您当前的位置:首页 > 当代文学 > 它们的性

参考文献

参考文献

[1]Lamichhaney, S., Fan, G., Widemo, F., Gunnarsson, U., Thalmann, D.S., Hoeppner, M. P., Kerje, S., Gustafson, U., Shi, C., and Zhang, H. (2015), "Structural genomic changes underlie alternative reproductive strategies in the ruff (Philomachus pugnax)," Nature Genetics.

[2]Taborsky, M., Hudde, B., and Wirtz, P. (1987), "Reproductive behaviour and ecology of Symphodus (Crenilabrus) ocellatus, a European wrasse with four types of male behaviour," Behaviour, 102 (1-2), 82-117.

[3]Taborsky, M. (1994), "Sneakers, Satellites, and Helpers: Parasitic and Cooperative Behavior in Fish Reproduction," Advances in the Study of Behavior, 23 (08), 1-100.

[4]Svensson, O., and Kvarnemo, C. (2003), "Sexually selected nest - building–Pomatoschistus minutus males build smaller nest - openings in the presence of sneaker males," Journal of evolutionary biology, 16 (5), 896-902.

[5]Kanoh, Y. (1996), "Pre - oviposition ejaculation in externally fertilizing fish: how sneaker male rose bitterlings contrive to mate," Ethology, 102 (7), 883-899.

[6]Dakin, R., and Montgomerie, R. (2014), "Deceptive copulation calls attract female visitors to peacock leks," The American Naturalist, 183 (4), 558-564.

[7]Dalziell, A. H., Maisey, A. C., Magrath, R. D., and Welbergen, J. A. (2021), "Male lyrebirds create a complex acoustic illusion of a mobbing flock during courtship and copulation," Current Biology.

[8]Zahavi, A. (1975), "Mate selection——a selection for a handicap," Journal of theoretical Biology, 53 (1), 205-214.

[9]Maynard Smith, J. Harper D Animal signals. 2003 Oxford. UK: Oxford University Press.

[10]Hamilton, W. D., and Zuk, M. (1982), "Heritable true fitness and bright birds: a role for parasites?," Science, 218 (4570), 384-387.

[11]Milinski, M., and Bakker, T. C. (1990), "Female sticklebacks use male coloration in mate choice and hence avoid parasitized males," Nature, 344 (6264), 330-333.

[12]Griffith, S. C., Owens, I. P., and Burke, T. (1999), "Environmental determination of a sexually selected trait," Nature, 400 (6742), 358-360.

[13]Stowe, M. K., Tumlinson, J. H., and Heath, R. R. (1987), "Chemical mimicry: bolas spiders emit components of moth prey species sex pheromones," Science, 236 (4804), 964-967.

[14]Eberhard, M. J. W. (1975), "The evolution of social behavior by kin selection," The Quarterly Review of Biology, 50 (1), 1-33.

[15]Pizzari, T. (2003), "Food, vigilance, and sperm: the role of male direct benefits in the evolution of female preference in a polygamous bird," Behavioral Ecology, 14 (5), 593-601.

[16]Wilson, D. R., Bayly, K. L., Nelson, X. J., Gillings, M., and Evans, C. S. (2008), "Alarm calling best predicts mating and reproductive success in ornamented male fowl, Gallus gallus," Animal Behaviour, 76 (3), 543-554.

[17]Giovanni, G. P., Albo, M. J., Cristina, T., and Trine, B. (2015), "Evolution of deceit by worthless donations in a nuptial gift-giving spider," Current Zoology, (1), 1.

[18]Knapp, R. A., and Sargent, R. C. (1989), "Egg-mimicry as a mating strategy in the fantail darter, Etheostoma flabellare: females prefer males with eggs," Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 25 (5), 321-326.

[19]Largiadèr, C. R., Fries, V., and Bakker, T. C. (2001), "Genetic analysis of sneaking and egg-thievery in a natural population of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.)," Heredity, 86 (4), 459-468.

[20]Dawkins, M. S., and Guilford, T. (1991), "The corruption of honest signalling," Animal Behaviour, 41 (5), 865-873.

[21]Kessler, A., Halitschke, R., Diezel, C., and Baldwin, I. T. (2006), "Priming of plant defense responses in nature by airborne signaling between Artemisia tridentata and Nicotiana attenuata," Oecologia, 148 (2), 280-292.

[22]Barclay, R. M. (1982), "Interindividual use of echolocation calls: eavesdropping by bats," Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 10 (4), 271-275.

[23]Halfwerk, W., Jones, P. L., Taylor, R. C., Ryan, M. J., and Page, R. A. (2014), "Risky ripples allow bats and frogs to eavesdrop on a multisensory sexual display," Science, 343 (6169), 413-416.

[24]Dugatkin, L. A. (1992), "Sexual selection and imitation: females copy the mate choice of others," The American Naturalist, 139 (6), 1384-1389.

[25]Dugatkin, L. A., and Godin, J.-G. J. (1992), "Reversal of female mate choice by copying in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 249 (1325), 179-184.

[26]——- (1993), "Female mate copying in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata): age-dependent effects," Behavioral Ecology, 4 (4), 289-292.

[27]Pfefferle, D., Brauch, K., Heistermann, M., Hodges, J. K., and Fischer, J. (2008), "Female Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) copulation calls do not reveal the fertile phase but influence mating outcome," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 275 (1634), 571-578.

[28]Pfefferle, D., Heistermann, M., Hodges, J. K., and Fischer, J. (2008), "Male Barbary macaques eavesdrop on mating outcome: a playback study," Animal Behaviour, 75 (6), 1885-1891.

[29]Semple, S. (1998), "The function of Barbary macaque copulation calls," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 265 (1393), 287-291.

[30]Pizzari, T., Cornwallis, C. K., Løvlie, H., Jakobsson, S., and Birkhead, T. R. (2003), "Sophisticated sperm allocation in male fowl," Nature, 426 (6962), 70-74.

[31]Aquiloni, L., Buřič, M., and Gherardi, F. (2008), "Crayfish females eavesdrop on fighting males before choosing the dominant mate," Current Biology, 18 (11), R462-R463.

[32]McGregor, P., and Doutrelant, C. (2000), "Eavesdropping and mate choice in female fighting fish," Behaviour, 137 (12), 1655-1668.

[33]Otter, K., McGregor, P. K., Terry, A. M. R., Burford, F. R., Peake, T. M., and Dabelsteen, T. (1999), "Do female great tits (Parus major) assess males by eavesdropping? A field study using interactive song playback," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 266 (1426), 1305-1309.

[34]Plath, M., Blum, D., Schlupp, I., and Tiedemann, R. (2008), "Audience effect alters mating preferences in a livebearing fish, the Atlantic molly, Poecilia mexicana," Animal Behaviour, 75 (1), 21-29.

[35]Ziege, M., Mahlow, K., Hennige-Schulz, C., Kronmarck, C., Tiedemann, R.,Streit, B., and Plath, M. (2009), "Audience effects in the Atlantic molly (Poecilia mexicana)–prudent male mate choice in response to perceived sperm competition risk?," Frontiers in zoology, 6 (1), 17.

[36]Bierbach, D., Sommer-Trembo, C., Hanisch, J., Wolf, M., and Plath, M. (2015), "Personality affects mate choice: bolder males show stronger audience effects under high competition," Behavioral Ecology, 26 (5), 1314-1325.

[37]Domm, L., and Davis, D. E. (1948), "The sexual behavior of intersexual domestic fowl," Physiological Zoology, 21 (1), 14-31.

[38]Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. (1922), "Beiträge zur sozialpsychologie des haushuhns," Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane. Abt. 1. Zeitschrift für Psychologie.

[39]Banks, E. M., Wood-Gush, D. G., Hughes, B. O., and Mankovich, N. J. (1979), "Social rank and priority of access to resources in domestic fowl," Behavioural processes, 4 (3), 197-209.

