution,” in John W. Pulis (ed.), Moving On: Black Loyalists in the Afro-Atlantic World (New York and London, 1999), p. 130; Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser, 24th June 1772.
18. Sharp Papers, NYHS; Hoare, op. cit., I, p. 137.
19. Gregory D. Massey, John Laurens and the American Revolution (Columbia, South Carolina, 2000), pp. 47, 62–63; 另见亨利·劳仑思致约翰·劳仑思的信，20th January 1775, in The Papers of Henry Laurens (eds. Philip H. Hamer, David R. Chesnutt et al.), 15 vols. (Columbia, South Carolina, 1968–), vol. 10, p. 34。
20. Nadelhaft, op. cit., p. 195.
21. Quoted in James Oldham, op. cit., pp. 65–66; see also Gretchen Holbrook Gerzina, Black London: Life Before Emancipation (New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1985), p. 132.
第三章1. 省议会主席、安全委员会主席亨利·劳仑思于1775年8月20日致信儿子约翰：“从7月到今天，天天都在下雨，这是我记忆中雨水最多的夏天。”The Papers of Henry Laurens (eds. Philip H. Hamer, David R. Chesnutt et al.), 15 vols. (Columbia, South Carolina, 1968–; Model Editions Partnership, 1999), p. 326.
2. PRO CO 5/396.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. 亨利·劳仑思致约翰·劳仑思的信，18th and 23rd June 1775, Hamer et al., op. cit., vol. 10, pp. 184–85, p. 320 n.4, p. 323。
6. 查尔斯·马修斯·克斯莱特致威廉·坎贝尔勋爵的信，Ibid., 19th August 1775。
7. 坎贝尔致劳仑思的信，17th August 1775, Hamer et al., op. cit., p. 328。
8. PRO CO 5/396.
9. Sidney Kaplan and Emma Nogrady Kaplan, The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution (Amherst, Mass., 1989), p. 25.
10. Sylvia R. Frey, “Between Slavery and Freedom: Virginia Blacks in the American Revolution,” Journal of Southern History, 49, no. 3 (August 1983), p. 376; William T. Hutchinson, William M. Rachal et al. (eds.), The Papers of James Madison, 13 vols. (Chicago, 1962–), I, pp. 129–30.
11. Sylvia R. Frey, Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age (Princeton, New Jersey, 1991), p. 56. 接下来的许多内容都受惠于Frey的记述，以及Benjamin Quarles在其所著的The Negro in the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1961)当中的探索性叙述。
12. Ibid., p. 55. See also Virginia Gazette, 4th May 1775.
13. Frey, op. cit., Water, p. 56.
14. Edward Rutledge to Ralph Izard, 8th December 1775, Correspondence of Mr Ralph Izard (New York, 1844), vol. I, p. 165; Benjamin Quarles, “Lord Dunmore as Liberator,” William and Mary Quarterly History Magazine, 15 (1958), p. 495, n. 3.
15. Gary Nash, “Thomas Peters: Millwright, Soldier and Deliverer” in David Sweet and Gary B. Nash (eds.), Struggle and Survival in Colonial America (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1981）, pp. 72–73.
16. Ibid., p. 59.
17. Ibid., p. 62.
18. Kaplan and Kaplan, op. cit., p. 25.
19. 华盛顿致理查德·亨利·李的信，26th December 1775, in R. H. Lee, Memoir of the Life of Richard Henry Lee (Philadelphia, 1825) II, p. 9; Quarles, op. cit., Negro, p. 20。
20. Graham Russell Hodges (ed.), The Black Loyalist Directory: African Americans in Exile After the American Revolution (New York and London, 1996), p. 212. 皇家海军“丰饶号”的登船黑人名单中有温斯洛的相关记录，他于1783年11月30日随最后一批保皇党乘船离开纽约。
21. Frey, op. cit., “Between Slavery and Freedom,” p. 378.
22. “Diary of Colonel Landon Carter,” William and Mary Quarterly History Magazine, 20 (1912), pp. 178–79; Quarles, op. cit., Negro, p. 27.
23. 此处提到的所有个案均出自《黑人名册》，在1783年起草于纽约（NYPL现存拷贝）。See Hodges, BLD.
24. Allan Kulikoff, Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake 1680–1800 (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and London, 1986), pp. 418–19.
25. PRO CO 5/1353/321. 尽管写于1775年12月初，但邓莫尔直到次年2月才找到船，把他这些信件送到国务大臣手上，但到那会儿，他的地位已经所有下降。邓莫尔不愿把修改过的事件概要发给达特茅斯和乔治·杰曼大人，而是把信原封不动地寄过去，无疑是想保存完整的记录，以防需要自我辩解。
26. PRO CO 5/1353/335; see also Francis Berkeley, Dunmore's Proclamation of Emancipation (Charlottesville, Virginia, 1941).
27. Quarles, op. cit., “Lord Dunmore,” p. 501.
28. Pennsylvania Gazette, 17th July 1776.
29. Louis Morton, Robert Carter of Nomini Hall: A Virginia Tobacco Planter of the Eighteenth Century (Williamsburg, Virginia, 1945), pp. 55–56; Kulikoff, p. 419.
30. 最翔实的记录来自邓莫尔自己，见他12月6日致达特茅斯的信，PRO CO 5/1353/321。
31. William J. Schreeven and Robert L. Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, the Road to Independence, 7 vols. (Charlottesville, Virginia, 1973–83), vol. V, p. 9.
32. 邓莫尔致达特茅斯的信，18th February 1776, PRO CO 5/1353/321。
33. Gerald W. Mullin, Flight and Rebellion: Slave Resistance in Eighteenth Century Virginia (New York, 1972) p. 134.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid., p. 133.
36. 有关黑人先锋连的内容，可见Todd W. Braisted, “The Black Pioneers and Others: The Military Role of Black Loyalists in the American War of Independence” in John W. Pulis (ed.), Moving On: Black Loyalists in the Afro-Atlantic World (New York and London, 1999), pp. 3–38。
37. Ibid., p. 13; Clinton Papers (William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan), vol. 263.
38. Ibid., pp. 11–12; 克林顿致马丁的信，12th May 1776, Clinton Papers, vol. 263。
39. Frey, op. cit., Water, p. 67.
40. Ibid., pp. 64–65; Peter H. Wood, “‘Taking Care of Business’——Revolutionary South Carolina:Republicanism and Slave Society” in Jeffery J. Crow and Larry E. Tise (eds.), The Southern Experience in the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1978), pp. 284–85，给出的数字更高，说突袭中有五十名逃亡黑人被杀（但Frey表示怀疑）。
41. Pauline Maier, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (New York, 1997), p. 37.
42. 有关瘟疫的历史，见Elizabeth Fenn 在其Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775–1782 (New York, 2001)中的精彩讲述，尤其是pp. 57–61。
43. “Particular Account of the Attack and Rout of Lord Dunmore,” Peter Force (ed.), American Archives, 6 vols. (Washington, D. C., 1837–53), I, p. 151; see also Fenn, op. cit., p. 60.
