（索引中的页码为本书页边码）
abortion 224
Abraham 74，94，163-4，165
Abu Shahrein 17-18，23
Ackroyd，Peter 168-9
Adab，battle of 136
Adda-guppi 259-61
adultery 148，179，224
afterlife beliefs 96，99
agriculture 142，211；centralized economy 139-14；grain 82；hardship of 22；loss of productivity 74；origin myth 30；origins of 13，18-22；‘The Farmer’s Instructions’81-2；tools 81-2
Ain Dara 229
Akhenaten 221-3
Akkad：empire 125-8；fall of 128-32；foundation of 110；royal entertaining 126
Alalgar 15
Alexander of Macedon（the Great）264，278
algebra 195
Al-Hillah 170-1
alien intervention 21
Al-Jazireh 211
Al-Kut 77
alphabets 247，278
Alulim 15-18
Amel-Marduk 271，259
Amorites，the 160，163-5，218
Amphictyony 78
amulets 55，220
Amurru，the，conquest of Ur Ⅲ 160-3
Anchor Brewing Company，San Francisco 83-4
animals，domestication 19，212
Antitaurus mountains 211
Anu 40，228
Anzu 29
Apsu 19，30，34，25-6，29，263
Aramean migrations 232-4
Ararat，Mount 66
archers 237
architecture，monumental 152-6
Aristotle 32，196
armies
Assyrian 234-5，236-9
Assyrian organisation 236；Sargon’s 125；size of 91，236，238；armour 236；arthritis 199
Ashmolean Museum，Oxford 15
Ashnakkum 175
Ashur 181，210，211-13，214，219，224，231，234，242-3，255，261
Ashur-Ahhe-Iddina 235
Ashurbanipal：Babylonian campaign 257；court 242；death 258；library 39，250-4；literacy 11，250-1；sack of Susa 6-7
Ashur-Dugul 219
Ashur-Nadin-Shumi 256
Ashur-Uballit 221-3
Assyria and Assyrians
agriculture 211
Aramean migrations and 232-4；army 234-5，236-8；and Babylon 210，255；biblical names of kings 235；bilingualism 248；chariots 212，237；costs of empire 235；court life 242；creation of army 234-5；descendents 207-8；divine status of emperor 242；and Egypt 221-3；empire 232-44；end of trading empire 218-21；environment 210-11；ethnic identity in 241；fall of 255-8；female seclusion 226-7；heritage 205-10，280；imperial ideology 241-3；imperial model 209，280；inclusion and equality 243；language 11；laws 224-6；literacy 249-54；location 211-12；militarism 212；military organisation 236；military service 238；misogyny 217-18，224-7，230；monotheism 231，242-3；origin of nation 210；palace decrees 226-7；religion 228-31；reputation for savagery 208-9，224-5；rise of 210，211-15，221-4；seals 220-1，229；spearmen 236；status of women 228；stock 210；struggle for dominance with Babylon 222-3；territorial expansion 223-4，239-40；threats facing 212，219-20；Tiglath-Pileser Ⅲ’s assault on Israel 235-9；trade routes 215；traders lifestyle 215-18；trading empire 213-15，215-18；tributary rulers 240；unity of empire 241-3；warfare 209；water supplies 211；weakness 219-21
Assyrian Army：archers 237；chariots 212，237；horsemen 237-8；mobility 236；officers 238；organisation 236；service obligations 238；size 236，238；spearmen 236
Assyrian Discoveries（Smith）68-9
Assyrian Prophesies（Parpola）231
astrology 197
astronomy 27-8
Atatürk 249
athletics 156-9
Atrahasis epic，the 69-70，74，75
autocracy 51