[40]Foster, W., and Treherne, J. (1981), "Evidence for the dilution effect in the selfish herd from fish predation on a marine insect," Nature, 293 (5832), 466-467.

[41]Le Boeuf, B. J. (1974), "Male-male competition and reproductive success in elephant seals," American Zoologist, 14 (1), 163-176.

[42]Dewsbury, D. A. (1990), "Fathers and sons: genetic factors and social dominance in deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus," Animal Behaviour, 39 (2), 284-289.

[43]Moore, A. J. (1990), "The inheritance of social dominance, mating behaviour and attractiveness to mates in male Nauphoeta cinerea," Animal Behaviour, 39 (2), 388-397.

[44]Barrette, C. (1993), "The'inheritance of dominance', or of an aptitude to dominate?," Animal Behaviour, 46 (3), 591-593.

[45]Parker, G. A. (1970), "Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects," Biological Reviews, 45 (4), 525-567.

[46]Austad, S. N. (1982), "First Male Sperm Priority in the Bowl and Doily Spider, Frontinella pyramitela (Walckenaer)," Evolution, 36 (4), 777-785.

[47]Suter, R. B. (1990), "Courtship and the assessment of virginity by male bowl and doily spiders," Animal Behaviour, 39 (2), 0-313.

[48]WALL, R. (1988), "Analysis of the mating activity of male tsetse flies Glossina m. morsitans and G. pallidipes in the laboratory," Physiological entomology, 13 (1), 103-110.

[49]Eberhard, W. (1996), Female control: sexual selection by cryptic female choice(Vol. 69): Princeton University Press.

[50]Price, C. S., Dyer, K. A., and Coyne, J. A. (1999), "Sperm competition between Drosophila males involves both displacement and incapacitation," Nature, 400 (6743), 449-452.

[51]Kilgallon, S. J., and Simmons, L. W. (2005), "Image content influences men's semen quality," Biology Letters, 1 (3), 253-255.

[52]Zbinden, M., Largiader, C. R., and Bakker, T. C. (2004), "Body size of virtual rivals affects ejaculate size in sticklebacks," Behavioral Ecology, 15 (1), 137-140.

[53]Birkhead, T., Fletcher, F., Pellatt, E., and Staples, A. (1995), "Ejaculate quality and the success of extra-pair copulations in the zebra finch," Nature, 377 (6548), 422-423.

[54]Baker, R. R., and Bellis, M. A. (1993), "Human sperm competition: Ejaculate adjustment by males and the function of masturbation," Animal Behaviour, 46 (5), 861-885.

[55]Barazandeh, M., Davis, C. S., Neufeld, C. J., Coltman, D. W., and Palmer,A. R. (2013), "Something Darwin didn't know about barnacles: spermcast mating in a common stalked species," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280 (1754), 20122919.

[56]Marquet, N., Hubbard, P. C., da Silva, J. P., Afonso, J., and Canário, A. V. (2018), "Chemicals released by male sea cucumber mediate aggregation and spawning behaviours," Scientific reports, 8 (1), 1-13.

[57]Norman, M., and Reid, A. (2000), Guide to squid, cuttlefish and octopuses of Australasia: CSIRO publishing.

[58]Battaglia, P., Stipa, M., Ammendolia, G., Pedà, C., Consoli, P., Andaloro,F., and Romeo, T. (2021), "When nature continues to surprise: observations of the hectocotylus of Argonauta argo, Linnaeus 1758," The European Zoological Journal, 88 (1), 980-986.

[59] Simmons, L. W., and Firman, R. C. (2014), "Experimental evidence for the evolution of the mammalian baculum by sexual selection," Evolution, 68 (1), 276-283.

[60]Sekizawa, A., Seki, S., Tokuzato, M., Shiga, S., and Nakashima, Y. (2013), "Disposable penis and its replenishment in a simultaneous hermaphrodite," Biology letters, 9 (2), 20121150.

[61]Gallup Jr, G. G., and Burch, R. L. (2004), "Semen displacement as a sperm competition strategy in humans," Evolutionary Psychology, 2 (1), 147470490400200105.

[62]Ramm, S. A. (2007), "Sexual selection and genital evolution in mammals: a phylogenetic analysis of baculum length," The American Naturalist, 169 (3), 360-369.

[63]SMITH, and R., L. (1986), "An Evolutionary Question: Sexual Selection and Animal Genitalia," Science, 232 (4753), 1029-1029.

[64]Brennan, P. L., Clark, C. J., and Prum, R. O. (2010), "Explosive eversion and functional morphology of the duck penis supports sexual conflict in waterfowl genitalia," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277 (1686), 1309-1314.

[65]Brennan, P. L. (2016), "Evolution: one penis after all," Current Biology, 26 (1), R29-R31.

[66]Waterman, J. M. (2010), "The adaptive function of masturbation in a promiscuous African ground squirrel," PloS one, 5 (9), e13060.

[67]Thomsen, R. (2001), "Sperm competition and the function of masturbation in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)," lmu.

[68]Pelé, M., Bonnefoy, A., Shimada, M., and Sueur, C. (2017), "Interspecies sexual behaviour between a male Japanese macaque and female sika deer," Primates, 58 (2), 275-278.

[69]Rohner, S., Hülskötter, K., Gross, S., Wohlsein, P., Abdulmawjood, A., Plötz, M., Verspohl, J., Haas, L., and Siebert, U. (2020), "Male grey seal commits fatal sexual interaction with adult female harbour seals in the German Wadden Sea," Scientific reports, 10 (1), 1-11.

[70]Levitas, E., Lunenfeld, E., Weiss, N., Friger, M., Har-Vardi, I., Koifman, A., and Potashnik, G. (2005), "Relationship between the duration of sexual abstinence and semen quality: analysis of 9,489 semen samples," Fertility and sterility, 83 (6), 1680-1686.

[71]Pellestor, F., Girardet, A., and Andreo, B. (1994), "Effect of long abstinence periods on human sperm quality," International journal of fertility and menopausal studies, 39 (5), 278-282.

[72]Lee, J., Cha, J., Shin, S., Cha, H., Kim, J., Park, C., Pak, K., Yoon, J., and Park, S. (2018), "Effect of the sexual abstinence period recommended by the World Health Organization on clinical outcomes of fresh embryo transfer cycles with normal ovarian response after intracytoplasmic sperm injection," Andrologia, 50 (4), e12964.

[73]Agarwal, A., Gupta, S., Du Plessis, S., Sharma, R., Esteves, S. C., Cirenza, C., Eliwa, J., Al-Najjar, W., Kumaresan, D., and Haroun, N. (2016), "Abstinence time and its impact on basic and advanced semen parameters," Urology, 94, 102-110.

[74]Tan, M., Jones, G., Zhu, G., Ye, J., Hong, T., Zhou, S., Zhang, S., and Zhang, L. (2009), "Fellatio by fruit bats prolongs copulation time," PLoS one, 4 (10), e7595.

[75]Moore, R. (1985), "A comparison of electro-ejaculation with the artifical vagina for ram semen collection," New Zealand veterinary journal, 33 (3), 22-23.

[76]Alkan, S., Baran, A., ÖZDAŞ, Ö. B., and Evecen, M. (2002), "Morphological defects in turkey semen," Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 26(5), 1087-1092.

[77]Edward, D. A., and Chapman, T. (2011), "The evolution and significance of male mate choice," Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 26 (12), 647-654.

[78]Hamermesh, D. S. (2011), Beauty pays: Princeton University Press.

[79]Grammer, K., and Thornhill, R. (1994), "Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: the role of symmetry and averageness," Journal of comparative psychology, 108 (3), 233.

[80]Thornhill, R., and Gangestad, S. W. (1993), "Human facial beauty," Human nature, 4 (3), 237-269.

[81]——- (1999), "The scent of symmetry: A human sex pheromone that signals fitness?," Evolution and human behavior, 20 (3), 175-201.