44. John Thornton Posey, General Thomas Posey: Son of the American Revolution (East Lansing, Michigan, 1992), p. 32.
第四章1. Prince Hoare, The Memoirs of Granville Sharp Esq. Composed from his own Manuscripts, 2 vols. (London, 1828), I, p. 184.
2. Ibid., pp. 185–86; E. C. P. Lascelles, Granville Sharp and the Freedom of Slaves in England (Oxford, 1928), pp. 39–40.
3. Hoare, op. cit., I, pp. 189–90.
4. Hansard, The Parliamentary History of England (London, 1813), XVIII, pp. 695 ff.
5. Hoare, op. cit., I, pp. 211–12.
6. Charles Stuart, A Memoir of Granville Sharp (New York, 1836), p. 21.
7. Sylvia R. Frey, Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age (Princeton, New Jersey, 1991), p. 147.
8. Hansard, op. cit., XVIII, p. 733.
9. Ibid., p. 747.
10. Hoare, op. cit., I, pp. 216–17.
11. 有关战斗的详细介绍，参见坎贝尔致乔治·杰曼大人的信，16th January 1779, PRO CO/5/182/31。Benjamin Quarles所著的The Negro in the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1961) 将夸米诺·多利描述为一位“上了年纪的奴隶”，不过坎贝尔在信中并未提到这位黑人向导的年纪。
12. PRO CO 5/182/31.
13. 大卫·乔治在此页及本书其他地方的叙述，都直接引自“An Account of the life of Mr David George, from Sierra Leone in Africa, given by himself in a Conversation with Brother Rippon in London and Brother Pearce of Birmingham,” Annual Baptist Register (1793), pp.473–84；这是最早的奴隶叙事和非裔美国人自传之一。
14. Quarles, op. cit., Negro, p. 145.
15. 普雷沃致克林顿的信，2nd November 1779, PRO CO 30/55/20, 2042。
16. Todd W. Braisted, “The Black Pioneers and Others: The Military Role of Black Loyalists in the American War of Independence” in John W. Pulis (ed.) Moving On: Black Loyalists in the Afro-Atlantic World (New York and London, 1999), p. 21; Royal Georgia Gazette, 18th November 1779.
17. Allan Kulikoff, Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake 1680–1800 (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and London, 1986), p. 419.
18. Gregory D. Massey, John Laurens and the American Revolution (Columbia, South Carolina, 2000), p. 155.
19. Sidney Kaplan and Emma Nogrady Kaplan, The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution (Amherst, Mass., 1989), pp. 64–65; Quarles, Negro, p. 80.
20. Massey, op. cit., p. 93.
21. 亨利·劳仑思致约翰·劳仑思的信，26th January 1778, The Papers of Henry Laurens (eds. Philip H. Hamer, David R. Chesnutt et al.), 15 vols. (Columbia, South Carolina, 1968–), 12, pp. 367–68。9月时，亨利·劳仑思曾提醒儿子，“说服富人心甘情愿地放弃其财富来源和自认为的宁静，无疑任务艰巨”，ibid., vol. 15, p. 169。
22. Massey, op. cit., p. 131; 约翰·劳仑思致亨利·劳仑思的信，17th February 1779; Hamer et al., op. cit., vol. 19, p. 60.
23. Quarles, op. cit., Negro, p. 63; Massey, op. cit., p. 141.
24. Massey, op. cit., p. 143.
25. Ibid., p. 162.
26. Quarles, op. cit., Negro, pp. 108–10.
27. John Marrant, A Narrative of the Lord's wonderful dealing with John Marrant, a black (Now gone to preach the gospel in Nova Scotia) (London, 1788).
28. Sylvia R. Frey, op. cit., Water, p. 142.
29. Ibid., p. 120.
30. “Memorandum for the Commandant of Charlestown and Lieutenant General Earl Cornwallis,” 3rd June 1780, PRO 30/55/23, 2800.
31. “Memoirs of the life of Boston King, a Black Preacher, written by himself during his residence at Kingswood-School,” Methodist Magazine, XXI (1798), p. 106; see also Phyllis R. Blakeley, “Boston King: A Negro Loyalist Who Sought Refuge in Nova Scotia,” Dalhousie Review,48, no. 3 (August 1968), pp. 347–56.
32. Boston King, “Memoirs...,” op. cit., p. 107.
33. 11th December 1779; PANS RG1, vol. 170, pp. 332–33.
34. George, op. cit., p. 477.
35. 关于这一事件及后续，见King, op. cit., pp. 107–11。
36. Ibid.
37. Graham Russell Hodges, “Black Revolt in New York City and the Neutral Zone 1775–1783,” in Paul A. Gilje and William Pencak (eds.), New York in the Age of the Constitution 1775–1800 (Cranbury, New Jersey, 1992), p. 43, n. 26; see also Leslie M. Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery: African-Americans in New York City 1626–1963 (Chicago and London, 2003), pp.54–55.
38. Graham Russell Hodges (ed.), The Black Loyalist Directory: African Americans in Exile After the American Revolution (New York and London, 1996), p. 16.
39. Ibid., pp. 34–35.
40. Graham Russell Hodges, Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613–1863 (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1999), p. 143.
41. Hodges, op. cit., BLD, p. 16.
42. Ibid., p. 146.
43. Ibid., p. 151.
44. 虽然泰的“上校”称谓只是英军授予的荣誉头衔，而非正式军衔，但他的英勇事迹和坚定品质无疑得到了正规军官的极大钦佩。
45. 有关泰的英勇事迹，见Hodges, op. cit., “Black Revolt,” pp. 36–38。
46. 所有这些个案历史都来自《黑人名册》，Hodges, op. cit., BLD。
47. Frey, op. cit., Water, p. 165.
48. Ibid., p. 169; 此部分描述源于一位黑森雇佣兵军官的日记，他曾在战争末期遇到过这样一队人，Johann Ewald (trans. and ed. Joseph P. Tustin), Diary of the American War (New Haven, Conn., 1979), p. 305。
49. 一位北卡罗来纳贝萨尼亚的摩拉威亚教徒在日记中曾写道，1781年2月，康沃利斯的军队在追击纳撒尼尔·格林时，丢下了两车肉。See Elizabeth Fenn, Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775–1782 (New York, 2001), p. 124.