Babylon and Babylonians. see also Neo-Babylonian Empire：approach and entry 263-5；Ashurbanipal’s campaign against 257；and the Assyrians 210，255；Christians and 169；classical accounts of 169；defensive walls 262-3；earliest layers inaccessible 173；early European accounts of 171；education 187，187-95；Elamite conquest of 178；Esagila，the House with the Raised Head 178；excavation of 172-4；fall of 200，203-4；family law 179-80；final fall of 272-6；financial system 182-5；Footrace Month 157；gateways 263，264-5；Hammurabi’s legal code 3，149，178-81；Herodotus’s description of 262，264；individualism 181-2；Jewish exile in 167，170，207，260-1；Ka-Dingir-ra quarter 264-5；last king of 259，274-5；last rulers 271-2；late archaic era remains 173；location 167；Marduk-Apla-Iddina’s occupation of 255-6；medicine and medical treatment 198-200；multiculturalism 180-1；Nebuchadnezzar’s restoration 262-5；Neo-Babylonian Empire 258-61；in nursery rhymes 167-8；origin of name 167；Persian conquest of 272-6；Persian rule 276-8；personal debt 183-5；philosophical literature 200-3；rebuilding 257；religion 185；reputation 167-70；rise of 174-8；sack of Nineveh 107；science 195-200；social classes 181-2；social order 178-87；struggle for dominance with Assyria 222-3；taxation 184；territorial states 181；Ziggurats 263-4
Babylon International Festival，1988 2-3
Babylonian Talmud，the 261
Babylonians（Leick）279
Badakhshan，mountains of 49
Baghdad 77
Bagheda，Church of Mart Shmoni 205，207
Bailkey，Nels 268，271
Bala 141
Barton，George 80
Bede 137
bedouin，the 212
beer and brewing 83-4，144
Behistun 58-9，277
Belshazzar 274
Benjamin of Tudela 205，207
Berlin 173，257
Berosos 31，267-8
Beyond Numeracy（Paulos）192
Bible 137；Genesis 22，30，66-7，163，167，230，263-4；Deuteronomy 184，233；Ⅰ Samuel 92，100-1；Ⅱ Samuel 44；Ⅰ Kings 2；Ⅱ Kings 225，235，235-6，239，240，242；Ⅰ Chronicles 239；Nehemiah 4；Esther 4；Ecclesiastes 202-3；Isaiah 70；Daniel 2，4，227；Ⅱ Maccabees 205；Revelation 167
Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture，The（Cauvin）22
Boat of Heaven，the 35-6
Bottéro，Jean 59，60，80-1
brand logos 55-7
Breasted，James Henry 20
brewing 47
bricks 41；glazing 50
British Museum 172-3
bronze 50，116
Bronze Age 50；economic system 125-6；Hesiod on 114-15
Bucolium 32
building materials 41
bureaucracy：corruption 101-2；records 139-40
burial practices 94-9
Bush，George W.1-2
Cambridge Ancient History 91，163，221
camels 164，212
Cana’an 233-4
Capricorn，constellation of 28，29
Carlyle，Thomas 201
Cauvin，Jacques 22，54
cement 50
ceremonies，formal 42-3，43-4
change 45-6
chariots：Assyrian 212，237；Sumerian 91-2
Charvát，Petr 86，87
China 158
Christianity 191，279-80；and Babylon 169；reuse of pagan sites 207；rituals 98
Christie，Agatha 97
Chronicle of Early Kings，The 108，174
CIA 78-9
cities：abandonment 33，128-9，203；daily routine 79-86；death rates 32-3；divine foundation 119；economic system 84-6；foundation divinities 27；Hellenist 278-9；layout 79；names 27；rebuilding 257；satellite survey 78-9；sex and sexuality 36-7
city walls，decoration 48
city-states
confederations 78；emergence of 77-8；military forces 87-94；rivalry 78
civilization；change of model 278-82；emergence of 17-22，30-1，34-7；mathematical laws and the rise and fall of 280-1；the role of play 44-5；spread of 54-5
civilizations，decline of 280-2
climate change 39，131-2，233-4
Cockerell，C.R.15
Code of Ur-Nammu，the 148-9
common defence 78
concrete 41
constellations，the 27-8
Cooper，Jerrold 231
copper 50
CORONA satellite survey 78-9
Cowper，William 169
Creswicke Rawlinson，Henry 57-8
crime and criminals 146-8
cultural transfer 277，279-80
culture 26
Cursing of Agade，The 129-31
Cyrus the Great 3，11，137，272-6