[82]Prokosch, M. D., Yeo, R. A., and Miller, G. F. (2005), "Intelligence tests with higher g-loadings show higher correlations with body symmetry: Evidence for a general fitness factor mediated by developmental stability," Intelligence, 33(2), 203-213.

[83]Beach, F. A., and Jordan, L. (1956), "Sexual exhaustion and recovery in the male rat," Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 8 (3), 121-133.

[84]Fisher, A. E. (1962), "Effects of stimulus variation on sexual satiation in the male rat," Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55 (4), 614.

[85]Symons, D. (1980), "Precis of The evolution of human sexuality," Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3 (2), 171-181.

[86]Hrdy, S. B. 1979. The evolution of human sexuality: The latest word and the last. Stony Brook Foundation, Inc.

[87]Dewsbury, D. A. (1981), "Effects of novelty of copulatory behavior: The Coolidge effect and related phenomena," Psychological Bulletin, 89 (3), 464.

[88]——- (1971), "Copulatory behaviour of old-field mice (Peromyscus polionotus subgriseus)," Animal Behaviour, 19 (1), 192-204.

[89]Bateman, P. W. (1998), "Mate preference for novel partners in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus," Ecological Entomology, 23 (4), 473-475.

[90]Gershman, S. N., and Sakaluk, S. K. (2009), "No Coolidge effect in decorated crickets," Ethology, 115 (8), 774-780.

[91]Dewsbury, D. A. (1982), "Ejaculate cost and male choice," The American Naturalist, 119 (5), 601-610.

[92]Podos, J., and Cohn-Haft, M. (2019), "Extremely loud mating songs at close range in white bellbirds," Current Biology, 29 (20), R1068-R1069.

[93]Rolstad, J., Rolstad, E., and Wegge, P. (2007), "Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus lek formation in young forest," Wildlife Biology, 13 (sp1), 59-67.

[94]Manamendra-Arachchi, K., de Silva, A., and Amarasinghe, T. (2006), "Description of a second species of Cophotis (Reptilia: Agamidae) from the highlands of Sri Lanka," Lyriocephalus, 6 (Supplement 1), 1-8.

[95]Darwin, C. (1871), The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex: Princeton University Press.

[96]Zuk, M., Thornhill, R., Ligon, J. D., and Johnson, K. (1990), "Parasites and mate choice in red jungle fowl," American Zoologist, 30 (2), 235-244.

[97]Hughes, D. P., Brodeur, J., and Thomas, F. (2012), Host manipulation by parasites: Oxford University Press.

[98]Berdoy, M., Webster, J. P., and Macdonald, D. W. (2000), "Fatal attraction in rats infected with Toxoplasma gondii," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 267 (1452), 1591-1594.

[99]Flegr, J. (2013), "How and why Toxoplasma makes us crazy," Trends in parasitology, 29 (4), 156-163.

[100]Dass, S. A. H., Vasudevan, A., Dutta, D., Soh, L. J. T., Sapolsky, R. M., and Vyas, A. (2011), "Protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii manipulates mate choice in rats by enhancing attractiveness of males," PLoS one, 6 (11), e27229.

[101]Lim, A., Kumar, V., Hari Dass, S. A., and Vyas, A. (2013), "Toxoplasma gondii infection enhances testicular steroidogenesis in rats," Molecular ecology, 22 (1), 102-110.

[102]Hodková, H., Kolbeková, P., Skallová, A., Lindová, J., and Flegr, J. (2007), "Higher perceived dominance in Toxoplasma infected men——a new evidence for role of increased level of testosterone in toxoplasmosis-associated changes in human behavior," Neuroendocrinology Letters, 28 (2), 110-114.

[103]Flegr, J., HRŬSKOVÁ, M., Hodný, Z., Novotna, M., and Hanušová, J. (2005), "Body height, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, fluctuating asymmetry and second to fourth digit ratio in subjects with latent toxoplasmosis," Parasitology, 130 (6), 621-628.

[104]Worth, A. R., Lymbery, A. J., and Thompson, R. A. (2013), "Adaptive host manipulation by Toxoplasma gondii: fact or fiction?," Trends in parasitology, 29(4), 150-155.

[105]McCracken, K. G., Wilson, R. E., McCracken, P. J., and Johnson, K. P. (2001), "Are ducks impressed by drakes' display?," Nature, 413 (6852), 128-128.

[106]Briskie, J. V., and Montgomerie, R. (1997), "Sexual selection and the intromittent organ of birds," Journal of Avian Biology, 73-86.

[107]Brennan, P. L., Gereg, I., Goodman, M., Feng, D., and Prum, R. O. (2017), "Evidence of phenotypic plasticity of penis morphology and delayed reproductive maturation in response to male competition in waterfowl," The Auk: Ornithological Advances, 134 (4), 882-893.

[108]Coker, C. R., McKinney, F., Hays, H., Briggs, S. V., and Cheng, K. M. (2002), "Intromittent organ morphology and testis size in relation to mating system in waterfowl," The Auk, 119 (2), 403-413.

[109]Gasparini, C., Pilastro, A., and Evans, J. P. (2011), "Male genital morphology and its influence on female mating preferences and paternity success in guppies," PloS one, 6 (7), e22329.

[110]Fairbairn, D. J. (1997), "Allometry for sexual size dimorphism: pattern and process in the coevolution of body size in males and females," Annual review of ecology and systematics, 28 (1), 659-687.

[111]Rensch, B. (1950), "Die Abhängigkeit der relativen Sexualdifferenz von der Körpergrösse," Bonner Zoologische Beiträge, 1, 58-69.

[112]Abouheif, E., and Fairbairn, D. J. (1997), "A comparative analysis of allometry for sexual size dimorphism: assessing Rensch's rule," The American Naturalist, 149 (3), 540-562.

[113]Blanckenhorn, W. U. (2000), "The evolution of body size: what keeps organisms small?," The Quarterly Review of Biology, 75 (4), 385-407.

[114]Gwynne, D. T. (2008), "Sexual conflict over nuptial gifts in insects," Annu. Rev. Entomol., 53, 83-101.

[115]Johns, J. L., Roberts, J. A., Clark, D. L., and Uetz, G. W. (2009), "Love bites: male fang use during coercive mating in wolf spiders," Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 64 (1), 13.

[116]Golubović, A., Arsovski, D., Tomović, L., and Bonnet, X. (2018), "Is sexual brutality maladaptive under high population density?," Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 124 (3), 394-402.

[117]Han, C. S., and Jablonski, P. G. (2010), "Male water striders attract predators to intimidate females into copulation," Nature communications, 1 (1), 1-6.

[118]Gilbert, L. E. (1976), "Postmating female odor in Heliconius butterflies: a male-contributed antiaphrodisiac?," Science, 193 (4251), 419-420.

[119]Neff, B. D., Fu, P., and Gross, M. R. (2003), "Sperm investment and alternative mating tactics in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)," Behavioral Ecology, 14 (5), 634-641.

[120]Fleming, I. A. (1996), "Reproductive strategies of Atlantic salmon: ecology and evolution," Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 6 (4), 379-416.

[121]Gage, M. J., Stockley, P., and Parker, G. A. (1995), "Effects of alternative male mating strategies on characteristics of sperm production in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): theoretical and empirical investigations," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 350 (1334), 391-399.

[122]Candolin, U. (1998), "Reproduction under predation risk and the trade–off between current and future reproduction in the threespine stickleback," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 265 (1402), 1171-1175.

[123]Emlen, D. J. (2008), "The roles of genes and the environment in the expression and evolution of alternative tactics," Alternative reproductive tactics: An integrative approach, 85, 108.

[124]Lank, D. B., Smith, C. M., Hanotte, O., Burke, T., and Cooke, F. (1995), "Genetic polymorphism for alternative mating behaviour in lekking male ruff Philomachus pugnax," Nature, 378 (6552), 59-62.