50. Fenn, op. cit., p. 132.
51. Frey, op. cit., Water, pp. 147–48.
52. 这方面有时被引用的证据，即爱国者种植园的奴隶成了英军的一部分战利品和非法交易品，时常被爱国者用作宣传（自邓莫尔宣言之后便是如此），但都是以推测为主，并不足信。康沃利斯在给亚历山大·莱斯利的一封信中，曾提到所谓的“市场”，说朴茨茅斯的天花瘟疫会毁掉“我们的市场”，但这不应该被理解为贩卖人口的市场。如果当时的英军中有此类秘密的奴隶贸易，就是明确违背了克林顿在菲利普斯堡宣言中所下的命令，而且也不大可能在将军之间的正式通信中被提及。
53. 约翰·拉特利奇州长致弗朗西斯·马里恩将军的信，2nd September 1781, in Robert Wilson Gibbes, Documentary History of the American Revolution (New York, 1855–57), vol. 3, p. 131。
54. PRO 30/11/110.
55. Frey, op. cit., Water, p. 167; Fenn, op. cit., p. 129.
56. 这份令人动容的珍贵文件由Todd Braisted 发现，Clinton Papers, vol. 170, p. 27，后被收入他的重要论文 “The Black Pioneers,” op. cit., p. 17。
57. Fenn, op. cit., p. 130.
58. 丹尼尔·斯蒂文斯致约翰·温德尔的信，20th February 1782, in Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, XLVIII, October 1914–June 1915, pp. 342–43。
59. 克鲁登致邓莫尔的信，5th January 1782, PRO CO 5/175/267。
60. 邓莫尔致克林顿的信，2nd February 1782, PRO CO 5/175/264。
61. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, XLVIII, March 1915, p. 342.
62. 莱斯利致克林顿的信，30th March 1782, PRO 30/55/9957；有关“黑人骑兵连的薪酬”摘要，PRO, Treasury Office, Class 50/2/372；有关瓦德布种植园，见Frey, op. cit., pp. 138–39。
63. 芒克利夫致克林顿的信，13th March 1782, PRO 30/55/90/9955。
64. 有关熊溪突袭的细节，见Charles C. Jones, The Life and Services of the Honourable Major General Samuel Elbert of Georgia (Cambridge, Mass., 1887), p. 47; Kaplan and Kaplan, op.cit., p. 85。
第五章1. 首席法官威廉·史密斯的日志，是塔潘会议的重要资料来源。据他记录，“灵缇犬号”是“游艇”，但在其回忆录的其他地方，正如Isabelle K. Savelle 在她所著的Wine and Bitters: An account of the meetings in 1783 at Tappan NY and aboard HMS Perseverance (Rockland County Historical Society, 1975)中指出的那样（p. 20），那艘船被认定为快速帆船。两艘船从下纽约湾航行到道布渡口，罕见地耗费了三十小时（更不用说惊人了），而两地的距离才二十多英里，因此Savelle正确地指出，他们一定是逆潮、逆风而行，且是那种时常让哈得孙谷的春天很难捱的风。
2. 有关卡尔顿的内容，参见Paul David Nelson, General Sir Guy Carleton, Lord Dorchester, Soldier-Statesman of Early Canada (Cranbury, New Jersey, 2000); Paul R. Reynolds, Guy Carleton: A Biography (New York, 1980); Paul H. Smith, “Sir Guy Carleton, Peace Negotiations and the Evacuation of New York,” Canadian Historical Review, 1969, pp. 245–64。
3. Smith, op. cit., pp. 251 ff.
4. Marion Robertson, King's Bounty: A History of Early Shelburne, Nova Scotia (Halifax, 1983), p. 69.
5. Ellen Gibson Wilson, The Loyal Blacks (New York, 1976), p. 42.
6. Sylvia R. Frey, Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age (Princeton, New Jersey, 1991), p. 176.
7. Ibid.; also George Smith McCowen Jr., The British Occupation of Charleston 1780–82 (Columbia, South Carolina, 1972), pp. 106–7.
8. 克鲁登致尼布斯的信，16th March 1783, PRO CO 5/109/379。
9. See also PRO CO 5/109/375 and 377.
10. Frey, op. cit., Water, p. 178. 克鲁登这个人，正如Frey表明的那样，同样迫切希望帮助南方保皇党抓回那些逃跑奴隶。
11. Gregory D. Massey, John Laurens and the American Revolution (Columbia, South Carolina, 2000), p. 228.
12. 劳仑思的“被捕和被囚伦敦塔的日记和故事”（“Journal and Narrative of Capture and Confinement in the Tower of London”），收录在Papers of Henry Laurens, vol. 15, pp. 330 ff。原稿藏于NYPL的珍本和手稿部。
13. 在其权威著作The Negro President: Jefferson and the Slave Power (New York, 2003) 中，Gary Wills提出，整个早期宪法机构的设立初衷，就是为了维护南方的统治地位及其不可或缺的社会和经济制度。
14. 卡尔顿显然非常担心判决的影响，所以过了几个星期才通知华盛顿，然后又等了五个星期，才将军事法庭审判记录发过去。See Smith, op. cit., p. 200.
15. An engraving by Jordan和Halpin是根据一幅19世纪油画创作的版画，据说准确描绘了德文特府在1783年时的样子，目前藏于NYHS. Savelle, op. cit., p. 13.
16. Graham Russell Hodges (ed.), The Black Loyalist Directory, African Americans in Exile After the American Revolution (New York and London, 1996), introduction, p. xl, n. 1; 有关1782年10月20日的航行，见PRO CO 30/55/5938。
17. W. H. W. Sabine (ed.), The Historical Memoirs of William Smith (New York, 1971), p. 586.
18. Ibid., p. 587.
19. 盖伊·卡尔顿爵士致华盛顿将军的信，12th May 1783, PRO CO 5/109/313。
20. Wilson, op. cit., p. 52; 华盛顿致哈里森的信，6th May 1783, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799 (ed. John C. Fitzpatrick), 39 vols. (Washington, D. C., 1931–44), vol. 26。
21. Wilson, op. cit., p. 51.
22. Hodges, op. cit., BLD introduction, p. xvii.
23. “Memoirs of the life of Boston King, a Black Preacher, written by himself during his residence at Kingswood-School,” Methodist Magazine, XXI (1798), p. 157; Phyllis R. Blakeley, “Boston King: A Negro Loyalist Who Sought Refuge in Nova Scotia,” Dalhousie Review,48, no. 3 (August 1968), p. 350.
24. 事实上，《黑人名册》中登记了两位凯托·拉姆齐，另一个为五十岁，来自马里兰，曾给塞西尔县的本杰明·拉姆齐为奴。自1778年起，这个凯托便在陆军总医院担任护理员，现在他以娶妻生子，妻子叫苏琪，其子五岁，也叫凯托。不过，被标记了GBC（伯奇将军证书）的是弗吉尼亚的凯托·拉姆齐。Hodges, op. cit., BLD, pp.39, 204.
25. “Precis relative to Negroes in No. America,” PRO CO 5/8/112–114.
