[1]2002年1月31日与Dr. David Aronson的私人通信，2002年9月9日与Dr. Robert Shope的私人通信。
[2]Niall Johnson and Juergen Mueller, “Updating the Accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918—1920 ‘Spanish’ Influenza Pandemic,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine（2002）, 105—115.
[3]Sherwin Nuland, How We Die（1993）, 202.
[4]Kenneth M. Ludmerer, Learning to Heal: The Development of American Medical Education（1985）, 113.
[5]William James, “Great Men, Great Thoughts, and Environment”（1880）；转引自Sylvia Nasar, A Beautiful Mind（1998）, 55。
[6]Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Faust, Part One（1949）, 71.
第一部 斗士 第一章[1]Washington Star, Sept. 12, 1876.
[2]New York Times, Sept. 12, 1876.
[3]H. L. Mencken, “Thomas Henry Huxley 1825—1925,” Baltimore Evening Sun（1925）.
[4]有关该讲演的报道参见New York Times, Washington Post, Baltimore Sun, Sept. 13, 1876。
[5]Simon Flexner and James Thomas Flexner, William Henry Welch and the Heroic Age of American Medicine（1941）, 237.
[6]Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind（1997）, 56.
[7]转引自Charles-Edward Amory Winslow, The Conquest of Epidemic Disease: A Chapter in the History of Ideas（1943）, 63。
[8]有关该理论的讨论参见Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind, 42—66，全书下同。
[9]同上，77。
[10]Vivian Nutton, “Humoralism,” in Companion Encyclopedia to the History of Medicine（1993）.
[11]转引自Winslow, Conquest of Epidemic Disease, 126。
[12]同上，142。
[13]同上，59。
[14]转引自Milton Rosenau于1934年在美国细菌学家协会所作的主席演说，Rosenau文档，UNC。
[15]更精彩的评论参见Richard Shryock, The Development of Modern Medicine，第二版（1947）, 30—31。
[16]同上，4。
[17]Charles Rosenberg, “The Therapeutic Revolution,” in Explaining Epidemics and Other Studies in the History of Medicine（1992）, 13—14.
[18]同上，9—27，全书下同。
[19]Benjamin Coates的实验记录本，转引自上书17。
[20]作者与Steven Rosenberg的私人通信。
[21]转引自Richard Shryock, American Medical Research（1947）, 7。
[22]John Harley Warner, Against the Spirit of the System: The French Impulse in Nineteenth-Century American Medicine（1998）, 4.
[23]同上，183—184。
[24]参见Richard Walter, S. Weir Mitchell, M. D., Neurologist: A Medical Biography（1970）, 202—222。
[25]Winslow, Conquest of Epidemic Disease, 296.
[26]转引自Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine（1982）, 55。
[27]Charles Rosenberg, Explaining Epidemics and Other Studies in the History of Medicine（1992）, 14.
[28]Thomsonian Recorder（1832）, 89；转引自Charles Rosenberg, The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866（1962）, 70—71。
[29]John Harley Warner, “The Fall and Rise of Professional Mystery.” in The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine（1992）, 117.
[30]转引自Rosenberg, Cholera Years, 70—71。
[31]John King, “The Progress of Medical Reform,” Western Medical Reformer（1846）；转引自Warner, “The Fall and Rise of Professional Mystery.” 113。
[32]Burton J. Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America（1976）, 33.
[33]Shryock, Development of Modern Medicine, 264.
[34]Ludmerer, Learning to Heal, 10, 11, 23, 168.
[35]Rosenberg, “The Therapeutic Revolution,” 9—27，全书下同。
[36]Bledstein, Culture of Professionalism, 33.
[37]转引自Donald Fleming, William Welch and the Rise of American Medicine（1954）, 8。
[38]Edwin Layton, The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession（1971）, 3.
[39]Ludmerer, Learning to Heal, 37（re: Harvard）, 12（re: Michigan）.
[40]转引自上书，25。
[41]同上，37。
[42]同上，48。
[43]Bledstein, Culture of Professionalism, 275—276.
[44]Ludmerer, Learning to Heal, 15.
[45]同上，25。
[46]James Thomas Flexner, An American Saga: The Story of Helen Thomas and Simon Flexner（1984）, 125；参见上书，294。
[47]Benjamin Gilman，转引自Flexner, American Saga, 125。
第二章[1]Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch, 3—8，全书下同。
[2]Ezra Brown, ed., This Fabulous Century, The Roaring Twenties 1920—1930（1985）, 105, 244.
[3]转引自Sue Halpern, “Evangelists for Kids,” New York Review of Books（May 29, 2003）, 20。
[4]Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch, 33.
[5]同上。
[6]同上，29。
[7]Fleming, William Welch, 15.
[8]Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch, 50.
[9]转引自上书，49。
[10]同上，62—63。
[11]Shryock, Development of Modern Medicine, 206.
[12]Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch, 64，亦见71。
[13]同上，62。
[14]同上，76。
[15]Thomas Bonner, American Doctors and German Universities: A Chapter in International Intellectual Relations, 1870—1914（1963）, 23.
[16]Welch给父亲的信，March 21, 1876, WP。
[17]Welch给继母的信，March 26, 1877, WP。
[18]Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch, 83.
[19]Welch给父亲的信，Oct. 18, 1876, WP。
[20]Welch给父亲的信，Feb. 25, 1877, WP。
[21]Welch给父亲的信，Oct. 18, 1876, WP。
[22]Welch给父亲的信，Sept. 23, 1877, WP。
[23]转引自Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch, 87。
[24]转引自Shryock, Development of Modern Medicine, 181—182。
[25]转引自上书，182。
[26]转引自Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch, 93。
[27]同上，106。
[28]同上，112。
[29]同上。
第三章[1]同上，70。
[2]转引自上书，117。
[3]John Duffy, A History of Public Health in New York City 1866—1966（1974）, 113.
[4]更多酶理论参见Phyllis Allen Richmond, “Some Variant Theories in Opposition to the Germ Theory of Disease,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences（1954）, 295。
[5]Paul De Kruif, Microbe Hunters（1939）, 130.
[6]Charles Chapin, “The Present State of the Germ Theory of Disease,” Fists Fund奖论文（1885），未标页码，Chapin文档，罗德岛历史学会。
[7]Michael Osborne, “French Military Epidemiology and the Limits of the Laboratory: The Case of Louis-Felix-Achille Kelsch,”转引自Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams, eds., The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine（1992）, 203。
[8]Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch，参见128—132。
[9]Welch给继母的信，April 3, 1884, WP。
[10]同上。
[11]Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch, 136，亦见153。
[12]根据Dr. Allen Freeman，转引自上书，170。
[13]Welch给父亲的信，Jan. 25, 1885, WP。
[14]Florence Sabin, Franklin Paine Mall: The Story of a Mind（1934）, 70.
[15]Sabin, Franklin Paine Mall, 24.
[16]Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch, 225.
[17]Sabin, Franklin Paine Mall, 112.
[18]同上。
[19]Martha Sternberg, George Sternberg: A Biography（1925），参见5, 68, 279, 285.
[20]一则与Dr. Steven Rosenberg有关的轶闻，July 1991。
[21]Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch, 165.
[22]同上，151。
[23]同上，230。
[24]同上，165。
[25]John Fulton, Harvey Cushing（1946）, 118.
第四章[1]Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch, 222.
[2]Ludmerer, Learning to Heal, 53.
[3]Fulton, Harvey Cushing, 121.
[4]Shryock, Unique Influence of Johns Hopkins, 8.
[5]转引自Ludmerer, Learning to Heal, 75。
[6]Shryock, Unique Influence, 20.
[7]Michael Bliss, William Osler: A Life in Medicine（1999）, 216.
[8]Bonner, American Doctors and German Universities, 99.
[9]William G. MacCallum, William Stewart Halsted（1930）, 212.
[10]Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch, 263.
[11]Ludmerer, Learning to Heal, 128.
[12]Shryock, Unique Influence, 37.
[13]Victor A. Vaughan, A Doctor's Memories（1926）, 153.
[14]Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch, 207.
[15]Wade Oliver, The Man Who Lived for Tomorrow: A Biography of William Hallock Park, M. D. （1941）, 238.
[16]Frederick T. Gates给Starr Murphy的信，Dec. 31, 1915, WP。
[17]同上。
[18]James Thomas Flexner, American Saga, 241—242.
[19]同上，278。
[20]Benison and Nevins, “Oral History, Abraham Flexner,” Columbia University Oral History Research Office; Flexner, American Saga，参见30—40。
[21]James Thomas Flexner, American Saga, 133.
[22]同上，421。
[23]Benison and Nevins, “Oral History, Abraham Flexner.”
[24]James Thomas Flexner, American Saga, 239.
[25]Simon Flexner纪念册上Peyton Rous的评语，洛克菲勒医学研究所，1946。
[26]Corner, History of the Rockefeller Institute, 155.
[27]同上。
[28]Flexner给Cole的信，Jan. 21, 1919, Flexner文档，APS。
[29]Simon Flexner纪念册上Peyton Rous的评语。
[30]Simon Flexner, “The Present Status of the Serum Therapy of Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis,” JAMA（1909）, 1443；亦见Abstract of Discussion, 1445。
[31]同上。
[32]Wade Oliver, The Man Who Lived for Tomorrow, 300.
[33]M. L. Durand et al., “Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Adults—A Review of 493 Episodes,” New England Journal of Medicine（Jan.1993）, 21—28.
[34]Flexner给Wollstein的信，March 26, 1921, Flexner文档。
[35]Corner, History of the Rockefeller Institute, 159.
[36]同上，158。
[37]Saul Benison, Tom Rivers: Reflections on a Life in Medicine and Science, An Oral History Memoir（1967）, 127.
[38]Corner, History of the Rockefeller Institute, 155.
[39]同上，158。
[40]Heidelberger口述史，1968, NLM, 66。
[41]Simon Flexner纪念册上Peyton Rous的评语。
[42]该会议的报道见Wade Oliver, The Man Who Lived for Tomorrow, 272—276。
第五章[1]Benison, Tom Rivers, 30, 70, 204.
[2]Heidelberger口述史，83.
[3]Benison, Tom Rivers, 70.
[4]Benison, Tom Rivers, 68.
[5]转引自Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch, 61。
[6]Fleming, William Welch, 4.
[7]Vaughan, A Doctor's Memories, 440.
[8]Ludmerer, Learning to Heal, 116.
[9]Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine（1982）, 109.
[10]Ludmerer, Learning to Heal, 172.
[11]同上，参见169—173。
[12]Meirion Harries and Susie Harries, The Last Days of Innocence: America at War, 1917—1918（1997）, 15.
[13]E. Richard Brown, Rockefeller's Medicine Men（1979），转引自Starr, Social Transformation, 227.
[14]Ludmerer, Learning to Heal, 238—243.
[15]Shryock, Development of Modern Medicine, 350; Ludmerer, Learning to Heal, 247.
[16]Fulton, Harvey Cushing, 379.
[17]Ludmerer, Learning to Heal, 192—193.
[18]Charles Eliot to Abraham Flexner, Feb. 1 and Feb. 16, 1916, WP.
第二部 蜂群 第六章[1]Santa Fe Monitor, Feb. 28, 1918.