[125]Keenleyside, M. H. (1972), "Intraspecific intrusions into nests of spawning longear sunfish (Pisces: Centrarchidae)," Copeia, 272-278.

[126]Taborsky, M., Oliveira, R., and Brockmann, H. J. (2008), "The evolution of alternative reproductive tactics: concepts and questions," Alternative reproductive tactics: An integrative approach, 1, 21.

[127]De Waal, F., and Waal, F. B. (2007), Chimpanzee politics: Power and sex among apes: JHU Press.

[128]Kruczek, M., and Styrna, J. (2009), "Semen quantity and quality correlate with bank vole males' social status," Behavioural processes, 82 (3), 279-285.

[129]Kidd, S. A., Eskenazi, B., and Wyrobek, A. J. (2001), "Effects of male age on semen quality and fertility: a review of the literature," Fertility and sterility, 75 (2), 237-248.

[130]Preston, B. T., Saint Jalme, M., Hingrat, Y., Lacroix, F., and Sorci, G. (2015), "The sperm of aging male bustards retards their offspring's development," Nature communications, 6 (1), 1-9.

[131]Smith, J. S., and Robinson, N. J. (2002), "Age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: a global review," The Journal of infectious diseases, 186 (Supplement_1), S3-S28.

[132]Beck, C. W., and Promislow, D. E. (2007), "Evolution of female preference for younger males," PloS one, 2 (9), e939.

[133]Beck, C., and Powell, L. A. (2000), "Evolution of female mate choice based on male age: are older males better mates?."

[134]Sprague, D. S. (1998), "Age, dominance rank, natal status, and tenure among male macaques," American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 105(4), 511-521.

[135]Nakagawa, S., Schroeder, J., and Burke, T. (2015), "Sugar-free extrapair mating: a comment on Arct et al," Behavioral Ecology, 26 (4), 971-972.

[136]Kaufman, K. D., Olsen, E. A., Whiting, D., Savin, R., DeVillez, R., Bergfeld, W., Price, V. H., Van Neste, D., Roberts, J. L., and Hordinsky, M. (1998), "Finasteride in the treatment of men with androgenetic alopecia," Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 39 (4), 578-589.

[137]Tu, H. Y. V., and Zini, A. (2011), "Finasteride-induced secondary infertility associated with sperm DNA damage," Fertility and sterility, 95 (6), 2125. e2113-2125. e2114.

[138]Irwig, M. S., and Kolukula, S. (2011), "Persistent sexual side effects of finasteride for male pattern hair loss," The journal of sexual medicine, 8 (6), 1747-1753.

[139]Turek, P. J., Williams, R. H., Gilbaugh, J. H. I., and Lipshultz, L. I. (1995), "The reversibility of anabolic steroid-induced azoospermia," The Journal of urology, 153 (5), 1628-1630.

[140]Schürmeyer, T., Belkien, L., Knuth, U., and Nieschlag, E. (1984), "Reversible azoospermia induced by the anabolic steroid 19-nortestosterone," The lancet, 323 (8374), 417-420.

[141]Knuth, U. A., Maniera, H., and Nieschlag, E. (1989), "Anabolic steroids and semen parameters in bodybuilders," Fertility and sterility, 52 (6), 1041-1047.

[142]Nieschlag, E., and Vorona, E. (2015), "Medical consequences of doping with anabolic androgenic steroids: effects on reproductive functions," Eur J Endocrinol, 173 (2), 47.

[143]Lee, H. J., Ha, S. J., Kim, D., Kim, H. O., and Kim, J. W. (2002), "Perception of men with androgenetic alopecia by women and nonbalding men in Korea: how the nonbald regard the bald," International journal of dermatology, 41 (12), 867-869.

[144]West, P. M., and Packer, C. (2002), "Sexual selection, temperature, and the lion's mane," Science, 297 (5585), 1339-1343.

[145]Franzoi, S. L., and Shields, S. A. (1984), "The Body Esteem Scale: Multidimensional structure and sex differences in a college population," Journal of personality assessment, 48 (2), 173-178.

[146]Crossley, K. L., Cornelissen, P. L., and Tovée, M. J. (2012), "What is an attractive body? Using an interactive 3D program to create the ideal body for you and your partner," PloS one, 7 (11), e50601.

[147]Dixson, A. F., Halliwell, G., East, R., Wignarajah, P., and Anderson, M. J. (2003), "Masculine somatotype and hirsuteness as determinants of sexual attractiveness to women," Archives of sexual behavior, 32 (1), 29-39.

[148]Leit, R. A., Gray, J. J., and Pope Jr, H. G. (2002), "The media's representation of the ideal male body: A cause for muscle dysmorphia?," International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31 (3), 334-338.

[149]Horwitz, H., Dalhoff, K., and Andersen, J. (2019), "The Mossman–Pacey Paradox," Journal of internal medicine, 286 (2), 233-234.

[150]Simmons, L. W. (2012), "Resource allocation trade-off between sperm quality and immunity in the field cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus," Behavioral Ecology, 23 (1), 168-173.

[151]Robinson, B., and Doyle, R. (1985), "Trade-off between male reproduction (amplexus) and growth in the amphipod Gammarus lawrencianus," The Biological Bulletin, 168 (3), 482-488.

[152]Mole, S., and Zera, A. J. (1993), "Differential allocation of resources underlies the dispersal-reproduction trade-off in the wing-dimorphic cricket, Gryllus rubens," Oecologia, 93 (1), 121-127.

[153] Evans, J. P. (2010), "Quantitative genetic evidence that males trade attractiveness for ejaculate quality in guppies," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277 (1697), 3195-3201.

[154]Fisher, D. O., Dickman, C. R., Jones, M. E., and Blomberg, S. P. (2013), "Sperm competition drives the evolution of suicidal reproduction in mammals," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110 (44), 17910-17914.

[155]Partridge, L., Gems, D., and Withers, D. J. (2005), "Sex and death: what is the connection?," Cell, 120 (4), 461-472.

[156]Maklakov, A. A., and Immler, S. (2016), "The Expensive Germline and the Evolution of Ageing," Current Biology, 26 (13), R577-R586.

[157]Arantes-Oliveira, N., Apfeld, J., Dillin, A., and Kenyon, C. (2002), "Regulation of life-span by germ-line stem cells in Caenorhabditis elegans," Science, 295 (5554), 502-505.

[158]Barnes, A. I., Boone, J. M., Jacobson, J., Partridge, L., and Chapman, T. (2006), "No extension of lifespan by ablation of germ line in Drosophila," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273 (1589), 939-947.

[159]Benedusi, V., Martini, E., Kallikourdis, M., Villa, A., Meda, C., and Maggi,A. (2015), "Ovariectomy shortens the life span of female mice," Oncotarget, 6 (13), 10801.

[160]Martin-Montalvo, A., Mercken, E. M., Mitchell, S. J., Palacios, H. H., Mote, P. L., Scheibye-Knudsen, M., Gomes, A. P., Ward, T. M., Minor, R. K.,and Blouin, M.-J. (2013), "Metformin improves healthspan and lifespan in mice," Nature communications, 4 (1), 1-9.

[161]Tartarin, P., Moison, D., Guibert, E., Dupont, J., Habert, R., Rouiller-Fabre,V., Frydman, N., Pozzi, S., Frydman, R., and Lécureuil, C. (2012), "Metformin exposure affects human and mouse fetal testicular cells," Human reproduction, 27 (11), 3304-3314.

[162]Michiels, N. K., and Newman, L. (1998), "Sex and violence in hermaphrodites," Nature, 391 (6668), 647-647.

[163]Koene, J. M., and Chase, R. (1998), "Changes in the reproductive system of the snail Helix aspersa caused by mucus from the love dart," Journal of Experimental Biology, 201 (15), 2313-2319.

[164]Robertson, D. R. (1972), "Social control of sex reversal in a coral-reef fish," Science, 177 (4053), 1007-1009.