26. Hodges, op. cit., BLD introduction, p. xviii.
27. 这些以及接下来记述的简略传记，均直接引子《黑人名册》（见Hodges, op. cit.）。1783年7月31日从新斯科舍的罗斯韦港起航的“丰饶号”的名单，见pp. 81–88 和103–17。在所有从纽约出发的撤离船只中，“丰饶号”（后在秋天时还航行过一次）运送到新斯科舍的黑人数量最多。另见Esther Clark Wright, “The Evacuation of Loyalists from New York in 1783,” Nova Scotia Historical Review, 5 (1984), p. 25。
第六章1. 细节均来自同时代人的描述，尤其是亚历山大·福尔肯布里奇，他曾在1783—1787年间四次在贩奴航行中担任医生；An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa (London, 1788).
2. 来自复审听证会的手稿记录了对他的描述，手稿记录现存于National Maritime Museum archive, Greenwich (hereafter NMM/Zong)。
3. 福尔肯布里奇（op. cit., p. 25）明确写道，这在奴隶甲板上是正常状况，地上“满是鲜血和黏液，仿如屠宰场。任何人都无法想象出比这更可怕或更恶心的情景”。
4. NMM/Zong.
5. 此说法源自达文波特，与保险公司会面的律师之一，见NMM/Zong。
6. Ibid. 此说法直接来自肯萨尔的法庭证词（现已遗失），并被保险公司的律师援引过。
7. “回旋炮”是指架在炮台上、可进行一百八十度旋转的火炮，常用在贩奴船上，目的是在奴隶被带到甲板上时维持秩序。见Jay Coughtry, The Notorious Triangle: Rhode Island and the African Slave Trade 1700–1807 (Philadelphia, 1981), p. 73。“桑当号”（现仅有1793—1794年间的航海日志幸存下来）上就装了这种炮。见Bruce L. Mousser, A Slaving Voyage to Africa and Jamaica: The Log of the Sandown 1793–94 (Bloomington, Indiana, 2002), p. 7, n. 31。
8. NMM/Zong.
9. The Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African (London, 1789) ; facsimile reprint (London, 1969). 发现记录伊奎亚诺在南卡罗来纳出生地的施洗及海军文件的人，是文森特·卡莱塔，他所著的Equiano the African, Biography of a Self-Made Man (Athens, Georgia)是最新和最细致的伊奎亚诺传记。
10. Charles Stuart, A Memoir of Granville Sharp (New York, 1836), p. 30.
11. Prince Hoare, The Memoirs of Granville Sharp Esq. Composed from his own Manuscripts, 2 vols. (London, 1828), I, appendix, p. xxxiii.
12. 有关拉姆齐的经历，见Folarin Shyllon, James Ramsay: The Unknown Abolitionist (Edinburgh, 1977)。
13. Ibid., p. 33.
14. 有关早期贵格会废奴主义者的介绍，见Judith Jennings, The Business of Abolishing Slavery 1783–1807 (London, 1997), especially pp. 22–32。
15. Ibid., p. 27. 有关“宗号”事件之后反奴隶贸易的高潮期介绍，见Robin Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery 1776–1988 (London, 1988), pp. 136 ff。
16. Ellen Gibson Wilson, Thomas Clarkson: A Biography (York, 1980), pp. 25 ff.
17. Thomas Clarkson, History of the Rise, Progress and Accomplishment of Abolition of the African Slave Trade by the British Parliament, 2 vols. (London, 1808; 1836年在美国出版时，更名为The Cabinet of Freedom), I, p. 203.
18. J. R. Oldfield, Popular Politics and British Anti-Slavery: The Mobilization of Public Opinion Against the Slave Trade 1787–1807 (Manchester and New York, 1995), p. 71.
19. Thomas Clarkson, An Essay on the Commerce and Slavery of the Human Species particularly the African... (Philadelphia, 1786), p. 90.
20. Norma Myers, Reconstructing the Black Past: Blacks in Britain, 1780–1830, p. 72.
21. PRO AO 12/19.
22. Ellen Gibson Wilson, The Loyal Blacks (New York, 1976), p. 138.
23. PRO AO 13/29.
24. PRO AO 12/102; PRO AO 13/119; Gretchen Holbrook Gerzina, “Black Loyalists in London after the American Revolution,” in John W. Pulis (ed.), Moving On: Black Loyalists in the Afro-Atlantic World (New York and London, 1999), p. 92.
25. Mary Beth Norton, “The Fate of Some Black Loyalists of the American Revolution,” Journal of Negro History, LXVIII, 4 (October 1973), p. 404. 有关对白人保皇党的区别对待，见同一作者所著的The British Americans: The Loyalist Exiles in England 1774–1789 (Boston, 1972)。
26. PRO AO 12/99.
27. Ibid.
28. PRO AO 12/19.
29. AO 12/99; PRO AO 13/27; Norton, op. cit., p. 406; Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, p. 139.
30. Steven J. Braidwood, Black Poor and White Philanthropists: London's Blacks and the Foundation of the Sierra Leone Settlement 1786–1791 (Liverpool, 1994), p. 25.
31. James S. Taylor, Jonas Hanway, Founder of the Marine Society: Charity and Policy in Eighteenth Century Britain (Berkeley, California, 1985).
32. 按Steven Braidwood的说法，奴隶主有可能主动参与了委员会的工作，目的是想证明他们并非如废奴主义者宣称的那样缺乏人情味。不过，汉威的朋友安格斯坦曾参与过一个十分活跃的慈善网络，而该网络非常愿意动用情感或金钱，来支持任何值得支持的事业。
33. Braidwood, op. cit., p. 67.
34. Ibid., p. 68.
35. Henry Smeathman, Some account of the Termites which are found in Africa and other hot climates (London, 1781), p. 33; idem, Plan of a settlement to be made near Sierra Leone on the Grain Coast of Africa (London, 1786).
36. 尤可参见Folarin Shyllon所著的Black People in Britain 1555–1833 (London and New York, 1977), p. 128，“用不了太久，政府和自由而反动的权势集团便会因爱国热情而团结起来，将‘没有律法的下等人种’赶出英国，以保护英国血统之纯洁。”Mary Beth Norton (op.cit.)也持类似观点，不过说得没这么坚定。对证据更为可观的评估，见Braidwood, op.cit., pp. 72–107。
37. 霍普金斯致夏普的信（复本），Rufus King Papers, NYHS.
38. Hoare, op. cit., II, pp. 3–17.
39. Ibid., I, p. 370; 另见夏普摘记簿中的手稿版本，GRO, Hardwicke Court Muniments, MSS, H:36.
40. Braidwood, op. cit., pp. 88–89.
41. Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, p. 144.
42. Ibid., p. 98.
43. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa: The African Written by Himself (Leeds, 1874) in Henry Louis Gates (ed.), The Classic Slave Narratives (New York, 1987).