[2]L. V. Miner的资料来自1999年8月27日与其儿媳及夫人、2003年7月与其外孙女Catherine Hart访谈，以及Kansas and Kansans（1919）。
[3]有关西部尤其是堪萨斯的典型惯例的描述，参见Arthur E. Hertzler, The Horse and Buggy Doctor（1938）and Thomas Bonner, The Kansas Doctor（1959）。
[4]Santa Fe Monitor, Feb. 14, 1918.
[5]Public Health Reports 33, part 1（April 5, 1918）, 502.
[6]Santa Fe Monitor, Feb. 21, 1918.
[7]Santa Fe Monitor, Feb. 28, 1918.
[8]Maj. John T. Donnelly, 341st Machine Gun Battalion, Camp Funston, RG 393, NA.
[9]福斯顿营指挥官卢布给副官的信，March 12, 1918，福斯顿营，RG 393。
[10]Maj. General Merritt W. Ireland, ed., Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War, v. 9, Communicable Diseases（1928）, 415.
第七章[1]F. M. Burnet and Ellen Clark, Influenza: A Survey of the Last Fifty Years（1942）, 70.
[2]Bernard Fields, Fields' Virology（1996）, 265.
[3]同上，114。
[4]J. J. Holland, “The Origin and Evolution of Viruses,” in Microbiology and Microbial Infections（1998）, 12.
[5]同上，17。
第八章[1]转引自Milton Rosenau notebook, Dec. 12, 1907, Rosenau文档，UNC。
[2]Harvey Simon and Martin Swartz, “Pulmonary Infections,” and R. J. Douglas,“Prophylaxis and Treatment of Influenza,” in section 7, Infectious Diseases, in Edward Rubenstein and Daniel Feldman, Scientific American Medicine（1995）.
[3]作者与Peter Palese的私人通信，Aug. 2, 2001。
[4]W. I. B. Beveridge, Influenza: The Last Great Plague: An Unfinished Story of Discovery（1977）, 26.
[5]同上。
[6]John Duffy, Epidemics in Colonial America（1953）, 187—88，转引自Dorothy Ann Pettit, “A Cruel Wind: America Experiences the Pandemic Influenza, 1918—1920, A Social History”（1976）, 31.
[7]Beveridge, Influenza, 26.
[8]转引自Pettit, “Cruel Wind,” 32。
[9]Beveridge, Influenza, 26—31.
第三部 火匣 第九章[1]Major George Crile, “The Leading War Problems and a Plan of Organization to Meet Them,”报告草案，1916, NAS。
[2]Randolph Bourne, “The War and the Intellectuals,” The Seven Arts（June 1917）, 133—146.
[3]Arthur Walworth, Woodrow Wilson, v. 2（1965）, 63.
[4]Walworth, Woodrow Wilson, v. 1, 344.
[5]Walworth, Woodrow Wilson, v. 2, 97.
[6]Stephen Vaughn, Holding Fast the Inner Lines: Democracy, Nationalism, and the Committee on Public Information（1980）, 3.
[7]David Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society（1980）, 24.
[8]Walworth, Woodrow Wilson, v. 2, 101.
[9]Walworth, Woodrow Wilson, v. 2, 97.
[10]Kennedy, Over Here, 47.
[11]Vaughn, Holding Fast the Inner Lines, 226; Kennedy, Over Here, 81.
[12]Richard W. Steele, Free Speech in the Good War（1999）, 153.
[13]Joan Jensen, The Price of Vigilance（1968）, 115.
[14]同上，96。
[15]Kennedy, Over Here, 54.
[16]转引自Jensen, Price of Vigilance, 79。
[17]同上，99。
[18]Kennedy, Over Here, 74.
[19]Vaughn, Holding Fast the Inner Lines, 155.
[20]Jensen, Price of Vigilance, 51.
[21]Robert Murray, Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria（1955）, 16, 51—53.
[22]1952年1月27日Learned Hand作的讲演，转引自www.conservativeforum.org/authquot.asp?ID915。
[23]Vaughn, Holding Fast the Inner Lines, 3.
[24]Kennedy, Over Here, 91—92.
[25]作者与Betty Carter的会谈，April 1997。
[26]Vaughn, Holding Fast the Inner Lines, 3.
[27]Bourne, “War and the Intellectuals,” 133.
[28]Vaughn, Holding Fast the Inner Lines, 141.
[29]同上，169。
[30]Murray, Red Scare, 12.
[31]Vaughn, Holding Fast the Inner Lines, 126.
[32]Philadelphia Inquirer, Sept. 1, 1918.
[33]Walworth, Woodrow Wilson, v. 2, 168.
[34]红十字会新闻报道，Aug. 23, 1917, entry 12, RG 52, NA。
[35]Aug. 24, 1917 memo, entry 12, RG 52, NA.
[36]例子可参见the Arizona Gazette, Sept. 26, 1918。
[37]为“Influenza 1918”与William Maxwell有关Lincoln的未公开的访谈，Illinois, Feb. 26, 1997, American Experience。
[38]Committee on Education and Training: A Review of Its Work, by the advisory board，未标页码，附录，主席C. R. Mann, RG 393, NA。
[39]教育培训委员会的美国大学备忘录，Aug. 28, 1918；格兰特营档案复印件，RG 393, NA。
第十章[1]转引自Simon Flexner and James Thomas Flexner, William Henry Welch and the Heroic Age of American Medicine（1941）, 366。
[2]美国内战中心，www.cwc.lsu.edu/cwc/other/stats/warcost.htm。
[3]Victor Vaughan, A Doctor's Memories（1926）, 410.
[4]与Dr. Peter Palese的会谈，March 20, 2001。
[5]有关麻疹的备忘录，日期不详，RG 112, NA；亦见Maj. General Merritt W. Ireland, ed., Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War, v. 9, Communicable Diseases（1928）, 409。
[6]David McCullough, The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870—1914（1977）, 425—426.
[7]William Allen Pusey, M. D., “Handling of the Venereal Problem in the U. S. Army in Present Crisis,” JAMA（Sept. 28, 1918）, 1017.
[8]Kennedy, Over Here, 186.
[9]C. P. Knight, “The Activities of the USPHS in ExtraCantonment Zones, with Special Reference to the Venereal Disease Problem,” Military Surgeon（Jan. 1919）, 41.
[10]Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch, 371.
[11]Colonel Frederick Russell to Flexner, June 11, 1917, Flexner papers, APS.
[12]George A. Corner, A History of the Rockefeller Institute: 1901—1953, Origins and Growth（1964）, 141.
[13]国家研究会执行委员会会议记录，April 19, 1917, NAS。
[14]Arthur Lamber, “Medicine: A Determining Factor in War,” JAMA（June 14, 1919）, 1713.
[15]Franklin Martin, Fifty Years of Medicine and Surgery（1934）, 379.
[16]Lavinia Dock, 1909，转引自Soledad Mujica Smith, “Nursing as Social Responsibility: Implications for Democracy from the Life Perspective of Lavinia Lloyd Dock （1858—1956）”（2002）, 78。
[17]Lavinia Dock et al., History of American Red Cross Nursing（1922）, 958.
[18]同上，954。
第十一章[1]Editorial, Military Surgeon 43（Aug. 1918）, 208.
[2]John C. Wise, “The Medical Reserve Corps of the U. S. Navy,” Military Surgeon（July 1918）, 68.
[3]“Review of Offensive Fighting by Major Donald McRae,” Military Surgeon（Feb. 1919）, 86.
[4]Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch, 371.
[5]H. J. Parish, A History of Immunization（1965）, 3.
[6]Wade Oliver, The Man Who Lived for Tomorrow: A Biography of William Hallock Park, M. D. （1941）, 378.
[7]Vaughan to George Hale, March 21, 1917，医学卫生执行委员会，综合档案，NAS。
[8]Flexner to Russell, Nov. 28, 1917, Flexner文档。
[9]Flexner to Vaughan, June 2, 1917, Flexner文档。
[10]Rufus Cole et al., “Acute Lobar Pneumonia Prevention and Serum Treatment”（Oct. 1917）, 4.
[11]Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch, 372.
[12]Vaughan, A Doctor's Memories, 428—429.
[13]同上，425。
[14]Ireland, Communicable Diseases, 415.
[15]Vaughan, A Doctor's Memories, 57.
[16]Dorothy Ann Pettit, “A Cruel Wind: America Experiences the Pandemic Influenza, 1918—1920, A Social History”（1976）, 56.
[17]同上，3。
[18]John M. Gibson, Physician to the World: The Life of General William C. Gorgas（1989）, 242.
[19]Welch的日记，Jan. 2, 1918, WP。
第十二章[1]J. A. McCullers and K. C. Bartmess, “Role of Neuraminidase in Lethal Synergism Between Influenza Virus and Streptococcus Pneumoniae,” William Osler, Osler's Textbook Revisited（1967）, Journal of Infectious Diseases（2003）, 1000—1009.
[2]00.
[3]同上。
[4]转引自McLeod, “Oswald Theodore Avery, 1877—1955,” Journal of General Microbiology（1957）, 540。
[5]René Dubos, “Oswald Theodore Avery, 1877—1955,” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 35.
[6]同上。
[7]Donald Van Slyke口述史，NLM。
[8]René Dubos, The Professor, the Institute, and DNA（1976）, 47.
[9]Saul Benison, Tom Rivers: Reflections on Life in Medicine and Science, an Oral History Memoir（1967）, 91—93.
[10]转引自Dubos, Professor, 179。
[11]同上，95。
第十三章[1]Rufus Cole et al., “Acute Lobar Pneumonia,” 4.
[2]同上。
[3]例子可参见Gorgas与基地医院、格林营指挥官的通信，Oct. 26, 1917, entry 29, file 710, RG 112, NA。
[4]洛克菲勒研究所的部门科学主管的科学报告，April 20, 1918。
[5]Ireland, Communicable Diseases, 442.
[6]Cole to Russell, Dec. 14, 1917, entry 29, RG 112, NA.
[7]Flexner给Russell的备忘录，Oct. 3, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA。
[8]Ireland, Communicable Diseases, 125.
[9]Welch给Flexner的电报，April 15, 1918; Flexner to Cole, April 16, 1918, Flexner文档。
[10]Michael Heidelberger口述史，NLM, 83。
[11]同上。
[12]Rufus Cole, “Prevention of Pneumonia,” JAMA（Aug.1918）, 634.
[13]W. David Parsons, “The Spanish Lady and the Newfoundland Regiment”（1998）.
[14]Welch的日记，Dec. 28, 1917, WP。
第四部 起始 第十四章[1]Edwin O. Jordan, Epidemic Influenza（1927）, 69.
[2]F. M. Burnet and Ellen Clark, Influenza: A Survey of the Last Fifty Years（1942）, 70.
[3]W. J. MacNeal, “The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 in the AEF in France and England,” Archives of Internal Medicine（1919）, 657.
[4]Burnet and Clark, Influenza, 70.
[5]转引自Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 78。
[6]同上。
[7]Harvey Cushing, A Surgeon's Journal 1915—1918（1934）, 311.
[8]同上。
[9]同上。
[10]Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters/Armistice March 1—November 11, 1918（1939）, 233.
[11]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 85.
[12]同上，87。
[13]David Thomson and Robert Thomson, Annals of the Pickett-Thomson Research Laboratory, v. 9, Influenza（1934）, 178.
[14]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 93.
[15]MacNeal, “Influenza Epidemic,” Archives of Internal Medicine（1919）, 657.