[165]Bellofiore, N., Ellery, S. J., Mamrot, J., Walker, D. W., Temple-Smith, P., and Dickinson, H. (2017), "First evidence of a menstruating rodent: the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus)," American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 216(1), 40. e41-40. e11.

[166]Strassmann, B. I. (1996), "Energy economy in the evolution of menstruation," Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews: Issues,News, and Reviews, 5 (5), 157-164.

[167]Bhardwaj, J., and Saraf, P. (2014), "Influence of toxic chemicals on female reproduction: a review," Cell Biol: Res Ther 3, 1, 2.

[168]Cervello, I., and Simon, C. (2009), "Somatic stem cells in the endometrium," Reproductive Sciences, 16 (2), 200-205.

[169]Profet, M. (1993), "Menstruation as a defense against pathogens transported by sperm," The Quarterly Review of Biology, 68 (3), 335-386.

[170]Macklon, N. S., and Brosens, J. J. (2014), "The human endometrium as a sensor of embryo quality," Biology of reproduction, 91 (4), 98, 91-98.

[171]Alvergne, A., and Tabor, V. H. (2018), "Is female health cyclical?Evolutionary perspectives on menstruation," Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 33(6), 399-414.

[172]Thornhill, R. (1983), "Cryptic female choice and its implications in the scorpionfly Harpobittacus nigriceps," The American Naturalist, 122 (6), 765-788.

[173] Lüpold, S., Manier, M. K., Puniamoorthy, N., Schoff, C., Starmer, W. T., Luepold, S. H. B., Belote, J. M., and Pitnick, S. (2016), "How sexual selection can drive the evolution of costly sperm ornamentation," Nature, 533 (7604), 535-538.

[174]Pilastro, A., Mandelli, M., Gasparini, C., Dadda, M., and Bisazza, A. (2007), "Copulation duration, insemination efficiency and male attractiveness in guppies," Animal Behaviour, 74 (2), 321-328.

[175]Firman, R. C., Gasparini, C., Manier, M. K., and Pizzari, T. (2017), "Postmating female control: 20 years of cryptic female choice," Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 32 (5), 368-382.

[176]Puts, D. A., and Dawood, K. (2006), "The evolution of female orgasm: Adaptation or byproduct?," Twin Research and Human Genetics, 9 (3), 467-472.

[177]Lloyd, E. A. (2009), The case of the female orgasm: Bias in the science of evolution: Harvard University Press.

[178]Pavličev, M., and Wagner, G. (2016), "The evolutionary origin of female orgasm," Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 326 (6), 326-337.

[179]Alonzo, S. H., Stiver, K. A., and Marsh-Rollo, S. E. (2016), "Ovarian fluid allows directional cryptic female choice despite external fertilization," Nature communications, 7, 12452.

[180]Inceoglu, B., Lango, J., Jing, J., Chen, L., Doymaz, F., Pessah, I. N., and Hammock, B. D. (2003), "One scorpion, two venoms: prevenom of Parabuthus transvaalicus acts as an alternative type of venom with distinct mechanism of action," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100 (3), 922-927.

[181]Løvlie, H., Zidar, J., and Berneheim, C. (2014), "A cry for help: female distress calling during copulation is context dependent," Animal Behaviour, 92, 151-157.

[182] Miller, G. T., and Pitnick, S. (2002), "Sperm-female coevolution in Drosophila," Science, 298 (5596), 1230-1233.

[183] Wulff, N. C., Van De Kamp, T., dos Santos Rolo, T., Baumbach, T.,and Lehmann, G. U. (2017), "Copulatory courtship by internal genitalia in bushcrickets," Scientific reports, 7, 42345.

[184]Orr, T. J., and Zuk, M. (2014), "Reproductive delays in mammals: an unexplored avenue for post - copulatory sexual selection," Biological Reviews,89 (4), 889-912.

[185]Berger, J. (1983), "Induced abortion and social factors in wild horses," Nature, 303 (5912), 59-61.

[186]Crawford, C., and Galdikas, B. M. (1986), "Rape in non-human animals: An evolutionary perspective," Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 27 (3), 215.

[187]Lewis, R. J. (2018), "Female power in primates and the phenomenon of female dominance," Annual review of anthropology, 47, 533-551.

[188]—— (2002), "Beyond dominance: the importance of leverage," The Quarterly Review of Biology, 77 (2), 149-164.

[189]Cagnacci, A., Maxia, N., and Volpe, A. (1999), "Diurnal variation of semen quality in human males," Human reproduction, 14 (1), 106-109.

[190]Xie, M., Utzinger, K. S., Blickenstorfer, K., and Leeners, B. (2018), "Diurnal and seasonal changes in semen quality of men in subfertile partnerships," Chronobiology international, 35 (10), 1375-1384.

[191]Hjollund, N. H. I., Bonde, J. P. E., Jensen, T. K., Olsen, J., and Team, D. F. P. P. S. (2000), "Diurnal scrotal skin temperature and semen quality," International journal of andrology, 23 (5), 309-318.

[192]Guler, A., Aydin, A., Selvi, Y., and Dalbudak, T. (2013), "Is time of childbirth affected by chronotype of the mother?," Biological Rhythm Research, 44 (5), 844-848.

[193]Lake, P., and Wood-Gush, D. (1956), "Diurnal rhythms in semen yields and mating behaviour in the domestic cock," Nature, 178 (4538), 853-853.

[194]Løvlie, H., and Pizzari, T. (2007), "Sex in the morning or in the evening?Females adjust daily mating patterns to the intensity of sexual harassment," The American Naturalist, 170 (1), E1-E13.

[195]Ben-David, M., Titus, K., and Beier, L. R. (2004), "Consumption of salmon by Alaskan brown bears: a trade-off between nutritional requirements and the risk of infanticide?," Oecologia, 138 (3), 465-474.

[196]Croft, D. P., Morrell, L. J., Wade, A. S., Piyapong, C., Ioannou, C. C., Dyer, J. R., Chapman, B. B., Wong, Y., and Krause, J. (2006), "Predation risk as a driving force for sexual segregation: a cross-population comparison," The American Naturalist, 167 (6), 867-878.

[197]Gage, M. J. (2005), "Evolution: sex and cannibalism in redback spiders," Current Biology, 15 (16), R630-R632.

[198]O'Hara, M. K., and Brown, W. D. (2021), "Sexual Cannibalism Increases Female Egg Production in the Chinese Praying Mantid (Tenodera sinensis)," Journal of Insect Behavior, 1-9.

[199]Glickman, S. E., Frank, L. G., Davidson, J. M., Smith, E. R., and Siiteri, P. (1987), "Androstenedione may organize or activate sex-reversed traits in female spotted hyenas," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 84 (10), 3444-3447.

[200]East, M. L., Hofer, H., and Wickler, W. (1993), "The erect 'penis' is a flag of submission in a female-dominated society: greetings in Serengeti spotted hyenas," Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 33 (6), 355-370.

[201]De Waal, F. B. (1995), "Bonobo sex and society," Scientific american, 272 (3), 82-88.

[202]Gerloff, U., Hartung, B., Fruth, B., Hohmann, G., and Tautz, D. (1999), "Intracommunity relationships, dispersal pattern and paternity success in a wild living community of Bonobos (Pan paniscus) determined from DNA analysis of faecal samples," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 266 (1424), 1189-1195.

[203]Burton, R. (1976), The mating game.

[204]Fricke, H., and Fricke, S. (1977), "Monogamy and sex change by aggressive dominance in coral reef fish," Nature, 266 (5605), 830-832.

[205]Wcislo, W. T., and Danforth, B. N. (1997), "Secondarily solitary: the evolutionary loss of social behavior," Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 12 (12), 468-474.

[206]Cant, M. A., Nichols, H. J., Johnstone, R. A., and Hodge, S. J. (2014), "Policing of reproduction by hidden threats in a cooperative mammal," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111 (1), 326-330.