44. PRO T1/643–487. 另见Christopher Fyfe在其所编书中的有益注解，Anna Maria Falconbridge, Narrative of Two Voyages to the River Sierra Leone During the Years 1791–1792–1793 (Liverpool, 2000), p. 40, n. 38。
45. Braidwood对有关白人女性的证据进行了全面调查，op. cit., pp. 281–86.
46. Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, p. 149.
47. Ibid., p. 151.
第七章1. 安娜·玛利亚·福尔肯布里奇说，奈姆巴纳老是把那些欧洲人称作“无赖”，不过说的时候会保持微笑，并且补充道，他认为英国人是其中“最老实的”，Narrative of Two Voyages to the River Sierra Leone During the Years 1791–1792–1793 (Liverpool, 2000), p. 24。
2. 从创作于1791年的《“自由省”风景》（A View of the “Province of Freedom”）中可以看到，旗帜仍然飘扬在圣乔治山的木头旗杆上，山下便是定居者的茅屋（虽然一年前被吉米国王烧毁了）。汤普森还绘制了一幅塞拉利昂河口定居点周边区域的精细地图。See Ellen Gibson Wilson, The Loyal Blacks (New York, 1976), between pp. 226 and 227.
3. 格兰维尔·夏普致詹姆斯·夏普的信，31st October 1787, Sharp Papers, NYHS; see also Prince Hoare, The Memoirs of Granville Sharp Esq. Composed from his own Manuscripts, 2 vols. (London, 1828), II, p. 83.
4. John Matthews, A Voyage to the River Sierra-Leone (London, 1788), reprinted in The British Transatlantic Slave Trade (ed. Robin Law), 4 vols. (London, 2003), 1, p. 79. 马修斯的叙述是基于1785—1787年在塞拉利昂的经历。他虽是奴隶贸易的坚定捍卫者，但对该地区的地形、自然历史、社会经济和当地习俗（从对阴蒂割礼，到非常重要的“交涉”）介绍得丰富又详尽，我自己在描述相关内容时便大量参考了他的介绍。
5. 奈姆巴纳着装风格的描述，来自Falconbridge, op. cit., pp. 24–25.
6. Steven J. Braidwood, Black Poor and White Philanthropists: London's Blacks and the Foundation of the Sierra Leone Settlement 1786–1791 (Liverpool, 1994), p. 183.
7. 有关当地植被及滕内人、布勒姆人、门迪人的名字，见Matthews, op. cit., pp. 82–93。
8. Hoare, op. cit., II, p. 108.
9. Ibid., pp. 132–33.
10. J. R. Oldfield, Popular Politics and British Anti-Slavery: The Mobilization of Public Opinion against the Slave Trade 1787–1807 (Manchester, 1995), pp. 155 ff; 有关女性对运动的积极参与，见Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837 (New Haven, Conn., 1992), pp.254, 260。
11. Judith Jennings, The Business of Abolishing Slavery 1783–1807 (London, 1997), p. 54. 有关该版本的重要性，见Oldfield, op. cit., pp. 164–65。
12. 近期对这一恼人问题的讨论，见Gary Wills, The Negro President: Jefferson and the Slave Power (New York, 2003), especially pp. 1–15。
13. 见他写给富兰克林和鲁弗斯·金并意欲将其复制和广泛传播的长信(Rufus King Papers, NYHS)。
14. Hoare, op. cit., II, p. 83.
15. Ibid., pp. 95–96.
16. 韦弗致夏普的信，23rd April 1788, in Hoare, op. cit., II, p. 96。
17. Ibid., p. 98.
18. Ibid., p. 99.
19. Ibid., appendix xi, pp. xxviii–xxix; Braidwood, op. cit., pp. 195, 192–291.
20. Hoare, op. cit., II, p. 112.
21. Ibid., pp. 114–15.
22. Braidwood, op. cit., pp. 196–97.
23. PRO, Adm 1/2488, Savage's report, 27th May 1790.
24. Hoare, op. cit., II, p. 98.
25. 有关福尔肯布里奇及他们1791年在塞拉利昂的经历，见Falconbridge, op. cit.；亚历山大·福尔肯布里奇的An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa亦收录其中。
第八章1. 彼得斯的第二份请愿书藏于PRO FO 4/1 f 419; see also Ellen Gibson Wilson, The Loyal Blacks (New York, 1976), pp. 180–81.
2. 乘客名单引自Graham Russell Hodges (ed.), The Black Loyalist Directory, African Americans in Exile After the American Revolution (New York and London, 1996), pp. 177–80。
3. James W. St G. Walker, “Myth, History and Revisionism: The Black Loyalists Revisited,” Acadiensis, XXIX, no. 1 (Autumn 1999), p. 89. 沃克尔强力反驳了Barry Cahill，“The Black Loyalist Myth in Atlantic Canada,” Acadiensis, XXIX (Autumn 1999), pp. 76–87，认为彼得斯这类人既清楚自己忠诚所在，也清楚自己有权享受自由。
4. 波士顿·金如何熬过最艰苦的那些年，这边是一个例子：见 “Memoirs of the life of Boston King, a Black Preacher, written by himself during his residence at Kingswood-School,” Methodist Magazine, XXI (1798), pp. 209–12。
5. Walker, op. cit.
6. Wilson, op. cit., p. 72.
7. Ibid., p. 21.
8. PANS.
9. Millidge to Parr, PANS MG, 15, vol. 19.
10. Ibid.
11. 有关华莱士，见Caroline Troxler, “The Migration of Carolina and Georgia Loyalists to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick,” Ph. D. dissertation (UMI edns, Michigan, 1974), p. 134.
12. 帕尔致卡尔顿的信，5th October 1782, PRO FO 3/ 为保皇党……提供食品；Mary Louise Clifford, From Slavery to Freedom: Black Loyalists after the American Revolution (Jefferson, North Carolina), pp. 43-44.
13. Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, p. 82.
14. See Marion Robertson, King's Bounty: A History of Early Shelburne, Nova Scotia (Halifax, 1983), pp. 64–66.
15. 至1784年1月，谢尔本的人口为四千七百，其中白人士兵一千一百九十一，自由黑人一千四百八十八，被婉称为“仆人”的黑人一千二百六十九。Robin W. Winks, The Blacks in Canada: A History (Montreal, and New Haven, Conn., 1971), p. 38.
16. Robertson, op. cit., pp. 182–85.
17. See Benjamin Marston, Journal, 26th May 1783.
18. Ibid., 4th June 1783.
19. Shelburne County, Court of General Sessions, 1784–86.
20. Diary of Captain William Booth, Shelburne Historical Society, Shelburne, Nova Scotia, transcript, p. 52.
21. 此说法源自Millidge；see PANS MG, 15, vol. 19.