[16]来自Policlinico 25, no. 26（June 30, 1918），转引自JAMA 71, no. 9, 780。
[17]T. R. Little, C. J. Garofalo, and P. A. Williams, “B Influenzae and Present Epidemic,” The Lancet（July 13, 1918）, quoted in JAMA 71, no. 8（Aug. 24, 1918）, 689.
[18]Major General Merritt W. Ireland, ed., Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War, v. 9, Communicable Disease（1928）, 132.
[19]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 36.
[20]George Soper, M. D., “The Influenza Pandemic in the Camps,”日期不详的报告草案，RG 112, NA。
[21]Cole给Pearce的信，July 19, 1918, NAS。
[22]Cole给Pearce的信，July 24, 1918, NAS。
[23]“The Influenza Pandemic in American Camps, September 1918,”军队办公室给Col. Howard的备忘录，Oct. 9, 1918，红十字会文档，战争委员会记录，RG 200, NA。
[24]1918年8月20日来自伦敦的信，转引自JAMA 71, no. 12（Sept. 21, 1918），990。
[25]最后的夏天报告转引自JAMA 71, no. 14（Oct. 5, 1918）, 1136。
[26]Dorothy Ann Pettit, “A Cruel Wind: America Experiences the Pandemic Influenza, 1918—1920, A Social History”（1976）, 97, 98.
[27]同上，67。
第十五章[1]作者与Robert Webster的会谈，June 13, 2002。
[2]William Bulloch, The History of Bacteriology（1938, reprinted 1979）, 143.
[3]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 511.
[4]Richard Shryock, The Development of Modern Medicine, 2nd edition（1947）, 294—295.
[5]Bulloch, History of Bacteriology, 246.
[6]Burnet and Clark, Influenza, 40.
[7]同上，69, 70。
[8]Soper, “Influenza Pandemic in the Camps.”
[9]同上。
[10]Adolph A. Hoehling, The Great Epidemic（1961）, 21.
[11]Public Health Reports, 33, part 2（July 26, 1918）, 1259.
[12]Entry 12, index card 126811, RG 52, NA.
[13]Ireland, Communicable Diseases, 83, 135.
[14]同上，135。
[15]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 114.
[16]John Duffy, A History of Public Health in New York City 1866—1966（1974）, 286.
[17]同上，287。
[18]Soper, “The Influenza Pandemic in the Camps.”
[19]Ireland, Communicable Diseases, 137.
[20]AEF实验室主管给SG的信，Dec. 10, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA。
[21]转引自Pettit, “Cruel Wind,” 94。
[22]Burnet and Clark, Influenza, 72.
[23]A. W. Crosby, America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918（1989）, 37.
[24]Burnet and Clark, Influenza, 72.
[25]同上。
[26]AEF实验室主管给SG的信，Dec. 10, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA。
[27]Crosby, America's Forgotten Pandemic, 38.
[28]来自乔治亚州格林里夫营的医学长官训练营，Nov. 18, 1918, Rosenau文档，UNC。
第十六章[1]Major R. C. Hoskins, “Report of Inspection on Sept. 30, 1918,” Oct. 9, 1918, RG 112, NA.
[2]Andrew Sellards市长的日期不详的报告，entry 29, RG 112, NA。
[3]“Influenza Pandemic in American Camps, September 1918”；亦见Paul Wooley给SG的信，Aug. 29, 1918, RG 112, NA。
[4]Boston Health Department Monthly Bulletin, Sept. 1918, 183, quoted in Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 115.
[5]Major Paul Wooley, “Epidemiological Report on Influenza and Pneumonia, Camp Devens, August 28 to October 1, 1918,” entry 29, RG 112, NA.
[6]同上。
[7]同上。
[8]“Steps Taken to Check the Spread of the Epidemic,”日期不详，未标页码，entry 29, RG 112, NA；亦见Katherine Ross, “Battling the Flu,” American Red Cross Magazine（Jan. 1919）, 11。
[9]Dr. Roy N. Grist给“Burt”的信，British Medical Journal（Dec. 22—29, 1979）。
[10]同上。
[11]Russell给Flexner的信，Sept. 18, 1918, Flexner文档，APS。
[12]Victor Vaughan, A Doctor's Memories（1926）, 431.
[13]同上，383—384。
[14]Vaughan and Welch给Gorgas的信，Sept. 27, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA。
[15]Vaughan, A Doctor's Memories, 383—384.
[16]Cole给Flexner的信，May 26, 1936, file 26, box 163, WP。
[17]同上。
[18]“Memo for Camp and Division Surgeons,” Sept. 24, 1918, entry 710, RG 112, NA.
[19]指挥官Richard给副官的信，Sept. 25, 1918, entry 710, RG 112, NA；亦见Charles Richard给军队主管的信，Sept. 26, 1918, entry 710, RG 112, NA。
[20]J. J. Keegan, “The Prevailing Epidemic of Influenza,” JAMA（Sept. 28, 1918）, 1051.
[21]I. D. Mills, “The 1918—1919 Influenza Pandemic—The Indian Experience,” The Indian Economic and Social History Review（1986）, 27, 35.
第五部 爆发 第十七章[1]“Sanitary Report for Fourth Naval District for the Month of September 1918,” entry 12, file 584, RG 52, NA.
[2]“Philadelphia—How the Social Agencies Organized to Serve the Sick and Dying,” The Survey 76（Oct. 19, 1918）; Anna Lavin, July 14, 1982，西彻斯特大学的Charles Hardy友情提供。
[3]Mrs. Wilmer Krusen的报告，Feb. 4, 1918, entries 13B-D2, RG 62。
[4]Allen Davis and Mark Hatler, eds., The Peoples of Philadelphia: A History of Ethnic Groups and Lower-Class Life, 1790—1940（1973）, 256.
[5]转引自Russell Weigley, ed., Philadelphia: A 300-Year History（1982）, 539。
[6]Major William Snow and Major Wilbur Sawyer, “Venereal Disease Control in the Army,” JAMA（Aug. 10, 1918）, 462.
[7]Annual Report of the Surgeon General of the U. S. Navy for Fiscal Year 1918, Government Printing Office.
[8]Robert St. John, This Was My World（1953）, 49—50，转引自Dorothy Ann Pettit, “A Cruel Wind: America Experiences the Pandemic Influenza, 1918—1920”（1976）, 103。
[9]“Journal of the Medical Department, Great Lakes,” entry 22a, RG 52, NA.
[10]Carla Morrisey，关于“Influenza 1918”未公开的会谈记录副本，American Experience, Feb. 26, 1997。
[11]同上。
[12]Howard Anders to William Braisted, Sept. 12, 1918, RG 52, NA.
[13]董事会备忘录，Sept. 9 and Sept. 30, 1918，费城杰斐逊医学院。
[14]Philadelphia Inquirer, Sept. 19, 1918.
[15]The Evening Bulletin, Sept. 18, 1918.
[16]公共卫生和慈善部门的备忘录，Sept. 21 and Oct. 3, 1918。
[17]转引自Victoria De Grazia, “The Selling of America, Bush Style,” New York Times（Aug. 25, 2002）。
[18]转引自Joan Hoff Wilson, Herbert Hoover: Forgotten Progressive（1974）, 59。
[19]转引自上书，105 fn。
[20]Gregg Wolper, “The Origins of Public Diplomacy: Woodrow Wilson, George Creel, and the Committee on Public Information”（1991）, 80.
[21]Kennedy, Over Here, 73.
[22]Ellis Hawley, The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order: A History of the American People and Their Institutions, 1917—1933（1979）, 24.
[23]同上。
[24]William McAdoo, Crowded Years（1931）, 374—379，转引自David Kennedy, Over Here（1980）, 105.
[25]David Kennedy, Over Here, 106.
[26]Howard Anders给Public Ledger的信，Oct. 9, 1918，其中引用了他早些时候反对集会的观点；转引自Jeffrey Anderson, “Influenza in Philadelphia 1918”（1998）。
第十八章[1]Frederick Russell和Rufus Cole的格兰特营视察日记，June 15—16, 1918, WP。
[2]Welch给Dr. Christian Herter的信，洛克菲勒医学研究所藏品，Jan. 13, 1902, WP。
[3]同上。
[4]Richard Pearce给Joseph Capps的信，July 10, 1918，格兰特营流感档案，NAS。
[5]Rufus Cole给Richard Pearce的信，July 24, 1918，流感档案，NAS。
[6]Joseph Capps, “Measures for the Prevention and Control of Respiratory Disease,” JAMA（Aug. 10, 1918）, 448.
[7]Chicago Tribune, Oct. 9, 1918.
[8]George Soper, M. D., “The Influenza Pandemic in the Camps,”日期不详的报告草案，entry 29, RG 112, NA。
[9]格兰特营流行病学家A. Kovinsky给SG的报告，Sept. 4, 1918, entry 31, RG 112, NA。
[10]转引自Kovinsky给SG的报告，Nov. 5, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA。
[11]Charles Hagadorn, Sept. 20, 1918, entry 29, box 383, RG 112, NA.
[12]Kovinsky给SG的报告，Nov. 5, 1918。
[13]“Bulletin of the Base Hospital,”格兰特营，Sept. 28, 1918, RG 112, NA。
[14]“Bulletin of the Base Hospital,” Oct. 3 and Oct. 4, 1918, RG 112, NA.
[15]同上。
[16]“Bulletin of the Base Hospital,” Oct. 6, 1918, RG 112, NA.
[17]明尼苏达州卫生部执行长官Dr. H. M. Bracken, Oct. 1, 1918, entry 31, RG 112, NA。
[18]Victor Vaughan, A Doctor's Memories, 425.
[19]参见来自副官的电报，Oct. 3, 1918, RG 92。
[20]“Analysis of the Course and Intensity of the Epidemic in Army Camps,”未标页码、日期不详的报告，4, entry 29, RG 112, NA。
[21]Camp Hancock, Georgia, entry 29, RG 112, NA.
[22]Soper, “The Influenza-Pneumonia Pandemic in the American Army Camps, September and October 1918,” Science（Nov. 8, 1918）, 451.
[23]Stone给Warren Longcope的信，July 30, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA。
[24]Alfred Gray, “Anti-pneumonia Serum（Kyes'）in the Treatment of Pneumonia,” entry 29, RG 112, NA.
[25]Maj. General Merritt W. Ireland, ed., Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War, v. 9, Communicable Diseases（1928）, 448.
[26]“Bulletin of the Base Hospital,” Oct. 7 and 8, 1918, RG 112, NA.
[27]“Bulletin of the Base Hospital,” Oct. 3 and 4, 1918, RG 112, NA.
[28]Chicago Tribune, Oct. 7, 1918.
[29]“Bulletin of the Base Hospital,” Oct. 5, 1918, RG 112, NA.
[30]George Soper, “The Influenza-Pneumonia Pandemic in the American Army Camps, September and October 1918,” Science（Nov. 8, 1918）, 451.
第十九章[1]访问护士协会备忘录，Oct. and Nov., 1918，宾夕法尼亚大学护理学研究中心。
[2]Selma Epp，关于“Influenza 1918”未公开的会谈记录副本，American Experience, Feb. 28, 1997。
[3]Public Health Reports 33, part 2, （July 26, 1918）, 1252.
[4]Public Ledger, Oct. 8, 1918.