[207]Sharpe, L. L., Rubow, J., and Cherry, M. I. (2016), "Robbing rivals: interference foraging competition reflects female reproductive competition in a cooperative mammal," Animal Behaviour, 112, 229-236.

[208]Faulkes, C. G., and Bennett, N. C. (2001), "Family values: group dynamics and social control of reproduction in African mole-rats," Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 16 (4), 184-190.

[209]Cornwallis, C. K., Botero, C. A., Rubenstein, D. R., Downing, P. A., West, S. A., and Griffin, A. S. (2017), "Cooperation facilitates the colonization of harsh environments," Nature ecology & evolution, 1 (3), 1-10.

[210]Grinsted, L., and Field, J. (2017), "Market forces influence helping behaviour in cooperatively breeding paper wasps," Nature communications, 8 (1), 1-8.

[211]Hubbs, C. (1964), "Interactions between a bisexual fish species and its gynogenetic sexual parasite," 0082-3074, Texas Memorial Museum, The University of Texas at Austin.

[212]Janko, K., Eisner, J., and Mikulíček, P. (2019), "Sperm-dependent asexual hybrids determine competition among sexual species," Scientific reports, 9 (1), 1-14.

[213]Schlupp, I. (2005), "The evolutionary ecology of gynogenesis," Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 36, 399-417.

[214]Grosmaire, M., Launay, C., Siegwald, M., Félix, M.-A., Gouyon, P.-H., and Delattre, M. (2018), "Why would parthenogenetic females systematically produce males who never transmit their genes to females?," bioRxiv, 449710.

[215]Lavanchy, G., and Schwander, T. (2019), "Hybridogenesis," Current Biology, 29 (1), R9-R11.

[216]Shuker, D. M., and Simmons, L. W. (2014), The evolution of insect mating systems: Oxford University Press, USA.

[217]Leniaud, L., Darras, H., Boulay, R., and Aron, S. (2012), "Social hybridogenesis in the clonal ant Cataglyphis hispanica," Current Biology, 22 (13), 1188-1193.

[218]Schwander, T., and Oldroyd, B. P. (2016), "Androgenesis: where males hijack eggs to clone themselves," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371 (1706), 20150534.

[219]Pope, T. R. (1990), "The reproductive consequences of male cooperation in the red howler monkey: paternity exclusion in multi-male and single-male troops using genetic markers," Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 27 (6), 439-446.

[220]Goldenberg, S. Z., Douglas-Hamilton, I., and Wittemyer, G. (2016), "Vertical transmission of social roles drives resilience to poaching in elephant networks," Current Biology, 26 (1), 75-79.

[221]Slotow, R., Van Dyk, G., Poole, J., Page, B., and Klocke, A. (2000), "Older bull elephants control young males," Nature, 408 (6811), 425-426.

[222]Evans, K. E., and Harris, S. (2008), "Adolescence in male African elephants,Loxodonta africana, and the importance of sociality," Animal Behaviour, 76 (3), 779-787.

[223]Stokke, S. (1999), "Sex differences in feeding-patch choice in a megaherbivore: elephants in Chobe National Park, Botswana," Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77 (11), 1723-1732.

[224]Geist, V., and PT, B. (1978), "Why deer shed antlers."

[225]Radespiel, U., Sarikaya, Z., Zimmermann, E., and Bruford, M. W. (2001), "Sociogenetic structure in a free-living nocturnal primate population: sex-specific differences in the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus)," Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 50 (6), 493-502.

[226]Packer, C., and Pusey, A. E. (1987), "The evolution of sex-biased dispersal in lions," Behaviour, 101 (4), 275-310.

[227]Sunquist, M., and Sunquist, F. (2017), Wild cats of the world: University of chicago press.

[228]Royle, N. J., Smiseth, P. T., and Kölliker, M. (2012), The evolution of parental care: Oxford University Press.

[229]Fernandez-Duque, E., Valeggia, C. R., and Mendoza, S. P. (2009), "The biology of paternal care in human and nonhuman primates," Annual review of anthropology, 38, 115-130.

[230]Bull, J. (1987), "Temperature - sensitive periods of sex determination in a lizard: Similarities with turtles and crocodilians," Journal of Experimental Zoology, 241 (1), 143-148.

[231]Janzen, F. J. (1994), "Vegetational cover predicts the sex ratio of hatchling turtles in natural nests," Ecology, 75 (6), 1593-1599.

[232]Komdeur, J., Daan, S., Tinbergen, J., and Mateman, C. (1997), "Extreme adaptive modification in sex ratio of the Seychelles warbler's eggs," Nature, 385 (6616), 522-525.

[233]Waage, J. K., and Ming, N. S. (1984), "The reproductive strategy of a parasitic wasp: I. optimal progeny and sex allocation in Trichogramma evanescens," The Journal of Animal Ecology, 401-415.

[234]West, H. E., and Capellini, I. (2016), "Male care and life history traits in mammals," Nature communications, 7, 11854.

[235]Miettinen, M., and Kaitala, A. (2000), "Copulation is not a prerequisite to male reception of eggs in the golden egg bug Phyllomorpha laciniata (Coreidae; Heteroptera)," Journal of Insect Behavior, 13 (5), 731-740.

[236]Tallamy, D. W. (2001), "Evolution of exclusive paternal care in arthropods," Annual review of entomology, 46 (1), 139-165.

[237]Karels, T. J., and Boonstra, R. (2000), "Concurrent density dependence and independence in populations of arctic ground squirrels," Nature, 408 (6811), 460-463.

[238]Albon, S., Clutton-Brock, T., and Guinness, F. (1987), "Early development and population dynamics in red deer. II. Density-independent effects and cohort variation," The Journal of Animal Ecology, 69-81.

[239]Roulin, A. (2002), "Why do lactating females nurse alien offspring? A review of hypotheses and empirical evidence," Animal Behaviour, 63 (2), 201-208.

[240]Lank, D. B., Bousfield, M. A., Cooke, F., and Rockwell, R. F. (1991), "Why do snow geese adopt eggs?," Behavioral Ecology, 2 (2), 181-187.

[241]Gorrell, J. C., McAdam, A. G., Coltman, D. W., Humphries, M. M., and Boutin, S. (2010), "Adopting kin enhances inclusive fitness in asocial red squirrels," Nature communications, 1 (1), 1-4.

[242]Gaston, A. J., Leah, N., and Noble, D. G. (1993), "Egg recognition and egg stealing in murres (Uria spp.)," Animal Behaviour, 45 (2), 301-306.

[243]Russell, A. F., Carlson, A. A., McIlrath, G. M., Jordan, N. R., and Clutton - Brock, T. (2004), "Adaptive size modification by dominant female meerkats," Evolution, 58 (7), 1600-1607.

[244]Clutton-Brock, T., PNM, B., Smith, R., McIlrath, G., Kansky, R., Gaynor, D., O'riain, M., and Skinner, J. (1998), "Infanticide and expulsion of females in a cooperative mammal," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 265 (1412), 2291-2295.

[245]Helfenstein, F., Tirard, C., Danchin, E., and Wagner, R. H. (2004), "Low frequency of extra-pair paternity and high frequency of adoption in black-legged kittiwakes," The Condor, 106 (1), 149-155.

[246]St Clair, C. C., Waas, J. R., St Clair, R. C., and Boag, P. T. (1995), "Unfit mothers? Maternal infanticide in royal penguins," Animal Behaviour, 50 (5), 1177-1185.

[247]Culot, L., Lledo-Ferrer, Y., Hoelscher, O., Lazo, F. J. M., Huynen, M.-C., and Heymann, E. W. (2011), "Reproductive failure, possible maternal infanticide,and cannibalism in wild moustached tamarins, Saguinus mystax," Primates, 52 (2), 179-186.

[248]Vincent, A., Ahnesjö, I., Berglund, A., and Rosenqvist, G. (1992), "Pipefishes and seahorses: are they all sex role reversed?," Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 7 (7), 237-241.