Daniel，tomb of 5
Däniken，Erich von 21
danna houses 145
Darius Ⅲ 278
Darius the Great 111，277
dating 8-10
David 92
Death of Ur-Nammu，The 99
death rates 32-3
debt slavery 184
Delacroix，Eugène 242
Diakonoff，I.M.21
Dibarra Epic，The 268-71
Dickson，Bruce 98
diet and food 24-5，80-1
food distribution 143-4，145；recipes 80-1；sacred meals 25-6
Digital Civilisation 281-2
Dio Cassius 169
Diodorus of Sicily 278
disease 32-3，199-200
divorce 179-80，225
Diyala River 86，87
doctors 198-9
documents：bureaucratic 139-40；creation of national narrative 137-8；lexical lists 19；Sumerian King List 15-18，23，88-9，107，129，137；translation 8
dogs 144
Donohue，Anthony 25
Drehem 141
drinking songs 84
drought 131-2，233-4
Dumuzi-Gamil 183-4
Dur-Sin 126
Eannatum of Lagash 91-2，118
Ecbatana 276
eclipses 9，198
economic system 53-5；Babylonian 182-5；Bronze Age 125-6；competition 85；markets 84-5；private workshops 85-6
edin 86
education 187，187-95；accounts of 187-90；holidays 187；mathematics 192-5；premises 190-1；staff 191-2；writing 190
Egypt 221-3；building boom 41；hieroglyphs 247
Elamites：Ashurbanipal’s campaign against 257-8；conquest of Babylon 178；occupation of Ur Ⅲ 161-2；Sennacherib’s campaigns against 256
Eliot，T.S.28
Enheduana，Zirru Priestess of the god Nanna 120-4
Enil 78，136，228
Enki 30-1，37，228；tale of Inanna and 33-7
Enkidu 37
Enlil 69-70，75
Enlil-Bani 174-5
Enmebaragesi 38
En-priestesses 119-20，120
Enuma Elish 88
equality 41，51-2
Eridu 78
emergence of civilization at 17，30-1，37；god of 23-31；King List 17-18；lack of inundation evidence 71；levels of habitation 24；origins of 17-23；rediscovery of 17-18；temple 23-31
Esarhaddon 257
Eshnunna 47，78
eunuchs 227
Euphrates，River 19；burial site of Gilgamesh 38-9
Eusebius of Caesarea 268
Evetts，B.T.A 172
famine 160-3，233-4
Farmer’s Instructions，The 81-2
Fertile Crescent，the 20；Lugalzagesi’s conquest of 104
Finkelstein，Israel 242
Flood，the：Assyrian account 67-72；biblical report 66-7；as boundary marker 72；and the decline of Uruk 72-5；origins of story 67；Woolley’s evidence for 70-1
food peddlers 85
Fox Talbot，William Henry 57-8
Fravatish 111
Frazer，Sir James 175
freedom 103
Gadd，Cyril 9-10
gardens 80
Gaugamela，battle of 278
Germany 173
Giedion，Siegfried 266
Gilgamesh 94；battle with Aga of Kish 50-1；burial 38-9；misread as Izdubar 8；possible existence of 38；reign 39
Gilgamesh，Epic of：account of the Flood 68；burial of Gilgamesh 38-9；conflict with Aga of Kish 50-1；discovery of 39；harlotry in 37；translation 68
Girsu 78，143-9
glass 50，56
glory 115
Gobryas，General 273
gods（see also individual gods；religion）：of immanence 228-9；personifications of 28-31；status 118-19；of transcendence 228，229-31
grave goods 95-6
graves，Royal Graves of Ur 94-9
grazing rights 89-90
Great Goddess，the 31-7，46
Great Ziggurat of Ur：appearance 154；curves 155；dimensions 154；purpose 155-6；remains 153-4；stages 154-5
Greece：model of society 277-8；mythology 209-10；orientalizing period 209-10
grooming，male 115
Grotefend，Georg 58
Gudea of Lagash 48，132-3
Gulf Wars 208
Guti，the 129-30；expulsion of the 17；rebellion against 135-8
Gutian interregnum 129-30，135-8
Gutium 273
Habuba Kabira 72-3
Halévy，Joseph 60，61
Hammurabi 12；borrowing 183；conquest of Mari 176；dating 9；defaults on loan 184；legal code 3，149，178-81；literacy 191；successors 203