[5]Anna Milani，关于“Influenza 1918”未公开的会谈记录副本，American Experience, Feb. 28, 1997。
[6]Clifford Adams口述史，June 3, 1982，由西彻斯特大学的Charles Hardy提供。
[7]Anna Lavin口述史，June 3, 1982, Charles Hardy的口述史磁带。
[8]Michael Donohue，关于“Influenza 1918”未公开的会谈记录副本，American Experience interview, Feb. 28, 1997。
[9]Louise Apuchase, June 3, 1982, Charles Hardy的口述史磁带，June 24, 1982。
[10]Clifford Adams, Charles Hardy的口述史磁带，June 3, 1982。
[11]North American, Oct. 7, 1918.
[12]Isaac Starr, “Influenza in 1918: Recollections of the Epidemic in Philadelphia,” Annals of Internal Medicine（1976）, 517.
[13]夹在流行病剪贴簿上未经确证的报纸，Dec. 29, 1918，费城医师协会图书馆。
[14]Public Health Reports, Sept. 13, 1918, 1554.
[15]同上，Sept. 20, 1918, 1599。
[16]Charles Scott to William Walling, Oct. 1, 1918, RG 200, NA.
[17]Starr, “Influenza in 1918,” 517.
[18]同上，518。
第六部 瘟疫 第二十章[1]Edwin O. Jordan, Epidemic Influenza（1927）, 260, 263.
[2]Maj. General Merritt W. Ireland, ed., Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War, v. 9, Communicable Diseases（1928）, 159.
[3]Clifford Adams, Charles Hardy口述史磁带，West Chester University, June 3, 1982。
[4]Bill Sardo，关于“Influenza 1918”未公开的会谈记录副本，American Experience, Feb. 27, 1997。
[5]William Maxwell，关于“Influenza 1918”未公开的会谈记录副本，American Experience, Feb. 26, 1997。
[6]Carla Morrisey，关于“Influenza 1918”未公开的会谈记录副本，American Experience, Feb. 26, 1997。
[7]John Fulton, Harvey Cushing（1946）, 435.
[8]Dorothy Ann Pettit, “A Cruel Wind: America Experiences the Pandemic Influenza, 1918—1920, A Social History”（1976）, 91.
[9]Katherine Anne Porter, “Pale Horse, Pale Rider”（1965）, 310—312.
[10]Richard Collier, The Plague of the Spanish Lady: The Influenza Pandemic of 1918—1919（1974）, 35.
[11]Ireland, ed., Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War, v. 12, Pathology of the Acute Respiratory Diseases, and of Gas Gangrene Following War Wounds（1929）, 13.
[12]Diane A. V. Puklin, “Paris,” in Fred Van Hartesfeldt, ed., The 1918—1919 Pandemic of Influenza: The Urban Impact in the Western World（1992）, 71.
[13]Public Health Reports 33, part 2（Sept. 27, 1918）, 1667.
[14]W. S. Thayer, “Discussion of Influenza,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine（Nov. 1918）, 61.
[15]Carla Morrisey，关于“In fluenza 1918”未公开的会谈记录副本，American Experience, Feb. 26, 1997。
[16]Ireland, ed., Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War, v. 9, Communicable Diseases（1928）, 448.
[17]Ireland, Pathology of Acute Respiratory Diseases, 13.
[18]Burt Wolbach to Welch, Oct. 22, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA.
[19]David Thomson and Robert Thomson, Annals of the Pickett-Thomson Research Laboratory, v. 10, Influenza（1934）, 751.
[20]同上，773。
[21]Ireland, Pathology of Acute Respiratory Diseases, 13.
[22]同上，56, 141—142。
[23]Ireland, Communicable Diseases, 159.
[24]与密歇根大学Dr. Alvin Schmaier的会谈，Oct. 2, 2002; J. L. Mayer and D. S. Beardsley, “Varicella-associated Thrombocytopenia: Autoantibodies Against Platelet Surface Glycoprotein V,” Pediatric Research（1996）, 615—619。
[25]Ireland, Pathology of Acute Respiratory Diseases, 13, 35.
[26]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 260.
[27]Ireland, Pathology of Acute Respiratory Diseases, 13.
[28]Thomson and Thomson, Influenza, v. 9, 753.
[29]Ireland, Pathology of Acute Respiratory Diseases, 13.
[30]同上，76。
[31]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 265.
[32]Thomson and Thomson, Influenza, v. 9, 165.
[33]Jeffrey K. Taubenberger, “Seeking the 1918 Spanish Influenza Virus,” American Society of Microbiology News 65, no. 3（July 1999）.
[34]J. M. Katzenellenbogen, “The 1918 Influenza Epidemic in Mamre,” South African Medical Journal（Oct. 1988）, 362—364.
[35]Fred R. Van Hartesveldt, The 1918—1919 Pandemic of Influenza: The Urban Impact in the Western World（1992）, 121.
[36]E. Bircher, “Influenza Epidemic,” Correspondenz-Blatt fur Schweizer Aerzte, Basel（1918）, 1338，转引自JAMA 71, no. 23（Dec. 7, 1918）, 1946。
[37]Sherwin Nuland, How We Die（1993）, 202.
[38]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 273.
[39]John Harris, “Influenza Occurring in Pregnant Women: A Statistical Study of 130 Cases,” JAMA（April 5, 1919）, 978.
[40]Wolbach to Welch, Oct. 22, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA.
[41]Douglas Symmers, M. D. “Pathologic Similarity Between Pneumonia of Bubonic Plague and of Pandemic Influenza,” JAMA（Nov. 2, 1918）, 1482.
[42]Ireland, Pathology of Acute Respiratory Diseases, 79.
[43]Ireland, Communicable Diseases, 160.
[44]Ireland, Pathology of Acute Respiratory Diseases, 392.
[45]Ireland, Communicable Diseases, 149.
[46]Edwin D. Kilbourne, M. D., Influenza（1987）, 202.
第二十一章[1]由纽约市长任命的流感委员会调查副本，会议在纽约医学会进行，Oct. 30, 1918, SLY。
[2]E. Bircher, “Influenza Epidemic,” JAMA（Dec. 7, 1918）, 1338.
[3]Collier, Plague of the Spanish Lady, 38.
[4]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 36.
[5]Ireland, Communicable Diseases, 160.
[6]Ireland, Pathology of Acute Respiratory Diseases, 10.
[7]F. M. Burnet and Ellen Clark, Influenza: A Survey of the Last Fifty Years,（1942）, 92.
[8]Ireland, Communicable Diseases, 150.
[9]Fields, Fields' Virology, 196.
[10]Thomson and Thomson, Influenza, v. 9, 604.
[11]同上，92。
[12]P. K. S. Chan et al., “Pathology of Fatal Human Infection Associated with Avian Influenza A H5N1 Virus,” Journal of Medical Virology（March 2001）, 242—246.
[13]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 266—268，全书下同。
[14]Lorraine Ware and Michael Matthay, “The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome,” New England Journal of Medicine（May 4, 2000）, 1338.
[15]J. A. McCullers and K. C. Bartmess, “Role of Neuraminidase in Lethal Synergism Between Influenza Virus and Streptococcus Pneumoniae,” Journal of Infectious Diseases（March 15, 2003）, 1000—1009.
[16]Ireland, Communicable Diseases, 151.
[17]Milton Charles Winternitz, The Pathology of Influenza（1920）.
[18]Frederick G. Hayden and Peter Palese, “Influenza Virus” in Richman et al., Clinical Virology（1997）, 926.
[19]Murphy and Werbster, “Orthomyxoviruses,” in Fields, Fields' Virology, 1407.
[20]“Pneumococcal Resistance,” Clinical Updates IV, issue 2, January 1998，国家传染病基金会，www.nfid.org/publications/clinicalupdates/id/pneumococcal.html。
第七部 竞赛 第二十二章[1]Dorothy Ann Pettit, “A Cruel Wind: America Experiences the Pandemic Influenza，1918—1920”（1976）, 134.
[2]有关流感的USPHS会议评论，Jan. 10, 1929, file 11, box 116, WP。
[3]Welch给Walcott的信，Oct. 16, 1918, Frederic Collin Walcott文档，SLY。
[4]Simon Flexner and James Thomas Flexner, William Henry Welch and the Heroic Age of American Medicine（1941）, 251.
[5]Welch给Walcott的信，Oct. 16, 1918, Walcott文档。
[6]转引自David Thomson and Robert Thomson, Annals of the Pickett-Thomson Research Laboratory, v. 9, Influenza（1934）, 265。
[7]William Bulloch, The History of Bacteriology（1938）, 407—408.
[8]转引自Wade Oliver, The Man Who Lived for Tomorrow: A Biography of William Hallock Park, M. D., （1941）, 218。
[9]Saul Benison, Tom Rivers: Reflections on a Life in Medicine and Science, An Oral History Memoir（1967）, 237—240, 298.
[10]A. Montefusco, Riforma Medica 34, no. 28（July 13, 1918），转引自JAMA 71, no. 10, 934。
第二十三章[1]Pettit, “Cruel Wind,” 98.
[2]同上，9: 555。
[3]Ernest Eaton, “A Tribute to Royal Copeland,” Journal of the Institute of Homeopathy 9: 554.
[4]Charles Krumwiede Jr. and Eugenia Valentine, “Determination of the Type of Pneumococcus in the Sputum of Lobar Pneumonia, A Rapid Simple Method,” JAMA（Feb. 23, 1918）, 513—514; Oliver, The Man Who Lived for Tomorrow, 381.
[5]“New York City letter,” JAMA 71, no. 12（Sept. 21, 1918）: 986；亦见John Duffy, A History of Public Health in New York City 1866—1966（1974）, 280—290，全书下同。
[6]“New York City letter,” JAMA 71, no. 13（Sept. 28, 1918）, 1076—1077.
[7]1890年1月5日的信，转引自Oliver, The Man Who Lived for Tomorrow, 26。
[8]Benison, Tom Rivers, 183.
[9]Oliver, The Man Who Lived for Tomorrow, 149.
[10]Anna Williams的日记，日期不详，chap. 26, pp. 1, 17, carton 1, Anna Wessel Williams文档，Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College。
[11]“Marriage”卷宗，日期不详，Williams文档。
[12]“Religion”卷宗，March 24, 1907, Williams文档。
[13]“Religion”卷宗，Aug. 20, 1915, Williams文档。
[14]“Affections, longing, desires, friends”卷宗，Feb. 23, 1908, Williams文档。
[15]“Marriage”卷宗，日期不详，Williams文档。
[16]1918年9月17日的日记，Williams文档。
[17]日期不详的日记，chap. 22, p. 23, Williams文档。
[18]Oliver, The Man Who Lived for Tomorrow, 378.
[19]Pearce给Park的电报，Sept. 18, 1918，流感档案，NAS。
[20]Park给Pearce的电报，Sept. 19, 1918，流感档案，NAS。
[21]William Park et al., “Introduction”（整个一期都专注于实验室发现，分成几篇文章）, Journal of Immunology 6, no. 2（Jan. 1921）。
[22]Annual Report of the Department of Health, New York City, 1918, 86.
[23]1919年3月31日后流感死亡率不再列表说明。此时除了纽约，全国的大型城市中疾病已经消亡。
[24]Permillia Doty, “A Retrospect on the Influenza Epidemic,” Public Health Nurse（1919）, 953.
[25]William Park and Anna Williams, Pathogenic Microorganisms（1939）, 281.
[26]Park et al., “Introduction,” 4.
[27]日期不详的日记，chap. 22, p. 23, Williams文档。
[28]Annual Report of the Department of Health, New York City, 1918, 88.