[249]Berglund, A. (1993), "Risky sex: male pipefishes mate at random in the presence of a predator," Animal Behaviour, 46 (1), 169-175.

[250]Paczolt, K. A., and Jones, A. G. (2010), "Post-copulatory sexual selection and sexual conflict in the evolution of male pregnancy," Nature, 464 (7287), 401-404.

[251]Hinde, C. A., Buchanan, K. L., and Kilner, R. M. (2009), "Prenatal environmental effects match offspring begging to parental provisioning," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276 (1668), 2787-2794.

[252]Jones, N. G. B., and da Costa, E. (1987), "A suggested adaptive value of toddler night waking: delaying the birth of the next sibling," Ethology and Sociobiology, 8 (2), 135-142.

[253]Haig, D. (2019), "A 9-month lag in the effects of contraception: a commentary on Vitzthum, Thornburg, and Spielvogel," Sleep Health: Journal of the National Sleep Foundation, 5 (3), 219.

[254]Queller, D. C., and Strassmann, J. E. (2018), "Evolutionary conflict," Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 49, 73-93.

[255]Schrader, M., and Travis, J. (2009), "Do embryos influence maternal investment? Evaluating maternal - fetal coadaptation and the potential for parent - offspring conflict in a placental fish," Evolution: International Journal of Organic Evolution, 63 (11), 2805-2815.

[256]Paquet, M., and Smiseth, P. T. (2016), "Maternal effects as a mechanism for manipulating male care and resolving sexual conflict over care," Behavioral Ecology, 27 (3), 685-694.

[257]Schneider, M. (2013), "Adolescence as a vulnerable period to alter rodent behavior," Cell and tissue research, 354 (1), 99-106.

[258]Macrı, S., Adriani, W., Chiarotti, F., and Laviola, G. (2002), "Risk taking during exploration of a plus-maze is greater in adolescent than in juvenile or adult mice," Animal Behaviour, 64 (4), 541-546.

[259]Gardner, M., and Steinberg, L. (2005), "Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: an experimental study," Developmental psychology, 41 (4), 625.

[260]Steinberg, L., and Scott, E. S. (2003), "Less guilty by reason of adolescence: developmental immaturity, diminished responsibility, and the juvenile death penalty," American psychologist, 58 (12), 1009.

[261]Kuhnen, C. M., and Knutson, B. (2005), "The neural basis of financial risk taking," Neuron, 47 (5), 763-770.

[262]Heß, M., von Scheve, C., Schupp, J., Wagner, A., and Wagner, G. G. (2018), "Are political representatives more risk-loving than the electorate? Evidence from German federal and state parliaments," Palgrave Communications, 4 (1), 1-7.

[263]Philpot, R. M., and Wecker, L. (2008), "Dependence of adolescent novelty-seeking behavior on response phenotype and effects of apparatus scaling," Behavioral Neuroscience, 122 (4), 861.

[264]Spear, L. (2007), "The developing brain and adolescent-typical behavior patterns: An evolutionary approach."

[265]Liang, Z. S., Nguyen, T., Mattila, H. R., Rodriguez-Zas, S. L., Seeley, T. D., and Robinson, G. E. (2012), "Molecular determinants of scouting behavior in honey bees," Science, 335 (6073), 1225-1228.

[266]Jadhav, Kshitij S., Aurélien P. Bernheim, Léa Aeschlimann, Guylène Kirschmann, Isabelle Decosterd, Alexander F. Hoffman, Carl R. Lupica, and Benjamin Boutrel (2022), "Reversing anterior insular cortex neuronal hypoexcitability attenuates compulsive behavior in adolescent rats," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 119, no. 21: e2121247119.

[267]Rissman, E. F., Sheffield, S. D., Kretzmann, M. B., Fortune, J. E., and Johnston, R. E. (1984), "Chemical cues from families delay puberty in male California voles," Biology of reproduction, 31 (2), 324-331.

[268]Gubernick, D. J., and Nordby, J. C. (1992), "Parental influences on female puberty in the monogamous California mouse, Peromyscus californicus," Animal Behaviour, 44, 259-267.

[269]Chaudhuri, J., Bose, N., Tandonnet, S., Adams, S., Zuco, G., Kache, V., Parihar, M., Von Reuss, S. H., Schroeder, F. C., and Pires-daSilva, A. (2015), "Mating dynamics in a nematode with three sexes and its evolutionary implications," Scientific reports, 5, 17676.

[270]Weeks, S. C. (2012), "The role of androdioecy and gynodioecy in mediating evolutionary transitions between dioecy and hermaphroditism in the Animalia," Evolution: International Journal of Organic Evolution, 66 (12), 3670-3686.

[271]Wedekind, C., Strahm, D., and Schärer, L. (1998), "Evidence for strategic egg production in a hermaphroditic cestode," Parasitology, 117, 373-382.

[272]Stewart, D. T., Hoeh, W. R., Bauer, G., and Breton, S. (2013), "Mitochondrial genes, sex determination and hermaphroditism in freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida)," in Evolutionary biology: exobiology and evolutionary mechanisms: Springer, pp. 245-255.

[273]Stewart, A. D., and Phillips, P. C. (2002), "Selection and maintenance of androdioecy in Caenorhabditis elegans," Genetics, 160 (3), 975-982.

[274]Nuutinen, V., and Butt, K. R. (1997), "The mating behaviour of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae)," Journal of Zoology, 242 (4), 783-798.

[275]Lubinski, B., Davis, W., Taylor, D., and Turner, B. (1995), "Outcrossing in a natural population of a self-fertilizing hermaphroditic fish," Journal of Heredity, 86 (6), 469-473.

[276] Chasnov, J. R., and Chow, K. L. (2002), "Why are there males in the hermaphroditic species Caenorhabditis elegans?," Genetics, 160 (3), 983-994.

[277]Chasnov, J. (2010), "The evolution from females to hermaphrodites results in a sexual conflict over mating in androdioecious nematode worms and clam shrimp," Journal of evolutionary biology, 23 (3), 539-556.

[278]Narita, S., Kageyama, D., Nomura, M., and Fukatsu, T. (2007), "Unexpected mechanism of symbiont-induced reversal of insect sex: feminizing Wolbachia continuously acts on the butterfly Eurema hecabe during larval development," Applied and environmental microbiology, 73 (13), 4332-4341.

[279]Jiggins, F. M., Hurst, G. D., and Majerus, M. E. (2000), "Sex-ratio-distorting Wolbachia causes sex-role reversal in its butterfly host," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 267 (1438), 69-73.

[280]Leclercq, S., Thézé, J., Chebbi, M. A., Giraud, I., Moumen, B., Ernenwein,L., Grève, P., Gilbert, C., and Cordaux, R. (2016), "Birth of a W sex chromosome by horizontal transfer of Wolbachia bacterial symbiont genome," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113 (52), 15036-15041.

[281]Pitnick, S., Hosken, D. J., and Birkhead, T. R. (2009), "Sperm morphological diversity," in Sperm biology: Elsevier, pp. 69-149.

[282]Swallow, J. G., and Wilkinson, G. S. (2002), "The long and short of sperm polymorphisms in insects," Biological Reviews, 77 (2), 153-182.

[283]Shepherd, J. G., and Bonk, K. S. (2021), "Activation of parasperm and eusperm upon ejaculation in Lepidoptera," Journal of insect physiology, 130, 104201.

[284]Marks, J. A., Biermann, C. H., Eanes, W. F., and Kryvi, H. (2008), "Sperm polymorphism within the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis:divergence between Pacific and Atlantic oceans," The Biological Bulletin, 215 (2), 115-125.

[285]Heath, E., Schaeffer, N., Meritt, D., and Jeyendran, R. (1987), "Rouleaux formation by spermatozoa in the naked-tail armadillo, Cabassous unicinctus," Reproduction, 79 (1), 153-158.