Hamoukar 73，92-3
Haran 163
Hardy，G.H.45
harems 226-7
harlotry：divinity of 32，37；dress codes 225-6
Harran 242，258-9
Hattusas 212
Head，Jacob Gifford 71
health 199-200
Hebrews，see also Jews：Benjamites 163；financial system 185；language 186；monotheism 231；move to military government 100-1；Patriarchs 163-5
Heimpel，Wolfgang 143，145
Hellenism 278-9，279-80
heritage 279-82
Herodotus 169，198，261-2，264，273，273-4
heroes，age of 115
Hesiod 114-15
hieroglyphs 247
Hincks，Edward 57-8
History of Rome（Livy）93
Hittites，the 203-4，212，219，221，223
Holy Land 233-4
Homer 115，210
Homo Ludens，a Study of the Play Element in Culture（Huizinga）44-5
honour 115
horsemen 237-8
horses 237-8；domestication 116-17
Hoshea，King of Israel 240
Hrozný，Bedrich 213
Huizinga，Johan 44-5
human sacrifice 96-9
hunter-gatherers 22
hunting 86
Hurrians，the 203，212
hydraulic civilizations 13-14
Ibbi-Sin 159，161
identity，cult of 56-7
Illustrated London News 97
Ilulu 129
Ilum Palilis 121
Imdugud 29
Imi 129
Inanna 33-7，122-3，136，229
Industrial Revolution，the 46
infant mortality 32
interest rates 183-4
International Babylon Festival 112
invalids 145
Iran-Iraq War 5-6
Iraq War 1-2，77
Irgigi 129
iron 216，219，236
Irra-Imitti of Isin 174-5
Irra-Nergal 269-71
irrigation 13-14，18，74，81
Isaiah 270
Ishbi-Erra 161，162
Ishtar 210，229，242，274
Ishtar Gate，the 173，264-5
Isimud 34-5
Isin 78，161，174
Islam：and Babylon 170；rituals 98；women under 227
Israel：Assyrian assault on 235-9；tribute 240
Issus，battle of 278
Istar 110
Jacob’s ladder 155
Jacobsen，Thorkild 28，29，51
Jastrow，Morris 172
Jericho 168
Jerusalem，destruction of the Temple 170，260
jewellery 126
Jews and Judaism 137（see also Hebrews）；Babylonian exile 167，170-1，207，260-1；Cyrus’s overtures to 275；population 170，205；rituals 98；take over of Cana’an 233-4
Jezebel，queen 239
Judaeo-Christian-Islamic tradition 231
Kabiti-Ilani-Marduk 269-71，276，282
Karum Kanesh 214-15，215-18，218，228
Kassites，the 204
Katz，Dr Solomon 83-4
Khanigalbat 219，221
kilns 48
King of Battles，The 108-9
kings and kingship 51，86；burial practices 94-9；divine 94，94-9，119，150；emergence of 87-94；instability 174-5；origins of 21；restoration of 135-8；spread of 99-104；status 118-19
Kish 78，107-8；conflict with Uruk 50-1，88-9；location 86-7；Lugalene 87-8；Lugalzagesi’s conquest of 104；militaryforces 87-9
Koldewey，Robert Johann 173
Kouros，Yannis 157
Kramer，Samuel Noah 30-1，33，148，188
Kültepe 213-14
Kurda 175
La-Abashi-Marduk 271-2
Lady of Uruk，the 42
Lagash 78，141；dispute with Umma 89-91，103-4；fall of 103-4；Urukagina’s reforms 101-4；languages 11；Akkadian 59，79，110，127，139，248，277；Aramaic 243，245-9，247，249-50，261，277；Elamite 58；Hebrew 186；origin myth 30；Semitic 59-60，79，163-4，174，185-6；Sumerian 60-1，63，79-80，139，185-7，248；Turkish 249
lapis lazuli 48-9；artificial 49-50
Larsa，78
Latin 186
Laws，The（Plato）44
Layard，Sir Austen Henry 252-4
legal codes：Assyrian 224-6；Hammurabi 3，149，178-81；Ur Ⅲ 146-9
legal compendiums 148-9
Leick，Gwendolyn 40，43，96，279
Lenin，Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov 150-1
lessons 281-2
lexical lists 196
life expectancy 72，98-9
literacy 11，190-1，196，249-54
liturgical works，Enheduanna 121-4
Livy 93
loans 183-5