[29]Park给Pearce的信，Sept. 23, 1918, NAS。
[30]Edwin O. Jordan, Epidemic Influenza（1927）, 391.
[31]Park et al., “Introduction,” 4.
[32]Park给Pearce的信，Sept. 26, 1918, NAS。
第二十四章[1]Smith给Flexner的信，April 5, 1908, Lewis文档，RUA。
[2]Flexner给Eugene Opie的信，Feb. 13, 1919, Flexner文档，APS。
[3]与Dr. Robert Shope的会谈，Jan. 31, 2002；与Dr. David Lewis Aronson的会谈，May 16, 2002。
[4]Lewis给Flexner的信，June 19, 1917, Flexner文档。
[5]Lewis给Flexner的信，Oct. 24, 1917, Flexner文档。
[6]参见Flexner与Lewis之间的多次通信，尤其是Lewis给Flexner的信，Nov. 13, 1916, Flexner文档。
[7]W. R. Redden and L. W. McQuire, “The Use of Convalescent Human Serum in Influenza Pneumonia” JAMA（Oct. 19, 1918）, 1311.
[8]1918年12月9日从海军处接到通知，允许出版“The Partially Specific Inhibition Action of Certain Aniline Dyes for the Pneumococcus,” entry 62, RG 125, NA；亦见于费城医师协会图书馆的流行病剪贴簿上的脊髓灰质炎部分，此处错误地认为该城使用的疫苗是按照纽约生产脊髓灰质炎疫苗方法生产的。这个特别的错误几乎可以肯定是因误解Lewis的工作而导致的。
[9]纽约流感委员会副本，会议，Nov. 22, 1918, Winslow文档，SLY。
[10]Philadelphia Inquirer, Sept. 22, 1918.
[11]纽约流感委员会副本，第一届，Oct. 30, 1918；第二届，Nov. 22, 1918；第四届，Feb. 14, 1919, Winslow文档。
[12]Thomson and Thomson, Influenza, v. 10, （1934）, 822.
[13]James Thomas Flexner, An American Saga: The Story of Helen Thomas and Simon Flexner（1984）, 421.
[14]Steven Rosenberg是学生。参见Rosenberg and John Barry, The Transformed Cell: Unlocking the Secrets of Cancer（1992）。
第二十五章[1]Wolbach给Welch的信，Oct. 22, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA。
[2]George Soper, M. D., “The Influenza-Pneumonia Pandemic in the American Army Camps, September and October 1918,” Science（Nov. 8, 1918）, 455.
[3]Vaughan and Welch to Gorgas, Sept. 27, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA.
[4]Dubos, The Professor, the Institute, and DNA（1976）, 78.
[5]McLeod, “Oswald Theodore Avery, 1877—1955,” Journal of General Microbiology（1957）, 541.
[6]Dubos, Professor, 177, 179.
[7]转引自McLeod, “Oswald Theodore Avery,” 544—546。
[8]Dubos, Professor, 173.
[9]同上，91。
[10]Cole给Russell的信，Oct. 23, 1918, entry 710, RG 112, NA。
[11]“Annual Morbidity Rate per 1000 Sept. 29, 1917 to March 29, 1918,” entry 710, RG 112, NA.
[12]Callender给Opie的信，Oct. 16, 1918, entry 710, RG 112, NA。
[13]“Red Cross Report on Influenza, Southwestern Division,”日期不详，RG 200, NA, 9。
[14]Russell备忘录，Oct. 3, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA。
[15]Maj. General Merritt W. Ireland, ed., Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War, v. 12, Pathology of the Acute Respiratory Diseases, and of Gas Gangrene Following War Wounds（1929）, 73, 75.
[16]未署名的格兰特营报告，6—7, entry 31d, RG 112, NA。
[17]同上，8。
[18]Oswald Theodore Avery, “A Selective Medium for B. Influenzae, Oleatehemoglobin Agar,” JAMA（Dec. 21, 1918）, 2050.
[19]Cole to Russell, Oct. 23, 1918, entry 710, RG 112, NA.
[20]Cole, “Scientific Reports of the Corporation and Board of Scientific Directors 1918,” Jan. 18, 1918, NLM.
[21]Heidelberger关于卫生部门的口述史，84, NLM。
[22]“Scientific Reports of the Corporation and Board of Scientific Directors 1918,” April 20, 1918, RUA.
第八部 丧钟 第二十六章[1]David Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society（1980）, 166.
[2]John Eisenhower and Joanne Eisenhower, Yanks: The Epic Story of the American Army in World War I（2001）, 221.
[3]Richard to March, Sept. 19, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA.
[4]纽波特纽斯装载码头的医生写给卫生部长的信，Oct. 7, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA。
[5]参见1918年9月25日至10月10日Richard与副官的各种通信与电报，1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA。
[6]Eleanor Roosevelt, This Is My Story（1937）, 268.
[7]A. A. Hoehling, The Great Epidemic（1961）, 63.
[8]John Cushing and Arthur Stone, eds., Vermont and the World War, 1917—1919（1928）, 6, quoted in A. W. Crosby, America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918（1989）, 130.
[9]Crosby, America's Forgotten Pandemic, 130.
[10]Log of Leviathan, RG 45, NA.
[11]转引自Crosby, America's Forgotten Pandemic, 138。
[12]同上，163。
[13]George Crile, George Crile, An Autobiography, v. 2（1947）, 350—51, quoted in Crosby, America's Forgotten Pandemic, 166.
[14]Tumulty文档中日期不详的Washington Star, box 4, LC；亦见Arthur Walworth, Woodrow Wilson, v. 2（1965）, 183—189, 462—463。
[15]Walworth, Woodrow Wilson, v. 2, 462—463.
[16]同上。
[17]同上。
[18]Vaughan to George Hale, Aug. 23, 1917，国家防务委员会文档，NAS。
[19]Haven Anderson to Rosenau, Dec. 24, 1917, Rosenau文档，UNC。
[20]Morris Fishbein, A History of the American Medical Association, 1847 to 1947（1947）, 736.
[21]Blue的议长讲演，重印于JAMA 66, no. 25（June 17, 1916）, 1901。
[22]Blue's office to McCoy, July 28, 1918, entry 10, file 2119, RG 90, NA.
[23]Cole to Pearce, July 19, 1918, NAS.
[24]Public Health Reports, Sept. 13, 1918, 1340.
[25]Blue日期不详的报告草案，entry 10, file 1622, RG 90, NA。
[26]Washington Post, Sept. 22, 1918.
[27]Washington Evening Star, Sept. 22, 1918.
[28]Blue to Pearce, Sept. 9, 1919, NAS.
[29]John Kemp, ed., Martin Behrman of New Orleans: Memoirs of a City Boss（1970）, 143.
[30]“Minutes of War Council,” Oct. 1, 1918, 1573, RG 200, NA.
[31]“Minutes of War Council,” Sept. 27, 1918, RG 200.
[32]George Soper, M. D., “The Influenza-Pneumonia Pandemic in the American Army Camps, September and October 1918,” Science（Nov. 8, 1918）, 454, 456.
第二十七章[1]转引自“Summary of Red Cross Activity in Influenza Epidemic”（日期不详）, 6, box 688, RG 200；亦见Evelyn Berry, “Summary of Epidemic 1918—1919,” July 8, 1942, RG 200, NA。
[2]Jackson to W. Frank Persons, Oct. 4, 1918, box 688, RG 200, NA.
[3]同上。
[4]同上。
[5]Franklin Martin, Fifty Years of Medicine and Surgery（1934）, 384.
[6]Lavinia Dock et al., History of American Red Cross Nursing（1922）, 969.
[7]同上。
第二十八章[1]Flexner to Lewis, July 8, 1908, RUA.
[2]Mrs. J. Willis Martin to Mayor Thomas Smith, Oct. 8, 1918，国家防务委员会文档，HSP。
[3]日期不详的备忘录，entries 13B—D2, RG 62, NA。
[4]同上。
[5]“Minutes of Visiting Nurse Society for October and November, 1918,”宾夕法尼亚大学护理学史研究中心。
[6]Krusen与海军卫生部长William Braisted的通信，Oct. 6, 1918, entry 12, RG 52, NA。
[7]Blue给Braisted的信，Oct. 7, 1918, entry 12, RG 52, NA。
[8]Philadelphia Public Ledger, Oct. 10, 1918.
[9]同上。
[10]Mayor's Annual Report for 1918, 40, Philadelphia City Archives.
[11]Anna Lavin, June 3, 1982，西彻斯特大学Charles Hardy口述史磁带。
[12]与Michael Donohue关于“Influenza 1918”未公开会谈的副本，American Experience, Feb. 28, 1997。
[13]与Harriet Ferrell关于“Influenza 1918”未公开会谈的副本，American Experience, Feb. 27, 1997。
[14]与Selma Epp关于“Influenza 1918”未公开会谈的副本，American Experience, Feb. 28, 1997。
[15]Clifford Adams, Charles Hardy口述史磁带。
[16]Philadelphia Inquirer, Oct. 16, 1918.
[17]“Directory of Nurses,”费城医师协会文档。
[18]Joseph Lehman, “Clinical Notes on the Recent Epidemic of Influenza,” Monthly Bulletin of the Department of Public Health and Charities（March 1919）, 38.
[19]引自至少三份费城报纸，包括Philadelphia Inquirer以及夹在流行病剪贴簿上的两份不明报纸，Oct. 6, 1918，费城医师协会图书馆。
[20]夹在流行病剪贴簿上的两份不明报纸，Oct. 9, 1918，费城医师协会图书馆。
[21]Philadelphia Inquirer, Oct. 14, 1918.
[22]“Minutes of Philadelphia General Hospital Woman's Advisory Council,” Oct. 16, 1918, HSP.
[23]Mayor's Annual Report for 1918, 40，费城城市档案。
[24]“Minutes of Philadelphia General Hospital Woman's Advisory Council,” Oct. 16, 1918, HSP.
[25]夹在流行病剪贴簿上日期不详的资料，费城医师协会图书馆。
[26]与Susanna Turner关于“Influenza 1918”未公开会谈的副本，American Experience, Feb. 27, 1997。
[27]同上。
第二十九章[1]Geoffrey Rice, Black November: The 1918 Influenza Epidemic in New Zealand（1988）, 51—52.
[2]参见“Reminiscences Dana W. Atchley, M. D.” （1964）, 94—95, Columbia口述史，转引自Dorothy Ann Pettit, “A Cruel Wind: America Experiences the Pandemic Influenza, 1918—1920,” （1976）, 109。
[3]发表于1917年的评述被多次引用，包括Newsday, June 15, 2003。
[4]例子可参见Arizona Republican, Sept. 1, 1918。
[5]E. Bircher, “Influenza Epidemic,” Correspondenz-Blatt fur Schweizer Aertze, Basel （Nov. 5, 1918）, 1338，转引自JAMA 71, no. 24（Dec. 7, 1918）, 1946。
[6]Douglas Symmers, M. D., “Pathologic Similarity Between Pneumonia of Bubonic Plague and of Pandemic Influenza,” JAMA（Nov. 2, 1918）, 1482.
[7]Wade Oliver, The Man Who Lived for Tomorrow: A Biography of William Hallock Park, M. D. （1941）, 384.
[8]Providence Journal, Sept. 9, 1918.