22. 后据一位目击者称，在1795年布拉克去世前，布拉克府也依然很简陋。
23. Sarah Acker and Lewis Jackson, Historic Shelburne, 1870–1950 (Halifax, 2001), pp. vi–vii.
24. Marston, op. cit., 28th August 1783.
25. Ibid., 4th August 1784.
26. D. C. Harvey (ed.), The Diary of Simeon Perkins, 1780–1789 (Toronto, 1958), p.238; Winks, op. cit., p. 38.
27. “An Account of the life of Mr David George, from Sierra Leone in Africa, given by himself in a Conversation with Brother Rippon in London and Brother Pearce of Birmingham,” Annual Baptist Register (1793), pp. 478 ff, for the verbatim text that follows.
28. Ibid., p. 478.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid., p. 479.
31. Ibid., pp. 480–82.
32. Walker, op. cit., p. 77.
33. 近来对伯奇镇的挖掘（结果可在Black Loyalist Heritage Society网站找到，该网站是Canadian Digital Collections的一部分），以及伯奇镇本地的情况，都令人信服地展示了人们的居住环境有多简陋。See also Laird Niven and Stephen A. Davis, “Birchtown: The History and Material Culture of an Expatriate African American Community,” in John W. Pulis (ed.), Moving On: Black Loyalists in the Afro-Atlantic World (New York and London, 1999), pp. 60–83. 波士顿·金在他的回忆录中曾提到在“雪下了三四英尺深”的隆冬时节去树林里。
34. Wilson, op. cit., p. 104.
35. Caroline Watterson Troxler, “Hidden from History: Black Loyalists at Country Harbour, Nova Scotia,” in John W. Pulis (ed.), op. cit., p. 43. 有关盖斯伯勒县保皇党，见G. A. Rawlik, “The Guysborough Negroes: a study in isolation,” Dalhousie Review, 48 (Spring 1968), pp. 24–36。
36. Shelburne County Court of General Sessions, August 1786; see also Troxler, op. cit., “Hidden from History,” pp. 46–48.
37. Shelburne County Court of General Sessions, 5th August 1786; Walker, op. cit., p. 51.
38. Shelburne County Court of General Sessions, 5th August 1786.
39. Ibid., July 1791.
40. Wilson, op. cit., p. 96.
41. Ibid., p. 94.
42. 这些制品中的一部分，以及通过推测复原的定居者木屋，可在规模不算大、有黑人保皇党遗产协会主管的伯奇镇博物馆看到。See Niven and Davis, op. cit.
43. 斯蒂芬·布拉克于1791年7月6日向谢尔本地方法庭提交了请愿书，呼吁修缮伯奇镇和谢尔本之间的道路，方便人们赶集，尤其是在冬天用背扛或用雪橇运送货物的时候。Shelburne County Court of General Sessions, PANS.
44. Wilson, op. cit., pp. 95–96.
45. Boston King, op. cit., pp. 208–12.
46. Winks, op. cit., p. 44.
47. 例如，可见1790年4月18日有关减免济贫税的请愿书，PANB, Land Petitions, 1790, RS 108, F1037。
48. Ibid.
49. 据托马斯·克拉克森的描述，彼得斯最初就是听说了塞拉利昂计划，而Wilson(op. cit., p. 178)则指出，众所周知，彼得斯经常与克拉克森兄弟长谈。不过，鉴于不久之后，行为从来都无可指摘的托马斯·克拉克森便将此事发表在了The American Museum or Universal Magazine (11，1792)上，所以应该是真有其事，或者至少彼得斯自己是这么说的。
第九章1. 托马斯·克拉克森当时坐在旁听席，后来把这段故事讲给了什罗浦郡朗诺尔府的凯瑟琳·普莱姆利，她的弟弟是一个热烈的废奴主义者。她的日记现存于什罗浦郡档案馆，十分详细、生动地记录了1791年10月之后废奴运动的进展和考验。参见10月20日和21日的日记（第一卷）。
2. Judith Jennings, The Business of Abolishing Slavery 1783–1807 (London, 1997), p. 65.
3. Ibid., p. 55.
4. Plymley, op. cit., 24th October 1791.
5. Folarin Shyllon, James Ramsay: The Unknown Abolitionist (Edinburgh, 1977) p. 111.
6. Ibid.
7. 有关拆除现场成为庆祝地点，见Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (London, 2004), pp. 347–48。
8. Thomas Clarkson, History of the Rise, Progress and Accomplishment of Abolition of the African Slave Trade by the British Parliament, 2 vols. (London, 1808; 1836年在美国出版时，更名为The Cabinet of Freedom); Ellen Gibson Wilson, Thomas Clarkson: A Biography (York,1989), p. 56.
9. Clarkson, op. cit., II, p. 252 (in US 1836 edition).
10. Ibid., p. 251.
11. Ibid., p. 58.
12. Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837 (New Haven, Conn., 1992), p. 278.
13. Anna Maria Falconbridge (ed. Christopher Fyfe), Narrative of Two Voyages to the River Sierra Leone During the Years 1791–1792–1793 (Liverpool, 2000), pp. 24–40.
14. Ibid., pp. 24–40.
15. 例如，他曾为朗诺尔的普莱姆利一家做过，据凯瑟琳，咖啡“闻起来特别好”。
16. PRO CO 217/63; Ellen Gibson Wilson, The Loyal Blacks (New York, 1976), p. 186.
17. Ellen Gibson Wilson所著的John Clarkson and the African Adventure (London, 1980, pp.15–42)当中，详细罗列了约翰·克拉克森本有可能见证及参与的海战。
18. Ibid., p. 30. 此事发生于1779年11月，当时约翰·克拉克森在“普洛塞庇娜号”上服役，正在蒙特色拉特岛附近。
19. Ibid., p. 53; Plymley, op. cit., SRO 567.
20. Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, pp. 186–87.
21. 托马斯·克拉克森对约翰的教导，产生了18世纪末最棒的自白式文件之一，也就是约翰的三卷日记：“Mission to America” (JCAM) 和“Mission to Africa” (JCAF)。其后代梅纳德家族存有一套全稿，曾被Ellen Gibson Wilson在她那本接触的历史著作中引用(op. cit., Loyal Blacks)。他的女儿们为前两卷制作了两本复制本，其中一份被妥善保存在NYHS，也是我这本书后面几章内容的主要参考资料。还有一本复制本存于伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校图书馆。第三卷有很大一部分曾刊登于Sierra Leone Studies, 8 (1927)。
22. 托马斯·克拉克森致约翰·克拉克森的信，28th August 1791, Clarkson Papers, BL Add. MS 1262A, vol. 1, 41262–41267。
23. Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, p. 198; 威尔伯福斯致克拉克森的信，8th August 1791, Clarkson Papers, BL Add. MSS 41, 262A。
24. John Clarkson, “Mission to America” (以下简称JCAM), MS, NYHS, 6th October 1791.
25. 该指示被抄录在JCAM中。
26. Ibid., pp. 47–48.
27. Ibid., pp. 51 ff.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. James W. St G. Walker, The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone 1783–1870 (Halifax, 1976), p 84.