London 168-9，171-3
London：The Biography（Ackroyd）168-9
looms 47
Lucian 255
Luckenbill，D.D.201
Lugal，the 87-94；transformation intokings 94-9
Lugal-Ane 123-4
Lugal-ezen 144
Lugalzagesi 103-4
Lugalzagesi of Umma 107，108
Lullubi，the 118
Macedonia 278，279
Mali 25
Mallowan，max 71，97，105，110
Manishtushu 126
manufacturing：bevelled-rim bowls 52-3；Evolution of Simplicity 52
Mao Zedong 158
march，rates of 109
Marchetti，Cesare 280-1
Marco Polo 171
Marduk 88，138，186，229，274-5
Marduk-Apla-Iddina 255-6
Marett，Robert 44
Mari 117，164-5，175-8；palace archive 176-8
markets 84-5
Mart Shmoni，Church of，Bagheda 205，207
Martu，the 160-3
Marx，Karl 159
masculine self-image，Bronze Age change in 115
mass migrations 232-4
mathematical tables 194
mathematics 192-5；algebra 195；problems 194-5
Me 30-1，34-5，37
Medea 111
Medes 258，272
medicine and medical treatment 198-200
Mediterranean，the 125
Mehmed the Conqueror 280
Memoir on the Ruins of Babylon（Rich）8-9
Menachem 235-6，238-9
mercantilist capitalism 182-4
Mesilim 90-1
Meskalamdug 95，97
Mesopotamia：battles to control 4；duration of cultural tradition 10-12；heritage 276-82
Mesopotamia，the Invention of the City（Leick）40
Metal Age 51
metal-working：alloys 50；introduction of 116
Michalowski，Piotr 46
Middle East，satellite survey 78-9
Might That Was Assyria，The（Saggs）207-8
Minsk 257
Mittani 212，219，221
modernity 55
monotheism 231，242-3
monuments，significance 26-7
Moscow 152-3
Moses 112
Mosul 205，207
motherhood，divinity of 32
multiplication tables 193-4
music-theory 195
Myth of the Pest-God Irra，The King of All Habitations，The 268-71
myths 33，113；Greek 209-10
Nabonidus 259，263，266-7，271-2，274
Nabopolassar 262-3
names 8，57，80
Nanna 120，228-9
Nanum 129
Naram-Sin 113，117-19，123，125，150，267
Naram-Sin and the Enemy Hordes 113-14
Nasiriyah 77
National Museum of Antiquities，Iraq，looting of 254
Nebuchadnezzar Ⅱ 2-3，12，170，260，262，267-8，271
Nehardea 170，275
Neo-Babylonian Empire 258-61；lastrulers 271-2
Nebuchadnezzar’s restoration of Babylon 262-5；outlook on the future 266，268-71；Persian conquest of 272-6；under Persian rule 276-8；preservationof the past 265-8
Neolithic Revolution，the 18-22，46，54
Nergal-Sharu-Ussur 271
Neville，Richard 44-5
Nineveh 242，255，261；dating fall of 9-10；discovery of Ashurbanipal’s library 252-4；head of Sargon the Great 105，107，110-11；Istar Temple 107；library 39；sack of 107；temple of Ishtar 211
Ningirsu 28-9，89-91，118，133
‘Nin-me-sara’，‘Lady of all the Me’122-3
Nippur 78，79，104，108；assembly of 147-8；Shulgi’s Round Trip Between Ur and Nippur in One Day 156-9
Noah 66，69
non-ethnicity 12
numbering systems 21，192-3
Nusku 229
Old Babylonian era 178-87
omen tables 196-8
Opie，Iona and Peter 168
Oppert，Jules 57-8
origins 13-14
Ottoman Empire 280
Oxyrhynchos 32
Paracelsus 187
Paris 172-3
Parpola，Simo 209，231，242
Parrot，André 42，164-5，176，188-90
Pasagard 276
Patrimonial States 149-50
Paulos，John Allen 192
Persepolis 276，277，278
Persian Gulf 66
Persians 258，260；conquest of Babylon 272，272-6；Empire 276-8；model of society 277-8
philosophy 200-3
pinhole-camera principle 56
place names 27-8
Plato 44，196
play，role of 44-5，46-7，62-3
Play Power（Neville）44-5
ploughs and ploughing 47，82
poetry 126
pottery 47，48；bevelled-rim bowls 52-3