[9]许多报纸引用，例如Arizona Republican, Sept. 23, 1918。
[10]JAMA 71, no. 13（Sept. 28, 1918）: 1075.
[11]Washington Evening Star, Oct. 13, 1918.
[12]转引自Pettit, “A Cruel Wind,” 105。
[13]Arkansas Gazette, Sept. 20, 1918.
[14]报告来自重印于Arizona Gazette的Christian Science Monitor, Oct. 31, 1918。
[15]参见Review Press and Reporter, Feb. 1972 dipping, RG 200, NA。
[16]同上。
[17]转引自Crosby, America's Forgotten Pandemic, 92。
[18]John Dill Robertson, Report of an Epidemic of Influenza in Chicago Occurring During the Fall of 1918, （1919）City of Chicago, 45.
[19]The Survey 41（Dec. 21, 1918）, 268，转引自Fred R. Van Hartesveldt, The 1918—1919 Pandemic of Influenza: The Urban Impact in the Western World（1992）, 144。
[20]Riet Keeton and A. Beulah Cusman, “The Influenza Epidemic in Chicago,” JAMA（Dec. 14, 1918）, 2000—2001，注意39.8%修正了早期Nuzum在JAMA报告中的一个错误，Nov. 9, 1918, 1562。
[21]Literary Digest 59（Oct. 12, 1918）, 13—14，转引自Van Hartesveldt, 1918—1919 Pandemic of Influenza, 144。
[22]Albuquerque Morning Journal, Oct. 1, 1918，转引自Bradford Luckingham, Epidemic in the Southwest, 1918—1919（1984）, 18。
[23]Arizona Republican, Sept. 23, 1918.
[24]对比Arizona Republican, Sept. 19, 1918, to New Orleans Item, Sept. 21, 1918.
[25]参见Arizona Republican of Sept. 25, 26, 27, 28, 1918。
[26]Arizona Gazette, Jan. 9, 1919.
[27]Arizona Gazette, Nov. 26, 1918.
[28]参见全国各地不断重复播出的Vicks VapoRub广告，例如在Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Jan. 7, 1919。
[29]与Dan Tonkel关于“Influenza 1918”未公开会谈副本，American Experience, March 3, 1997。
[30]Gene Hamaker, “Influenza 1918,” Buffalo County, Nebraska, Historical Society 7, no. 4.
[31]例子参见Washington Evening Star, Oct. 3, 1918。
[32]夹于流行病剪贴簿中日期不详、未确认的资料，费城医师协会图书馆。
[33]例如，Rocky Mountain News, Sept. 28, 1918，转引自Stephen Leonard, “The 1918 Influenza Epidemic in Denver and Colorado,” Essays and Monographs in Colorado History, essays no. 9, （1989）, 3。
[34]JAMA 71, no. 15（Oct. 12, 1918）, 1220.
[35]Arizona Republican, Sept. 23, 1918.
[36]William Maxwell, “Influenza 1918,” American Experience.
[37]Lee Reay, “Influenza 1918,” American Experience.
[38]Luckingham, Epidemic in the Southwest, 29.
[39]转引自Sherwin Nuland, How We Die（1993）, 201。
[40]与Pat Ward的会谈，Feb. 13, 2003。
[41]例子参见JAMA 71, no. 21（Nov. 16, 1918）。
[42]Doaned在芝加哥作了这番声明，由Chicago Tribune于1918年9月19日发表。这个故事出现于全国许多文档中，如同一天的Arizona Republican。
[43]Parsons to Blue, Sept. 26, 1918, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90, NA.
[44]同上。
[45]同上。
[46]Associated Press, Oct. 18, 1918；亦见Mobile Daily Register, Oct. 18, 1918。
[47]U. S. Census Bureau, Mortality Statistics 1919, 30—31；亦见W. H. Frost,“Statistics of Influenza Morbidity,”公共卫生报告（March 1920）, 584—597。
[48]A. M. Lichtenstein, “The Influenza Epidemic in Cumberland, Md,” Johns Hopkins Nurses Alumni Magazine（1918）, 224.
[49]Parsons to Blue, Oct. 13, 1918, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90, NA.
[50]Parsons to Blue, Oct. 13, 1918, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90, NA.
[51]J. W. Tappan to Blue, Oct. 22 and Oct. 23, 1918, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90.
[52]“1918 Influenza Epidemic,” 7.
[53]Durango Evening Herald, Dec. 13, 1918, quoted in Leonard, “1918 Influenza Epidemic,” 8.
[54]E. L. Munson备忘录，Oct. 16, 1918, entry 710, RG 112。
[55]Gunnison News-Chronicle, Nov. 22, 1918，转引自Leonard, “1918 Influenza Epidemic,” 8。
[56]与Susanna Turner关于“Influenza 1918”未公开会谈的副本，American Experience, Feb. 27, 1997。
[57]与Dan Tonkel关于“Influenza 1918”未公开会谈的副本，American Experience, March 3, 1997。
[58]同上。
[59]与William Sardo关于“Influenza 1918”未公开会谈的副本，American Experience, Feb. 27, 1997。
[60]与Joe Delano关于“Influenza 1918”未公开会谈的副本，American Experience, March 3, 1997。
[61]Jack Fincher, “America's Rendezvous with the Deadly Lady,” Smithsonian Magazine（Jan. 1989）, 131.
[62]“An Account of the Influenza Epidemic in Perry County, Kentucky,”未署名，Aug. 14, 1919, box 689, RG 200, NA。
[63]Shelley Watts to Fieser, Nov. 11, 1918, box 689, RG 200, NA.
[64]Nancy Baird, “The‘Spanish Lady’ in Kentucky,” Filson Club Quarterly, 293.
[65]Patricia J. Fanning, “Disease and the Politics of Community: Norwood and the Great Flu Epidemic of 1918”（1995）, 139—142.
[66]引自红十字会手册：“The Mobilization of the American National Red Cross During the Influenza Pandemic 1918—1919”（1920）, 24。
[67]Leonard, “1918 Influenza Epidemic,” 9.
[68]C. E. Turner, “Report Upon Preventive Measures Adopted in New England Shipyards of the Emergency Fleet Corp,” undated, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90, NA.
[69]同上。
[70]Arizona Republican, Nov. 8, 1918.
[71]Arizona Gazette, Oct. 11, 1918.
[72]Arizona Republican, Nov. 27, 1918.
[73]Arizona Gazette, Dec. 6, 1918.
[74]Mrs. Volz, transcript of unaired interview“Influenza 1918,” American Experience, Feb. 26, 1997.
[75]Robert Frost, “Fire and Ice,”最早由Harper出版，1920。
[76]“Mobilization of the American National Red Cross,” 24。
第三十章[1]Converse给Blue的信，Oct. 8, 1918, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90, NA。
[2]Rush给Blue的电报，Oct. 14, 1918, entry 10, file 1622. RG 90, NA。
[3]Blue给Converse的信，Oct. 10, 1918, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90。
[4]Rush给Blue的电报，Oct. 14, 1918, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90, NA。
[5]Report, Oct. 22, 1918, box 688, RG 200, NA.
[6]与Carla Morrisey“Influenza 1918”未公开会谈的副本，American Experience, Feb. 26, 1997。
[7]例子参见JAMA 71, no. 17（Oct. 26 1918）: 1412, 1413。
[8]James Back, M. D., JAMA 71 no. 23, （Dec. 7, 1918）, 1945.
[9]Thomas C. Ely, M. D. ，给编辑的信，JAMA 71, no. 17, （Oct. 26, 1918）: 1430。
[10]D. M. Cowie and P. W. Beaven, “Nonspecific Protein Therapy in Influenzal Pneumonia,” JAMA（April 19, 1919）, 1170.
[11]F. B. Bogardus, “Influenza Pneumonia Treated by Blood Transfusion,” New York Medical Journal（May 3, 1919）, 765.
[12]W. W. G. MacLachlan and W. J. Fetter, “Citrated Blood in Treatment of Pneumonia Following Influenza,” JAMA（Dec. 21, 1918）, 2053.
[13]David Thomson and Robert Thomson, Annals of the Pickett-Thomson Research Laboratory v. 10, Influenza（1934）, 1287.
[14]T. A. McCann, “Homeopathy and Influenza,” The Journal of the American Institute for Homeopathy（May 1921）.
[15]T. Anastassiades, “Autoserotherapy in Influenza,” Grece Medicale, reported in JAMA（June 1919）, 1947.
[16]转引自Thomson and Thomson, Influenza, v. 10, 1287。
[17]“Paris Letter,” Oct. 3, 1918, in JAMA 71, no. 19（Nov. 9, 1918）.
[18]转引自Van Hartesveldt, 1918—1919 Pandemic of Influenza, 82。
[19]Arizona Gazette, Nov. 26, 1918.
[20]此处所有内容以标题“Propaganda for Reform”再发表于JAMA 71, no. 21 （Nov. 23, 1918）, 1763。
[21]Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Jan. 3, 1919.
[22]纽约城内外大量的文档，例子参见费城Public Ledger, Oct. 18, 1918。
[23]John Kolmer, M. D., “Paper Given at the Philadelphia County Medical Society Meeting, Oct. 23, 1918,” Pennsylvania Medical Journal（Dec. 1918）, 181.
[24]George Whipple, “Current Comment, Vaccines in Influenza,” JAMA（Oct. 19, 1918）, 1317.
[25]Egbert Fell, “Postinfluenzal Psychoses,” JAMA（June 7, 1919）, 1658.
[26]E. A. Fennel, “Prophylactic Inoculation against Pneumonia,” JAMA（Dec. 28, 1918）, 2119.
[27]Major G. R. Callender to Dr. W. B. Holden, Oct. 7, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA.
[28]公共卫生部执行部长给营地及分部的信，Oct. 25, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA。
[29]Editorial, JAMA 71, no. 17（Oct. 26, 1918）, 1408.
[30]Editorial, JAMA 71, no. 19（Nov. 9, 1918）, 1583.
[31]Fincher, “America's Rendezvous,” 134.
[32]Friedlander et al., “The Epidemic of Influenza at Camp Sherman” JAMA（Nov. 16, 1918）, 1652.
[33]同上。
[34]Engineering News-Record 82（1919）, 787，转引自Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 453。
[35]Kilpatrick给FC Monroe的信，Aug. 7, 1919；亦见Mrs. Nichols, “Report of Expedition,” July 21, 1919, RG 200。
[36]U. S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, “Influenza in Alaska”（1919）.
[37]W. I. B. Beveridge, Influenza: The Last Great Plague: An Unfinished Story of Discovery（1977）, 31.
[38]美国国会参议院拨款委员会，“Influenza in Alaska”。
[39]Mrs. Nichols, “Report of Expedition.”
[40]同上。
[41]同上。
[42]Eileen Pettigrew, The Silent Enemy: Canada and the Deadly Flu of 1918（1983）, 28.
[43]同上，31。
[44]Richard Collier, The Plague of the Spanish Lady: The Influenza Pandemic of 1918—1919（1974）, 300.
[45]Pettigrew, Silent Enemy, 30.
[46]同上，33。
[47]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 251.
[48]Van Hartesveldt, 1918—1919 Pandemic of Influenza, 25.
[49]Fincher, “America's Rendezvous,” 134.
[50]Pierre Lereboullet, La grippe, clinique, prophylaxie, traitement（1926）, 33，转引自Diane A. V. Puklin, “Paris,” in Van Hartesveldt, 1918—1919 Pandemic of Influenza, 77。
[51]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 227.