31. “Memoirs of the life of Boston King, a Black Preacher, written by himself during his residence at Kingswood-School,” Methodist Magazine, XXI (1798), p. 213.
32. JCAM, p. 41.
33. Ibid., p. 57.
34. Ibid., p. 65.
35. Ibid., pp. 65–82.
36. Ibid., p. 82.
37. Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, p. 217.
38. Ibid., pp. 95–96.
39. Ibid., pp. 86–87.
40. Ibid., p. 93.
41. Ibid., p. 204.
42. JCAM, p. 113.
43. Ibid., p. 186.
44. Ibid., pp. 136–37; 克拉克森在日志中写道，自己在温莎路上看到的“毫无规律的自然景色”要比“艺术里那种生硬、有规律的美”高级得多——专门花时间来谈论这种平常事，可见克拉克森有多浪漫。
45. Ibid., p. 198.
46. Ibid., p. 131.
47. Wilson, op. cit., p. 217.
48. Wilson, op. cit., pp. 191–92.
49. Falconbridge, op. cit., pp. 54 ff.
50. Falconbridge, pp. 53–68, 69.
51. Sharp Papers, NYHS.
52. Falconbridge, op. cit., p. 69.
53. Prince Hoare, The Memoirs of Granville Sharp Esq. Composed from his own Manuscripts, 2 vols. (London, 1828), II, p. 167.
54. 克拉克森致威尔伯福斯的信，27th November 1791, Clarkson Papers, BL Add. MSS。
55. JCAM, pp. 188–89.
56. Ibid., p. 247.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid., p. 262.
59. Ibid., p. 250.
60. Ibid., p. 290.
61. Ibid., p. 341.
62. Ibid., pp. 387 ff.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid., p. 203.
65. Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, p. 224.
66. Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, p. 226.
67. Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, p. 228.
第十章1. 有关航行的实际情况和克拉克森自己的身体状况，均参考了其日记的续篇“Mission to America” (JCAM)。他生了重病后，私人日志基本上变成了简略的航海日志，不过里面倒是有许多气象和海洋状况的生动记录。身体好一些后，克拉克森只能根据他人所述，来了解自己身上究竟发生了什么，这些人包括他的医生萨缪尔·威克姆、查尔斯·泰勒，以及——直到其去世前——“卢克丽霞号”的船长乔纳森·考芬上校。
2. “Memoirs of the life of Boston King, a Black Preacher, written by himself during his residence at Kingswood-School,” Methodist Magazine, XXI (1798), pp. 262–63.
3. Ellen Gibson Wilson, John Clarkson and the African Adventure (London, 1980), p. 76.
4. JCAM, p. 417. 克拉克森根据考芬在去世前的讲述，拼凑出了1月29日所发生事件的全部经过。
5. Ibid., p. 422.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., p. 430.
8. Ibid., p. 433.
9. Ibid., p. 436.
10. “An Account of the life of Mr David George, from Sierra Leone in Africa, given by himself in a Conversation with Brother Rippon in London and Brother Pearce of Birmingham,” Annual Baptist Register (1793), pp. 483–84.
第十一章1. 圣歌的确认和描述，来自J. B. Elliott, Lady Huntingdon's Connexion in Sierra Leone: A Narrative of its History and Present State (London, 1851), pp. 14–15; Elliott则是听他父亲Anthony Elliott讲的（1792年3月时，他已十三岁）。See also Christopher Fyfe, Sierra Leone Inheritance (Oxford, 1964), p. 120; Ellen Gibson Wilson, The Loyal Blacks (New York, 1976), p. 233.
2. Mary Louise Clifford, From Slavery to Freedom: Black Loyalists after the American Revolution (Jefferson, North Carolina), p. 25.
3. John Clarkson's journal, vol. I, “Mission to America” (JCAM), 24th March 1792; 弗兰克·彼得斯后带着妻子南希和他母亲回到了老家，但因被指控从事巫术，最后还是回到了弗里敦生活。
4. Ibid., p. 452.
5. Ibid., p. 446.
6. Ibid., p. 447.
7. Ellen Gibson Wilson, John Clarkson and the African Adventure (London, 1980), pp. 79–80.
8. Ibid., p. 80.
9. JCAM, p. 455.
10. Ibid., p. 458.
11. Ibid., p. 461.
12. Ibid., p. 477.
13. Ibid., p. 165.
14. “Memoirs of the life of Boston King, a Black Preacher, written by himself during his residence at Kingswood-School,” Methodist Magazine, XXI (1798), pp. 262–63.
15. Anna Maria Falconbridge (ed. Christopher Fyfe), Narrative of Two Voyages to the River Sierra Leone During the Years 1791–1792–1793 (Liverpool, 2000), p. 82.
16. Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, p. 247.
17. John Clarkson's journal, vol. II, “Mission to Africa” (JCAF), p. 37.
18. Ibid., p. 48.
19. Ibid., p. 7.
20. Christopher Fyfe (ed.), Our Children Free and Happy: Letters from Black Settlers in Africa in the 1790s, with contribution by Charles Jones (Edinburgh, 1991), p. 24.
21. JCAF, p. 20.
22. Ibid., p. 21.
23. 彼得斯致邓达斯的信，April 1792, PRO CO 267/9; Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, p. 232。
24. JCAF, p. 81.
25. Ibid., p. 82.
26. Ibid., p. 84.
27. Ibid., p. 89.
28. Ibid., p. 91.
29. Ibid., p. 95.
30. Ibid., p. 108.
31. Ibid., p. 110.
32. Ibid., pp. 112–13.
33. Ibid., p. 114.
34. Ibid., p. 138.
35. Ibid., p. 145.
36. Ibid., p. 154.
37. Ibid., p. 157.
38. Ibid., p. 163.
39. Ibid., p. 165.
40. Fyfe, op. cit., Our Children, pp. 25–26，其中有洋泾浜英语原文。在该书中，Charles Jones的文章也为黑人语言和措辞的特点提供了一份宝贵指南。
41. Ibid., p. 26. 原件收藏于伊利诺伊大学芝加哥的“克拉克森文件”中。
42. JCAF, p. 324.
43. Ibid., p. 325.
44. Wilson, op. cit., John Clarkson, p. 105.
45. 这是1792年8月5日的日记(JCAF II, p. 17)，指的是庭审记录，被刊发于Sierra Leone Studies, 8 (1927), pp. 1–114。
46. Ellen Gibson Wilson, Loyal Blacks (New York, 1976), p. 264.
47. JCAF II, p. 51 (21st September 1792).
48. Quoted in Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, p. 275.
49. JCAF II, p. 100 (12th November 1792).
50. Ibid., p. 102.
51. 有关两份请愿书，见Fyfe, op. cit., Our Children, pp. 28–29.
52. Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, p. 277.
53. Wilson, op. cit., John Clarkson, p. 117.
54. Falconbridge, op. cit., p. 95.
55. Wilson, op. cit., John Clarkson, p. 124.
56. Ibid., p. 126.
57. 原件收藏于伊利诺伊大学芝加哥的“克拉克森/塞拉利昂文件”中；see also Fyfe, op.cit., Our Children, pp. 30–32。
第十二章1. Clarkson Papers, BL, Add. MS 41263, ff 1–17; also reproduced in Anna Maria Falconbridge(ed. Christopher Fyfe), Narrative of Two Voyages to the River Sierra Leone During the Years 1791–1792–1793 (Liverpool, 2000), pp. 134–35.
2. Falconbridge, op. cit., p. 172.
3. Ellen Gibson Wilson, The Loyal Blacks (New York, 1976), p. 354.
4. John Clive, Macaulay: The Shaping of the Historian (New York, 1974), p. 4.
5. Ibid.
6. Falconbridge, op. cit., p. 105.
7. Journal of DuBois, 6th February 1793; Falconbridge, op. cit., p. 182.
8. Falconbridge, op. cit., p. 113.
9. Ibid.
10. Journal of DuBois, 7th February 1793, p. 183.
11. 克拉克森致杜布瓦的信，1st July 1793, BL, Add. MS 41263; Falconbridge, op. cit., “Editor's Comment,” p. 126。
12. Ellen Gibson Wilson, Thomas Clarkson: A Biography (York, 1989), p. 81.
13. Ibid., p. 82.
14. See “Editor's Comment,” Falconbridge, op. cit., p. 126。
15. Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, p. 288.
16. Falconbridge, op. cit., p. 129, n. 110.
17. 科兰卡蓬致克拉克森的信，13th June 1793, in Christopher Fyfe (ed.), Our Children Free and Happy: Letters from Black Settlers in Africa in the 1790s, with contribution by Charles Jones (Edinburgh, 1991), p. 33。
18. Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, p. 289.
19. Fyfe, op. cit., Our Children, p. 37.
20. Ibid., pp. 38–39.
21. Falconbridge, op. cit., p. 144.
22. 珀金斯、安德森致克拉克森的信，30th October 1793, in Fyfe, op. cit., Our Children, p. 40。
23. 珀金斯、安德森致克拉克森的信，9th November 1793, in Fyfe, op. cit., Our Children, p. 41。
24. Falconbridge, op. cit., pp. 146–48.
25. Ibid., p. 148.
26. Ibid., p. 150.
27. 威廉·道斯于那年早些时候回到了英国，然后在1795—1796年，当麦考莱再次休假时，又回去当了一届总督。但自那之后，无论结果好坏，断然用自己的权威给塞拉利昂打上印记的人是麦考莱，直到他1799年卸任。
28. Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, p. 319.
29. Fyfe, op. cit., Our Children, p. 43.
30. Ibid., pp. 49–50, 53.
31. “Memoirs of the life of Boston King, a Black Preacher, written by himself during his residence at Kingswood-School,” Methodist Magazine, XXI (1798), p. 264.
32. Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, pp. 340–41.
33. Ibid., p. 340.
34. Ibid., pp. 329–30.
35. James W. St G. Walker, “Myth, History and Revisionism: The Black Loyalists Revisited,” Acadiensis, XXIX, no. 1 (Autumn 1999), p. 232.
36. Wilson, op. cit., Loyal Blacks, p. 393; 有关起义的完整介绍，见PRO CO 270/5.
37. Fyfe, op. cit., Our Children, p. 65.
结束，开始1. Robin Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery (London, 1988), p. 313.
2. Ibid., p. 314.
3. Ellen Gibson Wilson, Thomas Clarkson: A Biography (York, 1989), p. 118.
4. Rosalind Cobb Wiggins (ed.), Captain Paul Cuffe's Logs and Letters 1808–1817, (Washington, D. C., 1996), p. 119. See also Sheldon H. Harris, Paul Cuffe, Black America and the African Return (New York, 1972); Lamont D. Thomas, Rise to Be a People: A Biography of Paul Cuffe (Urbana, Illinois, 1986); Henry Noble Sherwood, “Paul Cuffe,” Journal of Negro History, VIII (1923), pp. 153–229.
5. Wiggins, op. cit., p. 145.
6. Ibid., p. 225.
7. 有关夏普晚年的岁月及其去世，见Hoare, op. cit., pp. 311–21；有关他在美国的声望，见美国出版的第一本夏普传记，Charles Stuart, A Memoir of Granville Sharp (New York, 1836)。斯图尔特从第71页开始，对塞拉利昂的事业和美国殖民协会的工作、利比里亚的事业进行了鲜明对比。他认为，把自由黑人从他们自己的国家赶到利比里亚，是一种非常邪恶的行径。
8. Hoare, op. cit., pp. 275–76.
9. Ibid., p. 313.
10. Ibid., p. 315.
11. Thomas Clarkson, Interviews with the Emperor Alexander I at Paris and Aix-la-Chapelle in 1815 and 1818 (London, nd); Ellen Gibson Wilson, John Clarkson and the African Adventure (London, 1980), pp. 169–70.
12. Wilson, op. cit., John Clarkson, pp. 159–70.
13. 麦卡锡致卡夫的信，6th February 1816, Wiggins, op. cit., p. 40。
14. Stuart, op. cit., p. 75.
15. Wilson, op. cit., John Clarkson, p. 178.
16. 这个说法来自托马斯。
17. Wilson, op. cit., John Clarkson, p. 183.
18. The History of Mary Prince, Related by Herself (London, 1987), pp. 83–84.
19. Blackburn, op. cit., p. 455.
20. Wilson, op. cit., Thomas Clarkson, p. 165.
21. Ibid., p. 178, p. 255, n. 77.
22. Ibid., p. 189.
23. Philip Foner (ed.), The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, vol. 1, The Early Years, 1817–1849 (New York, 1950), p. 230.
24. 有关哈钦森四重唱组合的巡回表演，以及道格拉斯在“坎布里亚号”上、在英国期间，他们扮演了怎么样的角色，参见J. W. Hutchinson (ed. Charles E. Mann), Story of the Hutchinsons (Tribe of Jesse) (Boston, 1896), pp. 142 ff。
25. 道格拉斯致加里森的信，1st September 1845, Foner, op. cit., p. 115。
26. Ibid., p. 117.
27. Hutchinson, op. cit., pp. 146–47.
28. Foner, op. cit., p. 12.
29. Ibid., pp. 231–32.
30. Ibid., p. 207.
31. Ibid., p. 23.
32. Ibid., p. 171.
33. Ibid., p. 235.