praise-hymns 151-2，156-7
Prehistory，the Making of the Human Mind（Renfrew）26
priesthood，the 53
primitive democracy 51
printing 55
prisoners of war 73
prisons 145
private property 84
progress，ideology of 22-3，24，37
propaganda 220，225
Pu-’abi 95，97，98-9
Pumbedita 170
punishments 147，148-9；Assyrisn misogyny 224-5；mutilations 149，180，224
Purush-khanda 108-9
Puzrish-dagan 141，159
Puzur-Ashur 215，215-18
Pythagoras 195
Qal’at Shergat 224
Qur’an，the 138，170
raiders 86
Rassam，Hormuzd 252-3
rations 53
Rawlins on，Henry 58，67-8，253
Reichel，Clemens 73；religion 21，186，192；Assyrian 228-31；monotheism 231，242-3；paganism 258-9；totalitarian 53
religious creation 28
religious ritual 44
religious sites，location 25
Renfrew，Colin 26
reproductive pressure 33，36-7
Resh Galuta，the 170-1
retribution，law of 180
Rice，Dr David Storm 258-9
Rich，Claudius 7-8
Rim-Sin of Larsa，Isin and Ur 183，184
Rimush 125
rituals 44，97-8
Romans，cruelty 209
Royal Asiatic Society，London 57-8，59，254
royal retinues 143
running competitions 157
sacred meals 25-6
Saddam Hussein 1-4，5-6，112，254
Saggs，Professor Henry 207-8
Saladin 258
Salafi Islam 3-4
salination 74
Sargon Ⅱ 207，255-6
Sargon the Great 8，104，214，276；appoints daughter En-Priestess 119-20；army 125；desecration of statue 110-11；divine protector 110；documentary evidence 113；empire 125；establishes empire 108-10；expedition to Purush-khanda 108-9；fame 112；foundation of Akkad 110；name 107；origin legend 112-13；rise of 107-8；sculpted head 105，107，110-11；in the Sumerian Temple Hymns 122
Sasson，Professor Jack 177-8
‘Schooldays’188-90
schoolrooms 190
science，Babylonian 195-200
scientific development 45-50
spread of 54
scramble for Africa，the 172-3
scribes，training 146
seals 55-7，73，126；Assyrian 220-1，229
Seaman，Sir Owen 9-10
senile dementia 199-200
Sennacherib 235，256-7
Septuagint，the 57
settlement patterns 39
sex and sexuality 32-7
Sha’ath，Nabil 1-2
Shadunu 251-2
Shahanshah 275
Shalmaneser Ⅲ 238
Shamash 178-9，229，274
Shamash-Shumu-Ukin 257
Shamshi-Adad 218
Shara 89-91
Sharru-kin 235
sheep 141
Shekhna 128-9，131-2
Sherratt，Andrew 46
shipbuilding 144
Shubat-Enlil 175，177
Shulgi of Ur 117，148，232，276；literacy 191；praise-hymns 151-2，156-7；Round Trip Between Ur and Nippur in One Day 156-9；wall to keep out the Martu 160-1
Shulmanu-Asharidu 235
Shumi-Abiya 183
Shumi-Abum 183
Shuruppak 79
Shush 4-6
Shutruk-Nakh-khunte of Elam 117
Silver，Professor Morris 85
Simpson，John 3
Sin 210，228-9，242，274
Sin-Ahhe-Eriba 235
Sin-Leqi-Unninni 39
Sippar 79
Sippar library，the 254
Sippar-Amnanum 191-2
Sitchin，Zechariah 21
slavery 184
Smith，George 67-9
social class 20，53，181-2
social system 51-3
sport 44
Stalin，Josef 151-2，152-3
Standard of Ur，the 91
statistical mathematics 280-1
Steinkeller，Piotr 141-2
stele of Naram-Sin 117-19
Stele of the Vultures，the 91-2，118
Stone Age 50，51
stone technology 116
Sumerian King List 15-18，23，88-9，107，129，137
Sumerian Temple Hymns 121-2
Sura 170
Susa 4-6，178，256，257，276
sack of 6-7
taxation 126，184
taxonomies 196
Taylor，John 17-18，23
technological development 45-50；spread of 54
Tell al-Asmar 47
Tell Brak 129
Tell Leilan 128-9，131
temple offerings 53
Terah 163-5
textiles 216-17
texts，translation 8
theocracy 99-100
Theodoret，Bishop of Cyprus 169