[52]Crosby, America's Forgotten Pandemic, 234.
[53]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 204—205.
[54]Thomson and Thomson, Influenza, v. 9, 165.
[55]“Rio de Janeiro Letter,” JAMA 72 no. 21, May 24, 1919, 1555.
[56]Thomson and Thomson, Influenza, v. 9, 124.
[57]同上，124。
[58]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 224.
[59]同上，225。
[60]Rice, Black November, 140.
[61]Public Health Reports, Sept. 20, 1918, 1617.
[62]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 222.
[63]Mills, “The 1918—19 Influenza Pandemic—The Indian Experience,” The Indian Economic and Social History Review（1986）, 27.
[64]Richard Gordon, M. D., Great Medical Disasters（1983）, 87; Beveridge, Influenza: The Last Great Plague, 31.
[65]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 246.
[66]来自Dr. Armstrong的备忘录，May 2, 1919, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90, NA。
[67]“London Letter,” JAMA 72, no. 21（May 24, 1919）, 1557.
[68]Mills, “The 1918—1919 Influenza Pandemic,” 35.
[69]同上，4; Kingsley Davis, The Population of India and Pakistan（1951）, 36。
[70]Collier, Plague of the Spanish Lady, 266.
第九部 苟延 第三十一章[1]转引自William McNeill, Plagues and Peoples（1976）, 53。
[2]H. G. Wells, War of the Worlds，在线版本，www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/warworlds/b2c6.html。
[3]George Soper, M. D., “The Influenza Pandemic in the Camps,”日期不详，未标页码，RG 112, NA。
[4]同上。
[5]同上。
[6]Wade Frost转引自David Thomson and Robert Thomson, Annals of the Pickett-Thomson Research Laboratory, v. 9, Influenza（1934）, 215。
[7]Edwin O. Jordan, Epidemic Influenza（1927）, 355—356.
[8]“Bulletin of the USPHS,” Dec. 11, 1918，转引自JAMA 71, no. 25（Dec. 21, 1918）, 2088。
[9]Dorothy Ann Pettit, “A Cruel Wind: America Experiences the Pandemic Influenza, 1918—1920, A Social History”（1976）, 162.
[10]同上，177。
[11]June Osborn, ed., Influenza in America, 1918—1976: History, Science, and Politics（1977）, 11.
[12]参见Alfred W. Crosby, America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918（1989）, 91—116，全书下同。
[13]转引自上书，106。
[14]Osborn, Influenza in America, 11.
[15]W. I. B. Beveridge, Influenza: The Last Great Plague: An Unfinished Story of Discovery（1977）, 31.
[16]K. D. Patterson and G. F. Pyle, “The Geography and Mortality of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine（1991）, 14.
[17]转引自Lucy Taksa, “The Masked Disease: Oral History, Memory, and the Influenza Pandemic,” in Memory and History in Twentieth Century Australia（1994）, 86。
[18]同上，79。
[19]同上，83。
[20]同上，79—85，全书下同。
第三十二章[1]Egbert Fell, “Postinfluenzal Psychoses,” JAMA（June 1919）, 1658.
[2]Thomson and Thomson, Influenza, v. 10, 772.
[3]G. Draggoti, “Nervous Manifestations of Influenza,” Policlinico（Feb. 8, 1919）, 161, quoted in JAMA 72（April 12, 1919）, 1105.
[4]Henri Claude M. D., “Nervous and Mental Disturbances Following Influenza,” JAMA（May 31, 1919）, 1635.
[5]Martin Synnott, “Influenza Epidemic at Camp Dix” JAMA（Nov. 2, 1918）, 1818.
[6]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 35.
[7]Maj. General Merritt W. Ireland, ed., Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War, v. 9, Communicable Diseases（1928）, 159.
[8]Thomson and Thomson, Influenza, v. 10, 263.
[9]Ireland, Influenza, 160.
[10]Ireland, ed., Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War, v. 12, Pathology of the Acute Respiratory Diseases, and of Gas Gangrene Following War Wounds（1929）, 141—142.
[11]同上，119。
[12]同上，13。
[13]Frederick G. Hayden and Peter Palese, “Influenza Virus,” in Clinical Virology（1997）, 928.
[14]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 278—280.
[15]Thomson and Thomson, Influenza, v. 10, 768.
[16]I. M. Wasserman, “The Impact of Epidemic, War, Prohibition and Media on Suicide: United States, 1910—1920,” Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior（1992）, 240.
[17]Brian R. Murphy and Robert G. Webster, “Orthomyxoviruses”（1996）, 1408.
[18]P. K. S. Chan et al., “Pathology of Fatal Human Infection Associated With Avian Influenza A H5N1 Virus,” Journal of Medical Virology（March 2001）, 242—246.
[19]Douglas Symmers, M. D., “Pathologic Similarity Between Pneumonia of Bubonic Plague and of Pandemic Influenza,” JAMA（Nov. 2, 1918）, 1482.
[20]Claude, “Nervous and Mental Disturbances,” 1635.
[21]与Robert Webster的会谈，June 13, 2002。
[22]日记，House收藏，Nov. 30, 1918，转引自Pettit, “Cruel Wind,” 186。
[23]New York Telegram, Jan. 14, 1919，转引自上书。
[24]转引自Arthur Walworth, Woodrow Wilson, v. 2（1965）, 279。
[25]Tasker Bliss，转引自Bernard Baruch, Baruch: The Public Years（1960）, 119，转引自Crosby, America's Forgotten Pandemic, 186。
[26]From Great Britain Ministry of Health, “Report on the Pandemic of Influenza”（1920）, 228，转引自Crosby, America's Forgotten Pandemic, 181。
[27]“Paris Letter,” March 2, 1919, JAMA 72, no. 14（April 5, 1919）, 1015.
[28]Walworth, Woodrow Wilson, v. 2, 294.
[29]Grayson给Tumulty的电报，8:58 A. M., April 4, 1919, box 44, Tumulty文档，LC。
[30]Grayson给Tumulty的信，April 10, 1919, marked PERSONAL AND CONFIDENTIAL, box 44, Tumulty文档。
[31]Grayson给Tumulty的电报，11:00 A. M., April 8, 1919, box 44, Tumulty文档。
[32]Walworth, Woodrow Wilson, v. 2, 297。
[33]Edith Wilson, My Memoir（1939）, 249，转引自Crosby, America's Forgotten Pandemic, 191。
[34]转引自Walworth, Woodrow Wilson, v. 2, 398。
[35]Cary Grayson, Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir（1960）, 85.
[36]Herbert Hoover, America's First Crusade（1942）, 1, 40—41, 64，转引自Crosby, America's Forgotten Epidemic, 193。
[37]Hugh L'Etang, The Pathology of Leadership（1970）, 49.
[38]Elbert Smith, When the Cheering Stopped: The Last Years of Woodrow Wilson（1964）, 49.
[39]Irwin H. Hoover, Forty-two Years in the White House（1934）, 98.
[40]Grayson给Tumulty的信，April 10, 1919, box 44, Tumulty文档。
[41]Margaret Macmillan, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World（2002）, 276.
[42]Lloyd George, Memoirs of the Peace Conference（1939），转引自Crosby, America's Forgotten Epidemic, 193。
[43]Grayson给Tumulty的信，April 30, 1919, box 44, Tumulty文档。
[44]Walworth, Woodrow Wilson, v. 2, 319.
[45]同上。
[46]Archibald Patterson, Personal Recollections of Woodrow Wilson（1929）, 52.
[47]Rudolph Marx, The Health of the Presidents（1961）, 215—216.
[48]Elbert Smith, When the Cheering Stopped: The Last Years of Woodrow Wilson（1964）, 105—106.
[49]Edward Weinstein, “Woodrow Wilson's Neurological Illness,” Journal of American History（1970—1971）, 324.
[50]Macmillan, Paris 1919, 276.
[51]Grayson, Woodrow Wilson, 82.
[52]John Maynard Keynes, Economic Consequences of the Peace（1920）, 297.
[53]“Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference”（1942—1947）, 570—574, quoted in Schlesinger, The Age of Roosevelt, v. 1, Crisis of the Old Order 1919—1933, （1957）, 14.
第三十三章[1]转引自Michael Bliss, William Osler: A Life in Medicine（1999）, 469，更多有关Osler病情见Bliss 468—476，全书下同。
[2]同上，469。
[3]同上，470。
[4]同上，472。
[5]同上，470。
[6]同上，475。
[7]同上，476。
[8]Pettit, “Cruel Wind,” 234.
[9]红十字会档案，日期不详，RG 200, NA。
[10]流感委员会主席给分支机构主管的备忘录，Feb. 7, 1920, RG 200, NA。
[11]Pettit, “Cruel Wind,” 248.
[12]同上，241。
[13]R. E. Arne to W. Frank Persons, Jan. 30, 1922, RG 200, NA.
[14]美联社电报，出现在Arizona Republican, Nov. 9, 1918。
[15]Alice Latterall给Marjorie Perry的信，Oct. 17, 1918, RG 200, NA。
[16]“Report of Lake Division,” Aug. 12, 1919, RG 200, NA.
[17]JAMA 71, no. 18（Nov. 2, 1918）, 1500.
[18]总干事给分支机构干事的信，March 1, 1919, RG 200, NA。
[19]转引自Pettit, “A Cruel Wind,” 173。
[20]John Dewey, New Republic（Jan. 1923），转引自Dewey, Characters and Events: Popular Essays in Social and Political Philosophy, v. 2（1929）, 760—761。
[21]F. Scott Fitzgerald, This Side of Paradise（1920）, 304.
[22]William Maxwell, “A Time to Mourn,” Pen America（2002）, 122—123, 130.
[23]与Donald Schueler的私人通信，July 5, 2003。
[24]Christopher Isherwood, Berlin Stories（New York: New Directions, 1951）, 181.
[25]Rocky Mountain News, Oct. 31, 1918，转引自Stephen Leonard, “The 1918 Influenza Epidemic in Denver and Colorado,” Essays and Monographs in Colorado History（1989）, 7—8。
[26]Durango Evening Herald, Nov. 26, 1918，转引自Leonard, “1918 Influenza Epidemic in Denver and Colorado,” 7。
[27]Shelley Watts给Fieser的信，Nov. 13, 1918, RG 200, NA。
[28]Kingsley Davis, The Population of India and Pakistan（1951）, 36，引自（亦可参见）I. D. Mills, “The 1918—19 Influenza Pandemic—The Indian Experience”（1986）, 1—40，全书下同。
[29]Niall Johnson and Juergen Mueller, “Updating the Accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918—1920 ‘Spanish’ Influenza Pandemic,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine（spring 2002）, 105—115, passim.
[30]同上。
[31]所有调查最终显示类似结果，例子参见Thomson and Thomson, Influenza, v. 9, 21。
[32]同上，165。
第十部 终场 第三十四章[1]Winslow给Wade Frost的信，Feb. 1, 1930, Winslow文档，SLY。
[2]Winslow给Frost的信，Jan. 16, 1930, Winslow文档。
[3]Frost给Winslow的信，Jan. 20, 1930, Winslow文档。
[4]转引自Michael Levin, “An Historical Account of the Influence,” Maryland State Medical Journal（May 1978）, 61。
[5]流感委员会会议记录副本，Oct. 30, 1918, Winslow文档。
[6]“Association Committee Notes on Statistical Study of the 1918 Epidemic of So-called Influenza”美国公共卫生协会会议提呈，Dec. 11, 1918, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90, NA。
[7]同上。
[8]流感委员会会议记录副本，Feb. 4, 1919, Winslow文档。
[9]George Soper, M. D., “Epidemic After Wars,” JAMA（April 5, 1919）, 988.