[286]Higginson, D. M., and Pitnick, S. (2011), "Evolution of intra - ejaculate sperm interactions: do sperm cooperate?," Biological Reviews, 86 (1), 249-270.

[287]Fischer, E. A. (1980), "The relationship between mating system and simultaneous hermaphroditism in the coral reef fish, Hypoplectrus nigricans (Serranidae)," Animal Behaviour, 28 (2), 620-633.

[288]Leonard, J. L., and Lukowiak, K. (1984), "Male-female conflict in a simultaneous hermaphrodite resolved by sperm trading," The American Naturalist, 124 (2), 282-286.

[289]Sapolsky, R. M. (2005), "The influence of social hierarchy on primate health," Science, 308 (5722), 648-652.

[290]Qvarnström, A., and Forsgren, E. (1998), "Should females prefer dominant males?," Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 13 (12), 498-501.

[291]Hollis, B., and Kawecki, T. J. (2014), "Male cognitive performance declines in the absence of sexual selection," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281 (1781), 20132873.

[292]Baur, J., Nsanzimana, J. d. A., and Berger, D. (2019), "Sexual selection and the evolution of male and female cognition: a test using experimental evolution in seed beetles," Evolution, 73 (12), 2390-2400.

[293]García - Peña, G., Sol, D., Iwaniuk, A., and Székely, T. (2013), "Sexual selection on brain size in shorebirds (C haradriiformes)," Journal of evolutionary biology, 26 (4), 878-888.

[294]Kotrschal, A., Corral - Lopez, A., Zajitschek, S., Immler, S., Maklakov, A. A., and Kolm, N. (2015), "Positive genetic correlation between brain size and sexual traits in male guppies artificially selected for brain size," Journal of evolutionary biology, 28 (4), 841-850.

[295]Byrne, R. W., and Corp, N. (2004), "Neocortex size predicts deception rate in primates," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 271 (1549), 1693-1699.

[296]Deaner, R. O., Isler, K., Burkart, J., and Van Schaik, C. (2007), "Overall brain size, and not encephalization quotient, best predicts cognitive ability across non-human primates," Brain, behavior and evolution, 70 (2), 115-124.

[297]Chen, J., Zou, Y., Sun, Y.-H., and Ten Cate, C. (2019), "Problem-solving males become more attractive to female budgerigars," Science, 363 (6423), 166-167.

[298] Corral-López, A., Bloch, N. I., Kotrschal, A., van der Bijl, W., Buechel, S. D., Mank, J. E., and Kolm, N. (2017), "Female brain size affects the assessment of male attractiveness during mate choice," Science advances, 3 (3), e1601990.

[299]Lack, D. L. (1968), "Ecological adaptations for breeding in birds."

[300]Bray, O. E., Kennelly, J. J., and Guarino, J. L. (1975), "Fertility of eggs produced on territories of vasectomized red-winged blackbirds," The Wilson Bulletin, 187-195.

[301]Birkhead, T., Burke, T., Zann, R., Hunter, F., and Krupa, A. (1990), "Extra-pair paternity and intraspecific brood parasitism in wild zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata, revealed by DNA fingerprinting," Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 27 (5), 315-324.

[302]Griffith, S. C., Owens, I. P., and Thuman, K. A. (2002), "Extra pair paternity in birds: a review of interspecific variation and adaptive function," Molecular ecology, 11 (11), 2195-2212.

[303]Bateman, A. J. (1948), "Intra-sexual selection in Drosophila," Heredity, 2 (3), 349-368.

[304]Chapman, T., Liddle, L. F., Kalb, J. M., Wolfner, M. F., and Partridge, L. (1995), "Cost of mating in Drosophila melanogaster females is mediated by male accessory gland products," Nature, 373 (6511), 241-244.

[305]Wigby, S., and Chapman, T. (2005), "Sex peptide causes mating costs in female Drosophila melanogaster," Current Biology, 15 (4), 316-321.

[306]Zimmer, C., and Emlen, D. (2013), "Evolution: Making Sense of Life. Roberts and Company Publishers," Inc. Greenwood Village, CO.

[307]Simmons, L. W. (2005), "The evolution of polyandry: sperm competition, sperm selection, and offspring viability," Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution,and Systematics, 36.

[308]East, M. L., and Hofer, H. (2010), "Social environments, social tactics and their fitness consequences in complex mammalian societies," Social behaviour, 360-390.

[309]Hatchwell, B. J., and Komdeur, J. (2000), "Ecological constraints, life history traits and the evolution of cooperative breeding," Animal Behaviour, 59 (6), 1079-1086.

[310]Hamilton, W. D. (1963), "The evolution of altruistic behavior," The American Naturalist, 97 (896), 354-356.

[311]Forstmeier, W., Nakagawa, S., Griffith, S. C., and Kempenaers, B. (2014), "Female extra-pair mating: adaptation or genetic constraint?," Trends in Ecology& Evolution, 29 (8), 456-464.

[312]Schacht, R., and Kramer, K. L. (2019), "Are we monogamous? A review of the evolution of pair-bonding in humans and its contemporary variation cross-culturally," Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 230.

[313]Dixson, A., and Altmann, J. (2000), "Primate sexuality: comparative studies of the prosimians, monkeys, apes, and human beings," Nature, 403 (6769), 481-481.

[314]Ford, C. S., and Beach, F. A. (1951), "Patterns of sexual behavior."

[315]Simmons, L. W., Firman, R. C., Rhodes, G., and Peters, M. (2004), "Human sperm competition: testis size, sperm production and rates of extrapair copulations," Animal Behaviour, 68 (2), 297-302.

[316]Engels, F. (2010), The origin of the family, private property and the state: Penguin UK.

[317]Morgan, L. H. (2019), Ancient society: Or, researches in the lines of human progress from savagery, through barbarism to civilization: Good Press.

[318]Kristof, N. D., and WuDunn, S. (2010), Half the sky: Turning oppression into opportunity for women worldwide: Vintage.

[319]Correll, S. J., Benard, S., and Paik, I. (2007), "Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty?," American Journal of Sociology, 112 (5), 1297-1338.

[320]Lundberg, S., and Rose, E. (2000), "Parenthood and the earnings of married men and women," Labour Economics, 7 (6), 689-710.

[321]Ward, K., and Wolf-Wendel, L. (2004), "Academic motherhood: Managing complex roles in research universities," The Review of Higher Education, 27 (2), 233-257.

[322]Mainwaring, M. C., and Griffith, S. C. (2013), "Looking after your partner: sentinel behaviour in a socially monogamous bird," PeerJ, 1, e83.

[323]Schrempf, A., Heinze, J., and Cremer, S. (2005), "Sexual cooperation: mating increases longevity in ant queens," Current Biology, 15 (3), 267-270.

[324]Firth, J. A., Voelkl, B., Farine, D. R., and Sheldon, B. C. (2015), "Experimental evidence that social relationships determine individual foraging behavior," Current Biology, 25 (23), 3138-3143.

[325]Liepman, H. P. (1981), "The six editions of the 'origin of species' A comparative study," Acta Biotheoretica, 30 (3), 199-214.

[326]Spencer, H. (1896), The principles of biology (Vol. 1): D. Appleton.

[327]Huxley, T. H. (1899), Evolution and ethics: D. Appleton.

[328]Darwin, C. (1859), The origin of species: PF Collier & son New York.

[329]Turner, J. H., Beeghley, L., and Powers, C. H. (2002), "The sociology of Herbert Spencer," The emergence of sociological theory, 5th ed, ed. JH Turner, L. Beeghley, and CH Powers, 54-89.

[330]Spencer, H. (1892), The principles of ethics (Vol. 1): D. Appleton and company.

[331]Paul, D. B. (2003), "Darwin, social Darwinism and eugenics."

[332]Weikart, R. (2004), From Darwin to Hitler.

上一章 封面 书架 已读完