Thompson，Reginald 105，110
Tiamat 88
Tiglath-Pileser Ⅰ 223，225，280
Tiglath-Pileser Ⅲ 235，235-9，242，255
Tigris，River，floods 28-9
timber storage 144
Tirigan，King of the Guti 136-7
Tower of Babel 263-4
toys 46-7
trade 54-5，125，140，213-15，215-18
trade routes 54，72，215，219
tradition 45
Trajan，Emperor of Rome 169
Treherne，Paul 115
Trotsky，Leon 150
Tudge，Colin 22
Tukulti-apil-Esharra 235
Turkish Republic 249
Umma 79；dispute with Lagash 89-91，103-4
United Nations 232
universe，logic of the 197
Unug 31，36
Ur 79；abandonment 203；financial district 182-3；Giparu 120；inundation evidence 71；Royal Graves 94-9；temple of Nanna 120
Ur Ⅲ：balanced-account system 142-3；centralized economy 140-3；daily routine 143-9；Elamite occupation 161-2；empire 138-9；fall of 159-63；famine 160-3；food distribution 143-4，145；ideological underpinnings 141；land ownership 141；legal system 146-9；Patrimonial State 149-50；royal adulation 149-52；Stulgi’s Round Trip Between Ur and Nippur in One Day 156-9；state apparatus 139-43，143-9，149-5，159；trade 140；wall to keep out the Martu 160-1；weights and measures 146
Urban Revolution，the 19-23，39，46
Ur-Nammu 138，148；construction of the Great Ziggurat of Ur 153-6
Ur-Shulgi 145
Uruk 79，279；building activity 40-1；conflict with Kish 50-1，88-9；decline 72-5；Eanna，the House of Heaven 40；emergence of civilization at 34-7；excavations 41-2；Gilgamesh’s reign 39；priests migrate 203；public activity 39-40；rulers 43；Sargon conquers 108；size 39；social system 51-3；spread of culture 54-5；technological development 46-50；temples 40-1；trade 54-5；the Warka Mask 42；the Warka Vase 41-2，42-3，53
Uruk Expansion，the 54-5
Urukagina 101-4
Ur-Zababa 107
Ussher，James 66
Utu 229
Utu-hegal of Uruk 17，23，135-8
Valle，Pietro della 171，172
van de Mieroop，Marc 126，141
Victory of Utu-hegal，The 137
villages，social system 51-2
Voltaire 162，201
wages 53
warfare
Assyrian savagery 209；emergence of organized 87-94；numbers involved 91；tactics 93
Warka Mask，the 42，43-4
Warka Vase，the 41-2，42-3，53
warrior class 125：emergence of 115
water supplies 13-14，82-3，211
weapons：bronze 116；iron 219，236；maces 73；slings 92-3；swords 116，117
Weber，Max 149
weights and measures 126-7，146
Weiss，Dr Harvey 129，131-2
Weld-Blundell Prism，the 15-18
Wengrow，Dr David 55
West，Martin 209-10
Westenholz，Joan 114
wheel，the 46-8
Wilford，John 247
Winter，Irene 266-7
Wittfogel，Karl 13
women：connection to natural world 230；divinity of 31-7；dress codes 225-6；female seclusion 226-7；under Islam 227；lack of respect in Assyrian religion 230；menstrual cycles 230；status of 217-18，228
Woolley，Leonard 70-1，94-9，120，153，155，182-3
workers 53
Works and Days（Hesiod）114-15
workshops 85-6
writing，Aramaic 245-9
writing，cuneiform 10-11，17，53，55，277，278；Akkadian 59，127-8；alphabet 65；development of 61-5，247；education 190；final records 279；grammar 60；invention 61；logographs 59；phonograms 63-5；and play 62-3；replacement by alphabetic writing 245-9；Semitic 59-60；stylus 63；symbols 61-3；translation 57-61
Xenophon 255
year names 127
Young Turk movement，the 208
Zababa 110
Zagros Mountains 203
zero，lack of symbol for 193
Zgoll，Dr Annette 122
Ziggurats：Babylon 263-4；Great Ziggurat of Ur 153-6；purpose 155-6
Zimri-Lim 176，178
Ziudsura/Ziusudra 69
Zoroastrianism 229
Zu 29