[10]Russell给Flexner的信，Nov. 25, 1918, Flexner papers, APS。
[11]转引自Dorothy Ann Pettit, “A Cruel Wind: America Experiences the Pandemic of Influenza, 1918—1920, A Social History”（1976）, 229。
[12]Maj. General Merritt W. Ireland, ed., Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War, v. 9, Communicable Diseases（1928）, 127—129.
[13]David Thomson and Robert Thomson, Annals of the Pickett-Thomson Research Laboratory, v. 9, Influenza（1934）, 259.
[14]F. M. Burnet, “Portraits of Viruses: Influenza Virus A,” Intervirology（1979）, 201.
[15]Welch在有关流感杆菌文档中的评论，日期不详，file 17, box 109, WP。
第三十五章[1]Thomson and Thomson, Influenza, v. 9, 499.
[2]上校Edwin Hirsch给SG的信，Oct. 7, 1919, entry 31D, RG 112。
[3]J. Wheeler Smith Jr.给Callender的信，Feb. 20, 1919, entry 31D, RG 112, NA。
[4]Maj. General Merritt W. Ireland, ed., Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War, v. 12, Pathology of the Acute Respiratory Diseases, and of Gas Gangrene Following War Wounds（1929）, 180—181.
[5]同上，58。
[6]同上，140。
[7]同上，144。
[8]Ireland, Communicable Diseases, 62.
[9]Edwin O. Jordan, Epidemic Influenza（1927）, 393.
[10]Thomson and Thomson, Influenza, v. 9, 512.
[11]William H. Park, “Anti-influenza Vaccine as Prophylactic,” New York Medical Journal（Oct. 12, 1918）, 621.
[12]Park的评论，流感委员会会议记录副本，Dec. 20, 1918, Winslow文档。
[13]Thomson and Thomson, Influenza, v. 9, 498.
[14]Carton 1, chapter 22, p. 24, Anna Wessel Williams文档，Schlesinger图书馆，Radcliffe学院。
[15]William MacCallum, “Pathological Anatomy of Pneumonia Following Influenza,” Johns Hopkins Hospital Reports（1921）, 149—151.
[16]Thomson and Thomson, Influenza, v. 9, 603—608.
[17]Charles Nicolle and Charles LeBailly, “Recherches experimentales sur la grippe,” Annales de l'Institut Pasteur（1919）, 395—402, Eric Barry为作者翻译。
[18]Saul Benison, Tom Rivers: Reflections on a Life in Medicine and Science, An Oral History Memoir（1967）, 59.
[19]Thomson and Thomson, Influenza, v. 9, 287, 291, 497.
[20]Welch在USPHS流感研讨会上的评述，Jan. 10, 1929, box 116, file 11, WP.评述发表于Public Health Reports 44, no. 122。
[21]Thomson and Thomson, Influenza, v. 9, 512.
[22]René Dubos, The Professor, the Institute, and DNA（1976）, 174.
[23]同上，74。
[24]Dubos, “Oswald Theodore Avery, 1877—1955,” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society（1956）, 40.
[25]Michael Heidelberger, oral history, 70, NLM.
[26]Dubos, The Professor, The Institute, and DNA, 173.
[27]同上，82。
[28]同上，175。
[29]Heidelberger口述史，129。
[30]Dubos, The Professor, The Institute, and DNA, 143.
[31]Oswald Avery, Colin McLeod, and Maclyn McCarty, “Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types,” Journal of Experimental Medicine（Feb. 1, 1944, reprinted Feb.1979）, 297—326.
[32]Gunther Stent, Introduction, The Double Helix: A Norton Critical Edition by James Watson（1980）, xiv.
[33]Nobelstiftelsen, Nobel, the Man, and His Prizes（1962）, 281.
[34]James Watson, The Double Helix: A Norton Critical Edition, See 12, 13, 18.
[35]Horace Judson, Eighth Day of Creation: The Makers of the Revolution in Biology（1979）, 94.
[36]同上，59。
[37]同上，62—63。
[38]Watson, Double Helix, 219.
[39]Dubos, The Professor, The Institute, and DNA, 156.
[40]同上，164。
第三十六章[1]流感委员会会议记录副本，第一届，Oct. 30, 1918；第二届，Nov. 22, 1918；第四届，Feb. 14, 1919, Winslow文档。
[2]与Dr. David Aronson的会谈，Jan. 31, 2002, and April 8, 2003。
[3]Lewis给Flexner的信，Nov. 29, 1916, Flexner文档，APS。
[4]Flexner给Lewis的信，Jan. 29, 1919, Flexner文档，APS。
[5]Lewis给Flexner的信，April 21, 1921, Flexner文档，APS。
[6]Flexner给Lewis的信，April 22, 1921, Flexner文档，APS。
[7]Flexner给Lewis的信，Jan. 21, 1921, Flexner文档，APS。
[8]Flexner给Lewis的信，Dec. 21, 1921, Flexner文档，APS。
[9]Lewis给Flexner的信，Sept. 8, 1924, Flexner文档，APS。
[10]Flexner给Lewis的信，Jan. 26, 1923, Flexner文档，APS。
[11]Lewis给Flexner的信，Jan. 20, 1923, Flexner文档，APS。
[12]Lewis给Flexner的信，Jan. 24, 1923, Lewis文档，RUA。
[13]Flexner给Lewis的信，日期不详的Lewis的1923年1月20日的信的回函，Flexner文档，APS。
[14]Lewis给Flexner的信，Jan. 24, 1923, Lewis给Flexner的信，Jan. 30, 1923, Lewis文档，RUA。
[15]Lewis给Flexner的信，June 26, 1924, Lewis文档，RUA。
[16]Flexner给Lewis的信，summer 1924（probably late June or July）, Lewis文档，RUA。
[17]Lewis给Flexner的信，Sept. 8, 1924, Lewis文档，RUA。
[18]Benison, Tom Rivers, 341, 344.
[19]“Scientific Reports of the Corporation and Board of Scientific Directors”（1927—1928）, RUA, 345—347；亦见George A. Corner, A History of the Rockefeller Institute: 1901—1953 Origins and Growth（1964）, 296。
[20]Smith给Flexner的信，Nov. 2, 1925, Lewis文档，RUA。
[21]Lewis and Shope, “Scientific Reports of the Corporation”（1925—1926）, 265, RUA.
[22]同上。
[23]Flexner给Lewis的信，草稿，Dec. 1, 1925, Lewis文档，RUA。
[24]Flexner给Lewis的信，Dec. 1, 1925, Lewis文档，RUA。
[25]Lewis给Flexner的信，Aug. 4, 1927, Lewis文档，RUA。
[26]Flexner给Lewis的信，Sept. 22, 1927, Lewis文档，RUA。
[27]Richard Collier, The Plague of the Spanish Lady: The Influenza Epidemic of 1918—1919（1974）, 55; W. I. B. Beveridge, Influenza: The Last Great Plague: An Unfinished Story of Discovery（1977）, 4; J. S. Koen, “A Practical Method for Field Diagnosis of Swine Diseases,” Journal of Veterinary Medicine（1919）, 468—470.
[28]M. Dorset, C. McBryde, and W. B. Niles, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association（1922—1923）, 62, 162.
[29]Flexner给Smith的电话稿，June 21, 1928, Lewis文档，RUA。
[30]Flexner给Smith的信，June 20, 1928, Lewis文档，RUA。
[31]Flexner给Smith的信，June 22, 1928, Lewis文档，RUA。
[32]Flexner给Smith的信，June 29, 1928, Lewis文档，RUA。
[33]Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine（1982）, 142.
[34]Flexner给Smith的信，June 29, 1928, Lewis文档，RUA。
[35]Benison, Tom Rivers, 95.
[36]Corner, History of Rockefeller Institute, 191.
[37]Flexner给Lewis的信，Nov. 21, 1928, Lewis文档，RUA。
[38]Richard E. Shope, “Swine Influenza I. Experimental Transmission and Pathology,” Journal of Infectious Disease（1931）, 349.
[39]Lewis给Flexner的信，Feb. 1, 1929, Lewis papers, RUA。
[40]1929年1月28日至5月23日Russell给Smith的信，“our weekly cable arrived containing the words‘Lewis well,’”每封都标有“copy mailed to Mrs. Lewis,” Lewis文档，RUA。
[41]Russell给Flexner的信，June 29, 1929, Lewis文档，RUA。
[42]George Soper给Russell的信，June 29, 1929, Lewis文档，RUA。
[43]Davis给Russell的信，June 28, 1929, Lewis文档，RUA。
[44]未署名的给Russell的信，July 1, 1929, Lewis文档，RUA。
[45]Lewis给David Aronson的信，Aug. 21, 1998, Robert Shope提供。
[46]Smith给Shope的信，July 16, 1929, Lewis文档，RUA。
[47]Janet Lewis给科学指导委员会的信，July 30, 1929, Lewis文档，RUA。
[48]“Scientific Reports of the Corporation”（1929）, 6, RUA.
[49]同上，11。
[50]同上，10。
[51]Flexner给Sawyer的信，March 17, 1930, Lewis文档，RUA。
[52]与Robert Shope的会谈，Jan. 2002；与David Aronson的会谈，April 8, 2003。
[53]Simon Flexner, “Paul Adin Lewis,” Science（Aug. 9, 1929）, 133—134.
[54]Paul A. Lewis and Richard E. Shope, “Swine Influenza II. Hemophilic Bacillus from the Respiratory Tract of Infected Swine,” Journal of Infectious Disease（1931）, 361; Shope, “Swine Influenza I,” 349, Shope, “Swine Influenza III. Filtration Experiments and Etiology,” Journal of Infectious Disease（1931）, 373.
[55]C. H. Andrewes, Biographical Memoirs, Richard E. Shope（1979）, 363.
后记[1]www.avert.org/worldstats.htm.
[2]疾病控制中心，“AIDS Surveillance Report” v. 13, no. 2（Sept. 24, 2002）. www.cdc.gov/hiv.stats.htm#ddaids。
[3]与Martin Meltzer的私人通信，May 9, 2005, and Martin Meltzer et al., “Modeling the Economic Impact of Pandemic Influenza in the United States: Implications for Settling Priorities for Intervention,”同一主题的背景材料及出版物见Emerging Infectious Disease（1999）. www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol5no5/melt_back.htm。
[4]与Michael Osterholm的私人通信，June 20, 2005。
[5]J. S. Oxford, “The So-called Great Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918 May Have Originated in France in 1916”（Dec. 2001）, 1857.
[6]同上，73。
[7]Edwin O. Jordan, Epidemic Influenza（1927）, 73.
[8]同上，73。
[9]同上，62。
[10]“Outbreak of Influenza, Madagascar, July-August 2002,” Weekly Epidemiological Report（2002）, 381—387，全书下同。
[11]Jordan, Epidemic Influenza, 73.
[12]David Thomson and Robert Thomson, Annals of the Pickett-Thomson Research Laboratory v. 10, Influenza（1934）, 1090.
[13]Burnet and Clark, Influenza（1942）, 70.
[14]与Taubenberger的私人通信，June 5, 2003。